{ "site": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com", "count": 180, "battles": [ { "slug": "nieuwpoort", "title": "Battle of Nieuwpoort", "status": "draft", "order": 1, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/nieuwpoort/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/nieuwpoort.json", "date_text": "2 July 1600", "start": "1600-07-02", "end": "1600-07-02", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Eighty Years' War", "place": "Beach and dunes between Nieuwpoort and Westende, County of Flanders (now West Flanders, Belgium)", "lat": 51.1558, "lon": 2.7383, "lede": "On 2 July 1600, on the beach and dunes east of Nieuwpoort, Maurice of Nassau's States army, cut off deep in Flanders, beat Archduke Albert's Army of Flanders with a last cavalry charge: a rare Dutch field victory that achieved almost nothing.", "result": "Dutch (States) victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Nieuport.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Nieuport.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "white-mountain", "title": "Battle of White Mountain", "status": "draft", "order": 2, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/white-mountain/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/white-mountain.json", "date_text": "8 November 1620", "start": "1620-11-08", "end": "1620-11-08", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Thirty Years' War", "place": "Bílá hora (White Mountain), west of Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia (now Prague 6, Czech Republic)", "lat": 50.0783, "lon": 14.3194, "lede": "On 8 November 1620, on a low plateau west of Prague, Bucquoy's Imperial and Tilly's Catholic League armies broke Christian of Anhalt's Bohemian army in one to two hours. The Bohemian Revolt collapsed, and the estates lost their power to the Habsburgs.", "result": "Decisive Imperial and Catholic League victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/White_Mountain_-_Plan_of_battle.jpg/960px-White_Mountain_-_Plan_of_battle.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 2 }, { "slug": "breitenfeld-1631", "title": "Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)", "status": "draft", "order": 3, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/breitenfeld-1631/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/breitenfeld-1631.json", "date_text": "17 September 1631 (7 September in the Julian calendar then used by Protestant Germany and Sweden)", "start": "1631-09-17", "end": "1631-09-17", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Thirty Years' War", "place": "Breitenfeld, north of Leipzig, Electorate of Saxony (now Saxony, Germany)", "lat": 51.4178, "lon": 12.3778, "lede": "On 17 September 1631, north of Leipzig, Gustavus Adolphus's Swedes survived the rout of their Saxon allies, turned to face Tilly's victorious right and destroyed the Imperial-League army. It was the first great Protestant victory of the Thirty Years' War.", "result": "Decisive Swedish-Saxon victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_-_Initial_dispositions%2C_17_September_1631.png/960px-Battle_of_Breitenfeld_-_Initial_dispositions%2C_17_September_1631.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 1 }, { "slug": "lutzen-1632", "title": "Battle of Lützen (1632)", "status": "draft", "order": 4, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/lutzen-1632/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/lutzen-1632.json", "date_text": "16 November 1632 (6 November in the Julian calendar then used in Sweden and Protestant Germany)", "start": "1632-11-16", "end": "1632-11-16", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Thirty Years' War", "place": "Lützen, south-west of Leipzig, Electorate of Saxony (now Saxony-Anhalt, Germany)", "lat": 51.265, "lon": 12.15, "lede": "On 16 November 1632, in fog and smoke astride the Leipzig road, Gustavus Adolphus attacked Wallenstein's army and was killed. The Swedes held the field and the Imperialists withdrew from Saxony, but losing the king robbed Sweden of its victory.", "result": "Swedish tactical victory, at the cost of the king's life; its value is disputed", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Battle_lutzen.gif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "nordlingen-1634", "title": "Battle of Nördlingen (1634)", "status": "draft", "order": 5, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/nordlingen-1634/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/nordlingen-1634.json", "date_text": "5–6 September 1634 (26–27 August in the Julian calendar then used by the Swedes and Protestant Germany)", "start": "1634-09-05", "end": "1634-09-06", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Thirty Years' War", "place": "The Albuch and Heselberg hills, south of Nördlingen, Swabia (now Bavaria, Germany)", "lat": 48.8056, "lon": 10.4858, "lede": "On 5–6 September 1634 Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar and Gustav Horn tried to relieve Nördlingen and broke their army against Spanish tercios entrenched on the Albuch. Horn was captured, Sweden lost southern Germany, and the defeat led to the Peace of Prague and open French war.", "result": "Decisive Spanish–Imperial victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nordlingen2_es.svg/960px-Nordlingen2_es.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 1 }, { "slug": "edgehill", "title": "Battle of Edgehill", "status": "draft", "order": 6, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/edgehill/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/edgehill.json", "date_text": "23 October 1642", "start": "1642-10-23", "end": "1642-10-23", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "English Civil War", "place": "Radway and Kineton fields, below the Edge Hill escarpment, Warwickshire, England", "lat": 52.1511, "lon": -1.4819, "lede": "On 23 October 1642 Charles I's army and Essex's met below Edge Hill in the first pitched battle of the English Civil War. Rupert's horse swept the field but rode too far; the bloody stalemate that followed left the road to London open.", "result": "Inconclusive; strategic advantage to the Royalists", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/72_of_%27History_of_the_Great_Civil_War%2C_1642-1649%27_%2811304991576%29.jpg/960px-72_of_%27History_of_the_Great_Civil_War%2C_1642-1649%27_%2811304991576%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 2 }, { "slug": "rocroi", "title": "Battle of Rocroi", "status": "draft", "order": 7, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/rocroi/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/rocroi.json", "date_text": "19 May 1643", "start": "1643-05-19", "end": "1643-05-19", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Thirty Years' War", "place": "Plain south of Rocroi, Ardennes, France", "lat": 49.9194, "lon": 4.5278, "lede": "On 19 May 1643 the 21-year-old Duc d'Enghien broke Francisco de Melo's Army of Flanders outside the besieged town of Rocroi. It made the future Great Condé's name and became a symbol of Spain's eclipse, though whether it ended the tercio is still argued.", "result": "Decisive French victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Battle_rocroi.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 1 }, { "slug": "marston-moor", "title": "Battle of Marston Moor", "status": "draft", "order": 8, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/marston-moor/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/marston-moor.json", "date_text": "2 July 1644", "start": "1644-07-02", "end": "1644-07-02", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "English Civil War", "place": "Marston Moor, between Long Marston and Tockwith, about seven miles west of York, North Yorkshire, England", "lat": 53.9623, "lon": -1.2542, "lede": "On the evening of 2 July 1644, in a thunderstorm, the allied Scottish and Parliamentarian armies overran Rupert and Newcastle west of York. The largest battle of the civil wars cost the King the North and made Cromwell's name.", "result": "Decisive allied (Scottish Covenanter and Parliamentarian) victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A_plan_of_the_Royalist_dispositions_at_Marston_Moor%2C_drawn_up_by_Sir_Bernard_de_Gomme.jpg/960px-A_plan_of_the_Royalist_dispositions_at_Marston_Moor%2C_drawn_up_by_Sir_Bernard_de_Gomme.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 2 }, { "slug": "jankau", "title": "Battle of Jankau", "status": "draft", "order": 9, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/jankau/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/jankau.json", "date_text": "6 March 1645 (24 February in the Julian calendar then used by the Swedes and Protestant Germany)", "start": "1645-03-06", "end": "1645-03-06", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Thirty Years' War", "place": "Hills and woods around Jankov (Jankau), near Votice, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)", "lat": 49.6503, "lon": 14.7294, "lede": "On 6 March 1645 Lennart Torstensson's Swedes outmanoeuvred the Imperial–Bavarian army in the wooded hills around Jankov in Bohemia, killing Götzen and capturing Hatzfeldt. The Emperor's last field army was broken, the road to Vienna lay open, and Ferdinand III turned to serious peace talks.", "result": "Decisive Swedish victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Spruner-Menke_Handatlas_1880_Karte_44_Nebenkarte_12.jpg/960px-Spruner-Menke_Handatlas_1880_Karte_44_Nebenkarte_12.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "naseby", "title": "Battle of Naseby", "status": "draft", "order": 10, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/naseby/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/naseby.json", "date_text": "14 June 1645", "start": "1645-06-14", "end": "1645-06-14", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "English Civil War", "place": "Broadmoor, between Naseby and Sibbertoft, Northamptonshire, England", "lat": 52.4082, "lon": -0.9962, "lede": "On 14 June 1645 Fairfax's New Model Army destroyed Charles I's main field army near Naseby. Rupert's charge swept away one wing; Cromwell's disciplined horse turned on the Royalist foot. The King never raised another army of its quality.", "result": "Decisive Parliamentarian victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_representation_of_the_Armies_of_King_Charles_I_and_Sir_Thomas_Fairfax_exhibiting_the_exact_order%2C_preparatory_to_the_Battle_of_Naseby%2C_1645.jpg/960px-A_representation_of_the_Armies_of_King_Charles_I_and_Sir_Thomas_Fairfax_exhibiting_the_exact_order%2C_preparatory_to_the_Battle_of_Naseby%2C_1645.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 6 }, { "slug": "dunbar-1650", "title": "Battle of Dunbar (1650)", "status": "draft", "order": 11, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/dunbar-1650/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/dunbar-1650.json", "date_text": "3 September 1650", "start": "1650-09-03", "end": "1650-09-03", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "English Civil War", "place": "Along the Brox Burn between Doon Hill and Broxmouth, about two miles south-east of Dunbar, East Lothian, Scotland", "lat": 55.985, "lon": -2.48, "lede": "At dawn on 3 September 1650 Cromwell's sick, outnumbered army, trapped against the sea at Dunbar, crossed the Brox Burn and rolled up David Leslie's Scottish army from its right. It was Cromwell's most famous victory and opened Scotland to conquest.", "result": "Decisive English Parliamentarian victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Battle_of_Dunbar%2C_battlefield_map%2C_0530.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Dunbar%2C_battlefield_map%2C_0530.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 5 }, { "slug": "worcester", "title": "Battle of Worcester", "status": "draft", "order": 12, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/worcester/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/worcester.json", "date_text": "3 September 1651", "start": "1651-09-03", "end": "1651-09-03", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "English Civil War", "place": "In and around Worcester: the meadows between Powick Bridge and the Severn–Teme confluence, and the ground east of the city between Fort Royal, Red Hill and Perry Wood, Worcestershire, England", "lat": 52.1886, "lon": -2.2208, "lede": "On 3 September 1651 Cromwell bridged the Severn and Teme under fire, beat off Charles II's sally from Worcester and stormed the city, destroying the Scottish-Royalist army. It was the last battle of the civil wars.", "result": "Decisive English Parliamentarian victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/An_exact_Ground-Plot_of_ye_City_of_Worcester_as_it_stood_fortifyd%2C_3_Sept._1651_%28BM_1870%2C1008.2882%29.jpg/960px-An_exact_Ground-Plot_of_ye_City_of_Worcester_as_it_stood_fortifyd%2C_3_Sept._1651_%28BM_1870%2C1008.2882%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "dunes-1658", "title": "Battle of the Dunes (1658)", "status": "draft", "order": 13, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/dunes-1658/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/dunes-1658.json", "date_text": "14 June 1658 (4 June Old Style)", "start": "1658-06-14", "end": "1658-06-14", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)", "place": "Sand-dunes north-east of Dunkirk, between Dunkirk and Zuydcoote, Nord, France", "lat": 51.047, "lon": 2.44, "lede": "On 14 June 1658 Turenne's French army and Cromwell's redcoats broke Don Juan José's Spanish relief army in the sand-hills outside Dunkirk. English fought English on both sides, Dunkirk fell ten days later and was handed to the Protector, and Spain was pushed towards peace.", "result": "Decisive Franco-English victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Battle_of_the_Dunes_1658.jpg/960px-Battle_of_the_Dunes_1658.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 4 }, { "slug": "vienna-1683", "title": "Battle of Vienna", "status": "draft", "order": 14, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/vienna-1683/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/vienna-1683.json", "date_text": "12 September 1683", "start": "1683-09-12", "end": "1683-09-12", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Great Turkish War", "place": "Kahlenberg and the north-western suburbs of Vienna (Nussdorf, Heiligenstadt, Döbling, Gersthof), Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire", "lat": 48.235, "lon": 16.335, "lede": "On 12 September 1683 a Polish, Imperial and German relief army under John III Sobieski came down from the Vienna Woods and routed Kara Mustafa's besieging Ottoman army. It ended the two-month siege and opened sixteen years of Habsburg reconquest in Hungary.", "result": "Decisive victory for the Polish–Imperial relief army; siege of Vienna lifted", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bitwa_vienna_1683.png/960px-Bitwa_vienna_1683.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 6 }, { "slug": "sedgemoor", "title": "Battle of Sedgemoor", "status": "draft", "order": 15, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/sedgemoor/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/sedgemoor.json", "date_text": "6 July 1685", "start": "1685-07-06", "end": "1685-07-06", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Monmouth Rebellion", "place": "Langmoor, King's Sedgemoor, between Chedzoy and Westonzoyland, near Bridgwater, Somerset, England", "lat": 51.1156, "lon": -2.9283, "lede": "In the early hours of 6 July 1685 the Duke of Monmouth's rebel army made a night march across Sedgemoor to surprise James II's royal army at Westonzoyland. Discovered before it struck, it was destroyed at dawn, ending the Monmouth Rebellion.", "result": "Decisive royal victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Map_of_Sedgemoor%2C_with_adjacent_Parts_%281662%29.jpg/960px-The_Map_of_Sedgemoor%2C_with_adjacent_Parts_%281662%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "killiecrankie", "title": "Battle of Killiecrankie", "status": "draft", "order": 16, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/killiecrankie/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/killiecrankie.json", "date_text": "27 July 1689", "start": "1689-07-27", "end": "1689-07-27", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Williamite War in Ireland", "place": "North-west of the Pass of Killiecrankie, near Urrard House, Perthshire, Scotland", "lat": 56.7514, "lon": -3.785, "lede": "On the evening of 27 July 1689 Viscount Dundee's Highlanders charged down onto Hugh Mackay's government army above the Pass of Killiecrankie and broke it in minutes. Dundee fell at the moment of victory, and the first Jacobite rising died with him.", "result": "Jacobite victory; Dundee killed", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Perth_and_Kinross_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/960px-Perth_and_Kinross_UK_relief_location_map.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 3 }, { "slug": "boyne", "title": "Battle of the Boyne", "status": "draft", "order": 17, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/boyne/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/boyne.json", "date_text": "1 July 1690 (Old Style; 11 July New Style)", "start": "1690-07-11", "end": "1690-07-11", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Williamite War in Ireland", "place": "Oldbridge, on the River Boyne west of Drogheda, County Meath, Ireland", "lat": 53.7231, "lon": -6.4236, "lede": "On 1 July 1690 William III forced the fords of the River Boyne near Drogheda against James II's Irish and French Jacobite army. The fighting was limited, but it gave William Dublin, sent James back to France and became one of Ireland's most commemorated battles.", "result": "Williamite victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CANE%281859%29_p235_PLAN_OF_THE_BATTLE_OF_BOYNE.jpg/960px-CANE%281859%29_p235_PLAN_OF_THE_BATTLE_OF_BOYNE.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 2 }, { "slug": "aughrim", "title": "Battle of Aughrim", "status": "draft", "order": 18, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/aughrim/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/aughrim.json", "date_text": "12 July 1691 (Old Style; 22 July New Style)", "start": "1691-07-22", "end": "1691-07-22", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Williamite War in Ireland", "place": "Kilcommodon Hill, by Aughrim village, east County Galway, Ireland", "lat": 53.295, "lon": -8.312, "lede": "On 12 July 1691 Ginkel's Williamite army attacked the Marquis de St Ruth's Jacobite army on Kilcommodon Hill in County Galway. After hours of failed assaults across a bog, the Jacobite line broke when St Ruth was killed. It was the bloodiest battle fought in Ireland.", "result": "Decisive Williamite victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/435_of_%27British_Battles_on_Land_and_Sea%27_%2811248748236%29.jpg/960px-435_of_%27British_Battles_on_Land_and_Sea%27_%2811248748236%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "zenta", "title": "Battle of Zenta", "status": "draft", "order": 19, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/zenta/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/zenta.json", "date_text": "11 September 1697", "start": "1697-09-11", "end": "1697-09-11", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Great Turkish War", "place": "Ottoman bridgehead on the right bank of the Tisza, south of Zenta (now Senta, Vojvodina, Serbia)", "lat": 45.926, "lon": 20.098, "lede": "On 11 September 1697 Prince Eugene of Savoy caught Sultan Mustafa II's army half across the Tisza at Zenta and stormed its bridgehead before dark, destroying the Ottoman infantry. The defeat led to the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.", "result": "Decisive Habsburg victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg/960px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "blenheim", "title": "Battle of Blenheim", "status": "draft", "order": 20, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/blenheim/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/blenheim.json", "date_text": "13 August 1704", "start": "1704-08-13", "end": "1704-08-13", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "War of the Spanish Succession", "place": "Blindheim (Blenheim), near Höchstädt an der Donau, Bavaria, Germany", "lat": 48.645, "lon": 10.6, "lede": "On 13 August 1704 Marlborough and Eugene crossed the Nebel and broke the Franco-Bavarian army at Blenheim on the Danube, trapping thousands of French infantry in the village. Vienna was saved, Bavaria knocked out of the war, and French military prestige shattered.", "result": "Decisive Grand Alliance victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Battle_of_Blenhiem_-_Situation_about_noon%2C_13_August_1704.png/960px-Battle_of_Blenhiem_-_Situation_about_noon%2C_13_August_1704.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 1, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 5 }, { "slug": "ramillies", "title": "Battle of Ramillies", "status": "draft", "order": 21, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/ramillies/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/ramillies.json", "date_text": "23 May 1706", "start": "1706-05-23", "end": "1706-05-23", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "War of the Spanish Succession", "place": "Ramillies, Brabant (now Walloon Brabant), Belgium", "lat": 50.6364, "lon": 4.9153, "lede": "On 23 May 1706 Marlborough's Anglo-Dutch army feinted against Villeroi's left, shifted its weight behind a ridge and broke the French on the open plain at Ramillies. In a few weeks almost all the Spanish Netherlands fell to the Allies.", "result": "Decisive Grand Alliance victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Battle_of_Ramillies_Initial_Dispositions.png/960px-Battle_of_Ramillies_Initial_Dispositions.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 2, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "oudenarde", "title": "Battle of Oudenarde", "status": "draft", "order": 22, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/oudenarde/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/oudenarde.json", "date_text": "11 July 1708", "start": "1708-07-11", "end": "1708-07-11", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "War of the Spanish Succession", "place": "Oudenaarde (Oudenarde), East Flanders, Belgium (then the Spanish Netherlands)", "lat": 50.83, "lon": 3.6, "lede": "On 11 July 1708 Marlborough and Eugene raced the French to the Scheldt, crossed at Oudenarde and fought a battle neither side had planned. While half the French army stood idle, Overkirk's Dutch swung round its right and nearly surrounded it.", "result": "Decisive Grand Alliance victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Battle_oudenarde.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "poltava", "title": "Battle of Poltava", "status": "draft", "order": 23, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/poltava/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/poltava.json", "date_text": "8 July 1709 (27 June Old Style; 28 June in the Swedish calendar)", "start": "1709-07-08", "end": "1709-07-08", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Great Northern War", "place": "North of Poltava, on the Vorskla river, Ukraine (then the Cossack Hetmanate under the Russian tsar)", "lat": 49.6314, "lon": 34.5528, "lede": "On 8 July 1709 Peter the Great's army destroyed Charles XII's Swedish army outside Poltava in Ukraine. Three days later the survivors surrendered at Perevolochna, ending Sweden's era as a great power and making Russia the dominant power of northern Europe.", "result": "Decisive Russian victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Karte_Schlacht_bei_Poltawa_1709.jpg/960px-Karte_Schlacht_bei_Poltawa_1709.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "malplaquet", "title": "Battle of Malplaquet", "status": "draft", "order": 24, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/malplaquet/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/malplaquet.json", "date_text": "11 September 1709", "start": "1709-09-11", "end": "1709-09-11", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "War of the Spanish Succession", "place": "Malplaquet, near Taisnières-sur-Hon, Nord, France (on the Belgian border south of Mons)", "lat": 50.3361, "lon": 3.8764, "lede": "On 11 September 1709 Marlborough and Eugene stormed Villars' entrenched line between the woods at Malplaquet and drove the French from the field, at roughly twice the French loss. It was the bloodiest battle of its age and a victory the Allies could not exploit.", "result": "Pyrrhic Grand Alliance victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BattleOfMalplaquet.jpg/960px-BattleOfMalplaquet.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 1, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "mollwitz", "title": "Battle of Mollwitz", "status": "draft", "order": 25, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/mollwitz/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/mollwitz.json", "date_text": "10 April 1741", "start": "1741-04-10", "end": "1741-04-10", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "War of the Austrian Succession", "place": "Mollwitz (Małujowice), west of Brieg (Brzeg), Silesia; today Opole Voivodeship, Poland", "lat": 50.85, "lon": 17.41, "lede": "On 10 April 1741, in deep snow in Silesia, Römer's Austrian cavalry routed Frederick II's horse and the young king left the field, but the Prussian infantry under Schwerin held and drove Neipperg off. It was Frederick's first battle and made his infantry's name.", "result": "Prussian victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Battle_of_Mollwitz.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "dettingen", "title": "Battle of Dettingen", "status": "draft", "order": 26, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/dettingen/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/dettingen.json", "date_text": "27 June 1743", "start": "1743-06-27", "end": "1743-06-27", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "War of the Austrian Succession", "place": "Dettingen (Karlstein am Main), between Aschaffenburg and Hanau, Bavaria, Germany", "lat": 50.0406, "lon": 9.0361, "lede": "On 27 June 1743 George II's Pragmatic Army, trapped between the Main and the Spessart woods, broke a French force that had left its strong position at Dettingen. The allies escaped to Hanau; George II was the last British monarch to lead troops in battle.", "result": "Allied victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/27_June_1743_battle_of_Dettingen_diagram.jpg/960px-27_June_1743_battle_of_Dettingen_diagram.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 1 }, { "slug": "fontenoy", "title": "Battle of Fontenoy", "status": "draft", "order": 27, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/fontenoy/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/fontenoy.json", "date_text": "11 May 1745", "start": "1745-05-11", "end": "1745-05-11", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "War of the Austrian Succession", "place": "Fontenoy, near Tournai, Hainaut, Belgium", "lat": 50.566, "lon": 3.48, "lede": "On 11 May 1745 Marshal Saxe's fortified line at Fontenoy, near Tournai, beat off Cumberland's British, Hanoverian, Dutch and Austrian army. The British-Hanoverian column broke into the French centre before being driven back, and Tournai and much of Flanders fell to France.", "result": "French victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Map_of_the_Battle_of_Fontenoy_1745.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 3 }, { "slug": "hohenfriedberg", "title": "Battle of Hohenfriedberg", "status": "draft", "order": 28, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/hohenfriedberg/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/hohenfriedberg.json", "date_text": "4 June 1745", "start": "1745-06-04", "end": "1745-06-04", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "War of the Austrian Succession", "place": "Between Striegau (now Strzegom) and Hohenfriedberg (now Dobromierz), Silesia; today Poland", "lat": 50.9611, "lon": 16.3444, "lede": "On 4 June 1745 Frederick the Great let an Austro-Saxon army come down from the Silesian mountains, marched through the night and attacked at dawn, beating the Saxons and then the Austrians before nine. It kept Silesia Prussian and made his name.", "result": "Decisive Prussian victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Battle_of_Hohenfriedeberg_MKL_Bd._8_1890_%28130918802%29.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Hohenfriedeberg_MKL_Bd._8_1890_%28130918802%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "prestonpans", "title": "Battle of Prestonpans", "status": "draft", "order": 29, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/prestonpans/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/prestonpans.json", "date_text": "21 September 1745", "start": "1745-09-21", "end": "1745-09-21", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Jacobite Rising of 1745", "place": "Between Prestonpans, Tranent and Seton, East Lothian, Scotland", "lat": 55.955, "lon": -2.9597, "lede": "At dawn on 21 September 1745 Charles Edward Stuart's Jacobites, after a night march across a bog, routed Sir John Cope's government army east of Edinburgh in a quarter of an hour. The victory gave Charles control of Scotland and launched the invasion of England.", "result": "Decisive Jacobite victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Battle_of_Prestonpans.svg/960px-Battle_of_Prestonpans.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 1 }, { "slug": "culloden", "title": "Battle of Culloden", "status": "draft", "order": 30, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/culloden/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/culloden.json", "date_text": "16 April 1746", "start": "1746-04-16", "end": "1746-04-16", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Jacobite Rising of 1745", "place": "Drummossie Moor, near Culloden, east of Inverness, Scotland", "lat": 57.4772, "lon": -4.0925, "lede": "On 16 April 1746 the Duke of Cumberland's government army destroyed Charles Edward Stuart's Jacobite army on Drummossie Moor, east of Inverness, in under an hour. It ended the Forty-Five, the last serious Jacobite bid for the throne, and opened a harsh pacification of the Highlands.", "result": "Decisive government victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Battle_of_Culloden_%28map_02%29.svg/960px-Battle_of_Culloden_%28map_02%29.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 8 }, { "slug": "kolin", "title": "Battle of Kolín", "status": "draft", "order": 31, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/kolin/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/kolin.json", "date_text": "18 June 1757", "start": "1757-06-18", "end": "1757-06-18", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Seven Years' War", "place": "Heights between Křečhoř (Krzeczhorz) and Chocenice (Chozenitz), west of Kolín, Bohemia; today Czech Republic", "lat": 50.0289, "lon": 15.1219, "lede": "On 18 June 1757 Frederick the Great marched across the front of Daun's Austrian relief army near Kolín to turn its right, but his attack broke into piecemeal frontal assaults and was beaten. It was Frederick's first defeat, and it ended the siege of Prague.", "result": "Decisive Austrian victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/K%C3%A4rtchen_zur_Schlacht_bei_Kolin_%2818.06.1757%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 2 }, { "slug": "plassey", "title": "Battle of Plassey", "status": "draft", "order": 32, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/plassey/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/plassey.json", "date_text": "23 June 1757", "start": "1757-06-23", "end": "1757-06-23", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Seven Years' War", "place": "Plassey (Palashi), on the Bhagirathi (Hooghly) River south of Murshidabad, Bengal (now Nadia district, West Bengal, India)", "lat": 23.8, "lon": 88.25, "lede": "On 23 June 1757 Robert Clive's small East India Company army routed Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah's far larger host at Plassey, after much of it stood aside by prior agreement. The coup that followed gave the Company Bengal.", "result": "Decisive East India Company victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Plassey1757max.jpg/960px-Plassey1757max.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 1 }, { "slug": "rossbach", "title": "Battle of Rossbach", "status": "draft", "order": 33, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/rossbach/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/rossbach.json", "date_text": "5 November 1757", "start": "1757-11-05", "end": "1757-11-05", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Seven Years' War", "place": "Rossbach (Roßbach, now part of Braunsbedra) and Reichardtswerben, west of Merseburg, Saxony; today Saxony-Anhalt, Germany", "lat": 51.2694, "lon": 11.8944, "lede": "On 5 November 1757 a Franco-Imperial army twice Frederick the Great's size tried to march round his flank near Rossbach in Saxony. Seydlitz's hidden cavalry and a Prussian battery broke it in under two hours, for about 550 Prussian casualties.", "result": "Decisive Prussian victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Battle_rossbach_trap.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 2 }, { "slug": "leuthen", "title": "Battle of Leuthen", "status": "draft", "order": 34, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/leuthen/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/leuthen.json", "date_text": "5 December 1757", "start": "1757-12-05", "end": "1757-12-05", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Seven Years' War", "place": "Leuthen (now Lutynia), west of Breslau (now Wrocław), Silesia; today Poland", "lat": 51.1522, "lon": 16.7525, "lede": "On 5 December 1757 Frederick the Great feinted at the Austrian right, marched his army behind low hills and smashed into its left near Leuthen in Silesia. The classic oblique-order attack routed an army nearly twice his size and saved Prussian Silesia.", "result": "Decisive Prussian victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Battle_of_Leuthen_-_The_fix%2C_5_December_1757.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 2 }, { "slug": "zorndorf", "title": "Battle of Zorndorf", "status": "draft", "order": 35, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/zorndorf/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/zorndorf.json", "date_text": "25 August 1758", "start": "1758-08-25", "end": "1758-08-25", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Seven Years' War", "place": "Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo), north-east of Küstrin, Brandenburg-Neumark; today Poland", "lat": 52.6719, "lon": 14.6544, "lede": "On 25 August 1758 Frederick the Great marched round Fermor's Russian army east of the Oder to attack it from the rear. The Russians faced about and fought him to a bloody standstill. Both sides claimed victory; neither had won.", "result": "Inconclusive; both sides claimed victory. The Prussians kept the field and the Russians withdrew two days later.", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spruner-Menke_Handatlas_1880_Karte_46_Nebenkarte_15.jpg/960px-Spruner-Menke_Handatlas_1880_Karte_46_Nebenkarte_15.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 2 }, { "slug": "minden", "title": "Battle of Minden", "status": "draft", "order": 36, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/minden/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/minden.json", "date_text": "1 August 1759", "start": "1759-08-01", "end": "1759-08-01", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Seven Years' War", "place": "The plain north-west of Minden, between Hahlen, Malbergen and Todtenhausen, on the west bank of the Weser; North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany", "lat": 52.3278, "lon": 8.8909, "lede": "On 1 August 1759 six British regiments and their Hanoverian comrades advanced across the plain north-west of Minden against massed French cavalry and broke three charges. Ferdinand of Brunswick's victory saved Hanover; Sackville's idle cavalry earned him a court martial.", "result": "Decisive Allied victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karte_Schlacht_bei_Minden_1759.png/960px-Karte_Schlacht_bei_Minden_1759.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 4 }, { "slug": "kunersdorf", "title": "Battle of Kunersdorf", "status": "draft", "order": 37, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/kunersdorf/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/kunersdorf.json", "date_text": "12 August 1759", "start": "1759-08-12", "end": "1759-08-12", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Seven Years' War", "place": "Kunersdorf (now Kunowice), east of Frankfurt an der Oder, Brandenburg-Neumark; today Poland", "lat": 52.3531, "lon": 14.6128, "lede": "On 12 August 1759 Frederick the Great stormed a Russo-Austrian army entrenched on the heights east of Frankfurt an der Oder. After an early success his exhausted army broke and fled. It was his worst defeat, but the allies never marched on Berlin.", "result": "Decisive Russo-Austrian victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Spruner-Menke_Handatlas_1880_Karte_46_Nebenkarte_17.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 1 }, { "slug": "plains-of-abraham", "title": "Battle of the Plains of Abraham", "status": "draft", "order": 38, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/plains-of-abraham/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/plains-of-abraham.json", "date_text": "13 September 1759", "start": "1759-09-13", "end": "1759-09-13", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Seven Years' War", "place": "Plains of Abraham, just west of the walls of Quebec, New France (now Quebec City, Canada)", "lat": 46.8015, "lon": -71.2201, "lede": "On 13 September 1759 Wolfe's army, landed by night below the cliffs, broke Montcalm's attack outside Quebec with close-range volleys in well under an hour. Both generals died; Quebec surrendered five days later, and New France fell within a year.", "result": "Decisive British victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham_2.svg/960px-Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham_2.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 3, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "torgau", "title": "Battle of Torgau", "status": "draft", "order": 39, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/torgau/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/torgau.json", "date_text": "3 November 1760", "start": "1760-11-03", "end": "1760-11-03", "era": "1600–1760", "war": "Seven Years' War", "place": "Süptitz heights, west of Torgau on the Elbe, Saxony; today Saxony, Germany", "lat": 51.567, "lon": 12.935, "lede": "On 3 November 1760 Frederick the Great split his army to attack Daun's Austrians on the Süptitz heights from north and south. His own attacks were shot to pieces by massed guns, but Zieten's attack after dark won a costly victory.", "result": "Prussian victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Plan_de_la_Bataille_de_Torgau_du_3e_November_1760_-_btv1b84933312.jpg/960px-Plan_de_la_Bataille_de_Torgau_du_3e_November_1760_-_btv1b84933312.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 1 }, { "slug": "bunker-hill", "title": "Battle of Bunker Hill", "status": "draft", "order": 40, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/bunker-hill/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/bunker-hill.json", "date_text": "17 June 1775", "start": "1775-06-17", "end": "1775-06-17", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "American Revolutionary War", "place": "Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill, Charlestown peninsula, Boston, Massachusetts", "lat": 42.37639, "lon": -71.06083, "lede": "On 17 June 1775 British regulars stormed the provincial works on Breed's Hill, above Charlestown, at the third attempt. They took the peninsula but lost over a thousand men, a costly victory that showed the siege of Boston would not end quickly.", "result": "British tactical victory at heavy cost; the British took the Charlestown peninsula", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sketch_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill%2C_printed_in_August_1775.jpg/960px-Sketch_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill%2C_printed_in_August_1775.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 12 }, { "slug": "trenton", "title": "Battle of Trenton", "status": "draft", "order": 41, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/trenton/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/trenton.json", "date_text": "26 December 1776", "start": "1776-12-26", "end": "1776-12-26", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "American Revolutionary War", "place": "Trenton, New Jersey (the colonial town around King and Queen Streets, now Warren and Broad Streets)", "lat": 40.2258, "lon": -74.7647, "lede": "After a night crossing of the ice-choked Delaware in a nor'easter, Washington's army surprised Johann Rall's Hessian brigade at Trenton and took most of it prisoner in about an hour. The small victory revived a cause that had seemed close to collapse.", "result": "Decisive American victory; Rall's brigade largely captured", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Battle_of_Trenton.Dean.USMA.edu.history.gif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "princeton", "title": "Battle of Princeton", "status": "draft", "order": 42, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/princeton/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/princeton.json", "date_text": "3 January 1777", "start": "1777-01-03", "end": "1777-01-03", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "American Revolutionary War", "place": "Princeton, New Jersey (the Clarke farms south-west of the town, now Princeton Battlefield State Park, and the College of New Jersey's Nassau Hall)", "lat": 40.33, "lon": -74.675, "lede": "Slipping away from Cornwallis by night, Washington's army met Mawhood's brigade at the Clarke farm outside Princeton. Mercer fell and the militia broke, but Washington rallied them in person and routed the British: his first win over regulars in open battle.", "result": "American victory; Mawhood's brigade routed, Princeton taken", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Battle_of_Princeton.Dean.USMA.edu.history.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "saratoga", "title": "Battles of Saratoga", "status": "draft", "order": 43, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/saratoga/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/saratoga.json", "date_text": "19 September and 7 October 1777", "start": "1777-09-19", "end": "1777-10-07", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "American Revolutionary War", "place": "Freeman's Farm and Bemis Heights, near Stillwater, Saratoga County, New York", "lat": 42.9989, "lon": -73.6375, "lede": "In two battles on the west bank of the Hudson, on 19 September and 7 October 1777, Gates's American army stopped and then broke Burgoyne's invasion from Canada. Burgoyne's surrender ten days later helped bring France into the war.", "result": "Decisive American victory; Burgoyne's army surrendered on 17 October", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/First_Battle_of_Saratoga.USMA.edu.history.gif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "germantown", "title": "Battle of Germantown", "status": "draft", "order": 44, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/germantown/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/germantown.json", "date_text": "4 October 1777", "start": "1777-10-04", "end": "1777-10-04", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "American Revolutionary War", "place": "Germantown, Pennsylvania (now part of Philadelphia), along Germantown Avenue between Mount Airy and Market Square", "lat": 40.0461, "lon": -75.1822, "lede": "At dawn on 4 October 1777 Washington's four columns surprised Howe's camp at Germantown, but fog, a stone house held by the 40th Foot and American units firing on each other turned success into retreat. The attack still impressed Europe.", "result": "British victory; American attack repulsed", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Montresor_Battle_of_Germantown_map_1777.jpg/960px-Montresor_Battle_of_Germantown_map_1777.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 10 }, { "slug": "monmouth", "title": "Battle of Monmouth", "status": "draft", "order": 45, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/monmouth/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/monmouth.json", "date_text": "28 June 1778", "start": "1778-06-28", "end": "1778-06-28", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "American Revolutionary War", "place": "Near Monmouth Court House (now Freehold Borough) and Manalapan, New Jersey; the afternoon fighting lies largely within Monmouth Battlefield State Park", "lat": 40.2563, "lon": -74.3209, "lede": "In searing heat, Charles Lee's attack on Clinton's rearguard turned into a retreat, and Washington rallied the army on Perrine's Hill to hold off Cornwallis's counterattacks. The tactical draw let Clinton reach New York, but secured Washington's command and ruined Lee.", "result": "Tactical draw; Clinton's army and baggage reached New York, but the Continentals held the field", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Battle_of_Monmouth.Dean.USMA.edu.history.gif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "camden", "title": "Battle of Camden", "status": "draft", "order": 46, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/camden/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/camden.json", "date_text": "16 August 1780", "start": "1780-08-16", "end": "1780-08-16", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "American Revolutionary War", "place": "North of Camden, Kershaw County, South Carolina (Camden Battlefield and Longleaf Pine Preserve, about 5.5 miles north of the town)", "lat": 34.3646, "lon": -80.6139, "lede": "Marching by night on half-rations, Horatio Gates's southern army stumbled into Cornwallis north of Camden. At dawn the militia fled before British bayonets, de Kalb's Continentals were overwhelmed, and the American army in the South all but ceased to exist.", "result": "Decisive British victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Plan_of_the_battle_fought_near_Camden%2C_August_16th%2C_1780._LOC_gm71000640.jpg/960px-Plan_of_the_battle_fought_near_Camden%2C_August_16th%2C_1780._LOC_gm71000640.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "cowpens", "title": "Battle of Cowpens", "status": "draft", "order": 47, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/cowpens/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/cowpens.json", "date_text": "17 January 1781", "start": "1781-01-17", "end": "1781-01-17", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "American Revolutionary War", "place": "Hannah's Cowpens, near Chesnee, Cherokee County, South Carolina (Cowpens National Battlefield)", "lat": 35.1368, "lon": -81.816, "lede": "In under an hour on a frosty South Carolina pasture, Daniel Morgan's three-line defence of militia and Continentals destroyed Banastre Tarleton's flying column. The loss cost Cornwallis his light troops and set him on the road to Guilford Courthouse and Yorktown.", "result": "Decisive American victory; Tarleton's column destroyed", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Battle_of_Cowpens_-_British_Attack_-_First_Phase.Dean.USMA.edu.history.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 12 }, { "slug": "guilford-court-house", "title": "Battle of Guilford Court House", "status": "draft", "order": 48, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/guilford-court-house/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/guilford-court-house.json", "date_text": "15 March 1781", "start": "1781-03-15", "end": "1781-03-15", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "American Revolutionary War", "place": "Guilford Court House, near present-day Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina (Guilford Courthouse National Military Park)", "lat": 36.132, "lon": -79.844, "lede": "Two months after Cowpens, Nathanael Greene met Cornwallis's smaller, hungry army with three lines of militia and Continentals in the North Carolina woods. Cornwallis held the field but lost a quarter of his men, and marched away towards Virginia and Yorktown.", "result": "British tactical victory; strategically costly (Pyrrhic) for Cornwallis", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Battle_of_Guildford_fought_on_the_15th_of_March_1781._LOC_gm71000642.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Guildford_fought_on_the_15th_of_March_1781._LOC_gm71000642.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 11 }, { "slug": "valmy", "title": "Battle of Valmy", "status": "draft", "order": 49, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/valmy/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/valmy.json", "date_text": "20 September 1792", "start": "1792-09-20", "end": "1792-09-20", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "French Revolutionary Wars", "place": "Windmill ridge west of Valmy, between Sainte-Menehould and Châlons, Marne, France", "lat": 49.08028, "lon": 4.76722, "lede": "On 20 September 1792 Kellermann's French army held the windmill ridge at Valmy through a day-long cannonade, and Brunswick's Prussians declined to storm it. Losses were tiny, but the invasion stalled, and the next day the Convention met and abolished the monarchy.", "result": "French victory (strategic); tactically an indecisive cannonade", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%C2%BB_%E2%84%96_2._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg/960px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%C2%BB_%E2%84%96_2._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 10 }, { "slug": "jemappes", "title": "Battle of Jemappes", "status": "draft", "order": 50, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/jemappes/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/jemappes.json", "date_text": "6 November 1792", "start": "1792-11-06", "end": "1792-11-06", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "French Revolutionary Wars", "place": "Heights of Jemappes and Cuesmes, west of Mons, Hainaut, Belgium", "lat": 50.4559, "lon": 3.8886, "lede": "On 6 November 1792 Dumouriez's French army, three times the size of its enemy, stormed the entrenched Austrian line on the heights of Jemappes and Cuesmes outside Mons. It was the Republic's first great offensive victory, and it won it the Austrian Netherlands within weeks.", "result": "Decisive French victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Plan_De_La_Bataille_De_Jemappes_et_des_Retranchements_des_Autrichiens.jpg/960px-Plan_De_La_Bataille_De_Jemappes_et_des_Retranchements_des_Autrichiens.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 10 }, { "slug": "fleurus-1794", "title": "Battle of Fleurus (1794)", "status": "draft", "order": 51, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/fleurus-1794/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/fleurus-1794.json", "date_text": "26 June 1794", "start": "1794-06-26", "end": "1794-06-26", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "French Revolutionary Wars", "place": "Fleurus, Heppignies and Lambusart, north-east of Charleroi, Hainaut, Belgium", "lat": 50.4833, "lon": 4.5333, "lede": "On 26 June 1794 Jourdan's French army, dug in around newly fallen Charleroi, beat off Coburg's five-column attack near Fleurus. Lefebvre's stand at Lambusart held the line, an observation balloon flew overhead, and the Austrians soon abandoned Belgium.", "result": "French victory (tactically indecisive, strategically decisive)", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Map_Fleurus_1794.jpg/960px-Map_Fleurus_1794.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 12 }, { "slug": "castiglione", "title": "Battle of Castiglione", "status": "draft", "order": 52, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/castiglione/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/castiglione.json", "date_text": "5 August 1796", "start": "1796-08-05", "end": "1796-08-05", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "French Revolutionary Wars", "place": "Between Castiglione delle Stiviere, Solferino and Medole, south of Lake Garda, Lombardy, Italy", "lat": 45.3833, "lon": 10.4833, "lede": "On 5 August 1796, south of Lake Garda, Bonaparte pinned Wurmser's Austrians in front, struck their rear and stormed the Monte Medolano redoubt. The victory ended Austria's first attempt to relieve Mantua and showed the battle plan Napoleon would use for years.", "result": "French victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battles_of_Lonato_%26_Castiglione%2C_3_August_1796%3B_and_of_Medola%2C_5_August_1796._A.K._Johnston_F.R.G.S._William_Blackwood_and_Sons_%28IA_dr_battles-of-lonato-castiglione-3-august-1796-and-of-medola-5-august-179-13200025%29.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 8 }, { "slug": "arcole", "title": "Battle of Arcole", "status": "draft", "order": 53, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/arcole/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/arcole.json", "date_text": "15–17 November 1796", "start": "1796-11-15", "end": "1796-11-17", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "French Revolutionary Wars", "place": "Arcole and the marshes between the Adige and the Alpone, south-east of Verona, Veneto, Italy", "lat": 45.3578, "lon": 11.2867, "lede": "For three days in November 1796 Bonaparte fought Alvinczi along the dykes of the marshes east of Verona, after crossing the Adige at Ronco to strike at his rear. Victory ended Austria's third attempt to relieve Mantua and gave Bonaparte his most famous legend.", "result": "French victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Map_of_the_Battle_of_Arcole%2C_November_1796.jpg/960px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_Arcole%2C_November_1796.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 10 }, { "slug": "rivoli", "title": "Battle of Rivoli", "status": "draft", "order": 54, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/rivoli/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/rivoli.json", "date_text": "14–15 January 1797", "start": "1797-01-14", "end": "1797-01-15", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "French Revolutionary Wars", "place": "Rivoli plateau, Rivoli Veronese, between Lake Garda and the Adige, Veneto, Italy", "lat": 45.5667, "lon": 10.8167, "lede": "On 14 January 1797 Bonaparte held the Rivoli plateau against Alvinczi's converging Austrian columns and then broke them one by one. It was the last attempt to relieve Mantua, which surrendered on 2 February, leaving northern Italy to the French.", "result": "Decisive French victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bataille_de_Rivoli_-_14_et_15_janvier_1797_-_btv1b53078321j.jpg/960px-Bataille_de_Rivoli_-_14_et_15_janvier_1797_-_btv1b53078321j.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 14 }, { "slug": "pyramids", "title": "Battle of the Pyramids", "status": "draft", "order": 55, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/pyramids/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/pyramids.json", "date_text": "21 July 1798", "start": "1798-07-21", "end": "1798-07-21", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "French Revolutionary Wars", "place": "Embabeh (Imbaba), on the west bank of the Nile opposite Cairo and Bulaq, about 15 km from the pyramids of Giza, Egypt", "lat": 30.0833, "lon": 31.2, "lede": "On 21 July 1798, at Embabeh on the Nile opposite Cairo, Bonaparte's divisional squares broke the charge of Murad Bey's Mamluk cavalry and stormed his entrenched camp. Cairo fell three days later, and centuries of Mamluk power in Egypt began to end.", "result": "Decisive French victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Napoleons_Campaign_in_Egypt_1798.jpg/960px-Napoleons_Campaign_in_Egypt_1798.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 12 }, { "slug": "marengo", "title": "Battle of Marengo", "status": "draft", "order": 56, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/marengo/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/marengo.json", "date_text": "14 June 1800", "start": "1800-06-14", "end": "1800-06-14", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "French Revolutionary Wars", "place": "Plain of Marengo, east of Alessandria (Spinetta Marengo), Piedmont, Italy", "lat": 44.88556, "lon": 8.6775, "lede": "On 14 June 1800 Melas's Austrians drove Bonaparte's army back across the plain east of Alessandria, until Desaix's late arrival and Kellermann's charge reversed the day. The narrow victory regained northern Italy and secured the First Consul's hold on power.", "result": "French victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/EB1911_-_Marengo_-_Map_of_the_Battle_of_Marengo%2C_June_1800.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 19 }, { "slug": "hohenlinden", "title": "Battle of Hohenlinden", "status": "draft", "order": 57, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/hohenlinden/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/hohenlinden.json", "date_text": "3 December 1800", "start": "1800-12-03", "end": "1800-12-03", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "French Revolutionary Wars", "place": "Hohenlinden and the forest of Haag towards Maitenbeth, east of Munich, Bavaria, Germany", "lat": 48.15972, "lon": 11.99806, "lede": "On 3 December 1800, in falling snow, Moreau's Army of the Rhine trapped Archduke John's Austro-Bavarian army in the forest east of Hohenlinden while Richepanse's division fell on its rear. The rout forced Austria into an armistice and the Treaty of Lunéville.", "result": "Decisive French victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Battle_of_Hohenlinden%2C_by_Schirmer.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 15 }, { "slug": "austerlitz", "title": "Battle of Austerlitz", "status": "draft", "order": 58, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/austerlitz/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/austerlitz.json", "date_text": "2 December 1805", "start": "1805-12-02", "end": "1805-12-02", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Pratzen plateau, west of Austerlitz (Slavkov u Brna), Moravia, Czech Republic (then the Austrian Empire)", "lat": 49.1281, "lon": 16.7625, "lede": "On 2 December 1805 Napoleon lured a Russo-Austrian army into attacking his deliberately weakened right, then broke its centre on the Pratzen plateau and rolled up its left. The victory knocked Austria out of the Third Coalition.", "result": "Decisive French victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Battle_of_Austerlitz_-_Situation_at_0900%2C_2_December_1805.png/960px-Battle_of_Austerlitz_-_Situation_at_0900%2C_2_December_1805.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 17 }, { "slug": "jena-auerstedt", "title": "Battles of Jena and Auerstedt", "status": "draft", "order": 59, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/jena-auerstedt/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/jena-auerstedt.json", "date_text": "14 October 1806", "start": "1806-10-14", "end": "1806-10-14", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Jena (Thuringia) and Auerstedt–Hassenhausen (Saxony-Anhalt), Germany", "lat": 50.9272, "lon": 11.5861, "lede": "On 14 October 1806 Napoleon routed Hohenlohe's Prussians and Saxons at Jena, thinking them the main army, while 13 miles north Davout's single corps beat the real main army at Auerstedt. In one day Prussia's army was broken.", "result": "Decisive French victory on both fields; the Prussian army was destroyed in the pursuit", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt_-_Map01.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt_-_Map01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 20 }, { "slug": "eylau", "title": "Battle of Eylau", "status": "draft", "order": 60, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/eylau/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/eylau.json", "date_text": "7–8 February 1807 (26–27 January Old Style)", "start": "1807-02-07", "end": "1807-02-08", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Preussisch Eylau, East Prussia (now Bagrationovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)", "lat": 54.4, "lon": 20.6333, "lede": "In a two-day battle fought in snowstorms around Preussisch Eylau in East Prussia, Napoleon's attacks on Bennigsen's Russians nearly broke and then nearly won. Both armies were left shattered, and the Grande Armée had suffered its first serious check.", "result": "Indecisive; a bloody draw. The Russians withdrew in the night, leaving the French holding the field.", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Battle_of_Preussisch_Eylau_Map2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 16 }, { "slug": "friedland", "title": "Battle of Friedland", "status": "draft", "order": 61, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/friedland/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/friedland.json", "date_text": "14 June 1807 (2 June Old Style)", "start": "1807-06-14", "end": "1807-06-14", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Friedland, East Prussia (now Pravdinsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)", "lat": 54.45, "lon": 21.0167, "lede": "Bennigsen crossed the Alle to crush Lannes's isolated corps, was held until Napoleon arrived, and was then driven back into the river and the burning town of Friedland. The defeat broke Russia's will to fight on and led straight to Tilsit.", "result": "Decisive French victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Map_of_the_Battle_of_Friedland_-_Situation_shortly_after_1700%2C_14_June_1807.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 16 }, { "slug": "corunna", "title": "Battle of Corunna", "status": "draft", "order": 62, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/corunna/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/corunna.json", "date_text": "16 January 1809", "start": "1809-01-16", "end": "1809-01-16", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Elviña, outside A Coruña, Galicia, Spain", "lat": 43.3325, "lon": -8.4125, "lede": "On 16 January 1809, at the end of a winter retreat across Galicia, Sir John Moore's army beat off Soult's attack on the ridge above Corunna and embarked for England that night. Moore was killed in the moment of victory.", "result": "British defensive success; the British army re-embarked unmolested and Corunna fell to the French", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Batalla_de_Elvi%C3%B1a_%28Battle_of_Corunna%29_-_16-01-1809_-_mapa_%28map%29.jpg/960px-Batalla_de_Elvi%C3%B1a_%28Battle_of_Corunna%29_-_16-01-1809_-_mapa_%28map%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 17 }, { "slug": "aspern-essling", "title": "Battle of Aspern-Essling", "status": "draft", "order": 63, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/aspern-essling/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/aspern-essling.json", "date_text": "21–22 May 1809", "start": "1809-05-21", "end": "1809-05-22", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Aspern and Essling, on the Marchfeld north of Lobau island, east of Vienna, Austria", "lat": 48.21306, "lon": 16.5025, "lede": "Crossing the Danube below Vienna by way of Lobau island, Napoleon was attacked in his bridgehead by Archduke Charles and, with his bridges repeatedly broken, driven back after two days' fighting for the villages of Aspern and Essling. It was his first personal defeat in a major battle in a decade.", "result": "Austrian victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Battle_of_Aspern_or_Essling%2C_21_%26_22_May_1809-_sheet_1._A.K._Johnston_F.R.G.S._William_Blackwood_and_Sons_%28IA_dr_battle-of-aspern-or-essling-21-22-may-1809-sheet-1-ak-johnston-frg-13200068%29.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 12 }, { "slug": "wagram", "title": "Battle of Wagram", "status": "draft", "order": 64, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/wagram/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/wagram.json", "date_text": "5–6 July 1809", "start": "1809-07-05", "end": "1809-07-06", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Deutsch-Wagram and the Marchfeld plain, north-east of Vienna, Austria", "lat": 48.2956, "lon": 16.5578, "lede": "Six weeks after his repulse at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon crossed the Danube from Lobau island and, in two days of fighting on the Marchfeld, broke Archduke Charles's army. It was the largest battle in European history to that date, and it ended Austria's war of 1809.", "result": "Decisive French victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Battle_of_Wagram_5_July_1809_evening.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 3, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 18 }, { "slug": "talavera", "title": "Battle of Talavera", "status": "draft", "order": 65, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/talavera/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/talavera.json", "date_text": "27–28 July 1809", "start": "1809-07-27", "end": "1809-07-28", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha, Spain", "lat": 39.9667, "lon": -4.8333, "lede": "Over 27 and 28 July 1809 Wellesley's British army, with Cuesta's Spaniards beside it, beat off repeated French attacks north of Talavera. The victory made him Viscount Wellington, but Soult's approach forced him back to Portugal within a week.", "result": "Allied tactical victory; the allies retreated to Portugal soon afterwards", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Battle_of_Talavera_final_attack.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Talavera_final_attack.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 2, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 19 }, { "slug": "bussaco", "title": "Battle of Bussaco", "status": "draft", "order": 66, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/bussaco/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/bussaco.json", "date_text": "27 September 1810", "start": "1810-09-27", "end": "1810-09-27", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Serra do Buçaco, Mealhada, Portugal", "lat": 40.3333, "lon": -8.3333, "lede": "On 27 September 1810 Masséna threw two corps up the Bussaco ridge against Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese army and was flung back with three times the allied loss. The Portuguese passed their first great test, but Masséna turned the ridge and Wellington fell back to Torres Vedras.", "result": "Anglo-Portuguese tactical victory; Masséna then turned the position and Wellington withdrew to the Lines of Torres Vedras", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Battle_of_Busaco%2C_27_September_1810._A.K._Johnston_F.R.G.S._William_Blackwood_and_Sons%2C_Edinburgh_and_London._%28to_accompany%29_Atlas_%28IA_dr_battle-of-busaco-27-september-1810-ak-johnston-frgs-william-blackwo-13200075%29.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 6 }, { "slug": "fuentes-de-onoro", "title": "Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro", "status": "draft", "order": 67, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/fuentes-de-onoro/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/fuentes-de-onoro.json", "date_text": "3–5 May 1811", "start": "1811-05-03", "end": "1811-05-05", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Fuentes de Oñoro, Salamanca, on the Spanish–Portuguese border west of Ciudad Rodrigo", "lat": 40.5833, "lon": -6.8167, "lede": "From 3 to 5 May 1811 Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese army held the village of Fuentes de Oñoro and a hastily refused right flank against Masséna's attempt to relieve Almeida. Masséna's last battle in Portugal failed, though Almeida's garrison later escaped.", "result": "Anglo-Portuguese defensive victory; Masséna failed to relieve Almeida, though its garrison broke out on 10–11 May", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro_-_mapa_2.jpg/960px-Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro_-_mapa_2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 8 }, { "slug": "albuera", "title": "Battle of Albuera", "status": "draft", "order": 68, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/albuera/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/albuera.json", "date_text": "16 May 1811", "start": "1811-05-16", "end": "1811-05-16", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "La Albuera, south of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain", "lat": 38.7083, "lon": -6.8192, "lede": "On 16 May 1811 Beresford's British, Portuguese and Spanish army stopped Soult's attempt to relieve Badajoz on the low heights of Albuera. It was the bloodiest battle of the Peninsular War for its size: British infantry brigades lost half to seven-tenths of their men.", "result": "Allied victory; Soult's relief of Badajoz failed (Wikipedia calls it inconclusive)", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Battle_of_Albuera_%281811%29_map.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Albuera_%281811%29_map.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 2, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 17 }, { "slug": "salamanca", "title": "Battle of Salamanca", "status": "draft", "order": 69, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/salamanca/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/salamanca.json", "date_text": "22 July 1812", "start": "1812-07-22", "end": "1812-07-22", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Los Arapiles, south of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain", "lat": 40.8892, "lon": -5.6247, "lede": "On 22 July 1812 Wellington caught Marmont's Army of Portugal strung out along the heights south of Salamanca and broke its left wing in under an hour. The victory opened the road to Madrid and made Wellington's name as an attacking general.", "result": "Decisive Anglo-Portuguese victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Battle_of_Salamanca%2C_22_July_1812._A.K._Johnston_F.R.G.S._William_Blackwood_and_Sons%2C_Edinburgh_and_London._%28to_accompany%29_Atlas_to_%28IA_dr_battle-of-salamanca-22-july-1812-ak-johnston-frgs-william-blackwood-13200082%29.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 3, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 20 }, { "slug": "borodino", "title": "Battle of Borodino", "status": "draft", "order": 70, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/borodino/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/borodino.json", "date_text": "7 September 1812 (26 August Old Style)", "start": "1812-09-07", "end": "1812-09-07", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Borodino, near Mozhaisk, about 124 km west of Moscow, Russia", "lat": 55.5167, "lon": 35.8167, "lede": "On 7 September 1812 Napoleon threw the Grande Armée at Kutuzov's earthworks west of Moscow. After the bloodiest single day of the Napoleonic Wars the Russians fell back with their army intact, and the road to Moscow, but not victory, lay open.", "result": "French tactical victory; strategically indecisive", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Battle_of_Borodino_0630.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Borodino_0630.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 4, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 16 }, { "slug": "bautzen", "title": "Battle of Bautzen", "status": "draft", "order": 71, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/bautzen/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/bautzen.json", "date_text": "20–21 May 1813", "start": "1813-05-20", "end": "1813-05-21", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Bautzen and the villages to its east, on the Spree in Upper Lusatia, Kingdom of Saxony (now Saxony, Germany)", "lat": 51.1833, "lon": 14.4167, "lede": "In May 1813 Napoleon pinned the Russo-Prussian army in its fortified lines behind the Spree while Ney marched round its open right flank. Ney arrived but hesitated at Preititz, and the Allies escaped in good order. Napoleon won the field, not the war.", "result": "French victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Battle_of_Bautzen%2C_20_%26_21_May_1813._A.K._Johnston_F.R.G.S._William_Blackwood_and_Sons%2C_Edinburgh_and_London._%28to_accompany%29_Atlas_%28IA_dr_battle-of-bautzen-20-21-may-1813-ak-johnston-frgs-william-blackwo-13200092%29.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 15 }, { "slug": "vitoria", "title": "Battle of Vitoria", "status": "draft", "order": 72, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/vitoria/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/vitoria.json", "date_text": "21 June 1813", "start": "1813-06-21", "end": "1813-06-21", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Plain of Vitoria, on the Zadorra west of Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain", "lat": 42.85, "lon": -2.6833, "lede": "On 21 June 1813 Wellington's four converging columns broke King Joseph's army on the Zadorra and cut the high road to France. The French lost all but two of their guns and their vast baggage train, and Joseph's rule in Spain was finished.", "result": "Decisive Allied victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Battle_of_Vitoria%2C_21_June_1813._A.K._Johnston_F.R.G.S._William_Blackwood_and_Sons%2C_Edinburgh_and_London._%28to_accompany%29_Atlas_to_%28IA_dr_battle-of-vitoria-21-june-1813-ak-johnston-frgs-william-blackwood-a-13200093%29.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 2, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "dresden-1813", "title": "Battle of Dresden", "status": "draft", "order": 73, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/dresden-1813/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/dresden-1813.json", "date_text": "26–27 August 1813", "start": "1813-08-26", "end": "1813-08-27", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Dresden and the villages to its south and west, Kingdom of Saxony (now Saxony, Germany)", "lat": 51.03, "lon": 13.72, "lede": "In August 1813 the Allied Army of Bohemia attacked Dresden, but Napoleon arrived from Silesia in time to save it. Next day, in pouring rain, he struck both Allied wings, destroyed the Austrian left and won his last great victory in Germany.", "result": "French victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Battle_of_Dresden%2C_26_%26_27_August_1813._A.K._Johnston_F.R.G.S._William_Blackwood_and_Sons%2C_Edinburgh_and_London._%28to_accompany%29_%28IA_dr_battle-of-dresden-26-27-august-1813-ak-johnston-frgs-william-blac-13200096%29.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 4, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 16 }, { "slug": "leipzig-1813", "title": "Battle of Leipzig", "status": "draft", "order": 74, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/leipzig-1813/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/leipzig-1813.json", "date_text": "16–19 October 1813", "start": "1813-10-16", "end": "1813-10-19", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Leipzig and its surrounding villages, Kingdom of Saxony (now Saxony, Germany)", "lat": 51.3122, "lon": 12.4133, "lede": "Over four days in October 1813 the armies of Austria, Russia, Prussia and Sweden closed on Napoleon around Leipzig and drove him back across the Elster. The largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars ended French power east of the Rhine.", "result": "Decisive Coalition victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Leipzig_Battle.svg/960px-Leipzig_Battle.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 4, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 20 }, { "slug": "lundys-lane", "title": "Battle of Lundy's Lane", "status": "draft", "order": 75, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/lundys-lane/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/lundys-lane.json", "date_text": "25 July 1814", "start": "1814-07-25", "end": "1814-07-25", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "War of 1812", "place": "The rise where Lundy's Lane meets the Portage Road, about a mile from the falls, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada", "lat": 43.0892, "lon": -79.0955, "lede": "On the evening of 25 July 1814, within sound of Niagara Falls, Brown's American army fought Drummond's British and Canadians for a hilltop battery until midnight. The Americans took the guns but withdrew, and their last invasion of Upper Canada stalled.", "result": "Tactically indecisive; British strategic success", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Battle_of_Niagara_Falls_map.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 4 }, { "slug": "new-orleans", "title": "Battle of New Orleans", "status": "draft", "order": 76, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/new-orleans/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/new-orleans.json", "date_text": "8 January 1815", "start": "1815-01-08", "end": "1815-01-08", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "War of 1812", "place": "Chalmette Plantation and the Rodriguez Canal, about six miles below New Orleans, Louisiana, United States", "lat": 29.9425, "lon": -89.9908, "lede": "On 8 January 1815 Pakenham's British army attacked Andrew Jackson's mud rampart below New Orleans and was shattered in under an hour, losing about 2,000 men to some 71 American. It ended the British attempt on Louisiana and made Jackson a national hero.", "result": "Decisive American victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Plan_of_the_attack_and_defence_of_the_American_lines_below_New_Orleans_on_the_8th_January_1815_LOC_2012588019.jpg/960px-Plan_of_the_attack_and_defence_of_the_American_lines_below_New_Orleans_on_the_8th_January_1815_LOC_2012588019.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "ligny", "title": "Battle of Ligny", "status": "draft", "order": 77, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/ligny/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/ligny.json", "date_text": "16 June 1815", "start": "1815-06-16", "end": "1815-06-16", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Ligny, Saint-Amand and Sombreffe, near Fleurus, Belgium (then the United Kingdom of the Netherlands)", "lat": 50.5203, "lon": 4.5814, "lede": "On 16 June 1815 Napoleon beat Blücher's three Prussian corps along the Ligny brook in his last victory. But d'Erlon's corps never joined in, the Prussians got away in good order, and they retreated north towards Wavre, which let them reach Waterloo two days later.", "result": "French victory; the Prussian army retreated in good order", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Battle_of_Ligny%2C_16_June_1815_%28Alison%29.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Ligny%2C_16_June_1815_%28Alison%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 17 }, { "slug": "quatre-bras", "title": "Battle of Quatre Bras", "status": "draft", "order": 78, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/quatre-bras/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/quatre-bras.json", "date_text": "16 June 1815", "start": "1815-06-16", "end": "1815-06-16", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Quatre Bras crossroads, near Genappe, Belgium (then the United Kingdom of the Netherlands)", "lat": 50.5703, "lon": 4.4597, "lede": "On 16 June 1815 Marshal Ney failed to take the Quatre Bras crossroads from Wellington, whose army grew all afternoon from a single Dutch-Belgian division. Wellington could not help Blücher at Ligny, but Ney could not help Napoleon either.", "result": "Inconclusive: Wellington held the crossroads, a tactical Anglo-allied success", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras%2C_16_June_1815_%28Alison%29.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Quatre_Bras%2C_16_June_1815_%28Alison%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 17 }, { "slug": "waterloo", "title": "Battle of Waterloo", "status": "draft", "order": 79, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/waterloo/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/waterloo.json", "date_text": "18 June 1815", "start": "1815-06-18", "end": "1815-06-18", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Napoleonic Wars", "place": "Mont-Saint-Jean, south of Waterloo, Belgium (then the United Kingdom of the Netherlands)", "lat": 50.6781, "lon": 4.4122, "lede": "On 18 June 1815 Wellington's Anglo-allied army held the ridge of Mont-Saint-Jean against Napoleon until Blücher's Prussians broke into the French flank. The rout ended the Hundred Days, Napoleon's reign and more than two decades of war in Europe.", "result": "Decisive Coalition victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/960px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "ayacucho", "title": "Battle of Ayacucho", "status": "draft", "order": 80, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/ayacucho/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/ayacucho.json", "date_text": "9 December 1824", "start": "1824-12-09", "end": "1824-12-09", "era": "1775–1815", "war": "Spanish American wars of independence", "place": "Pampa de la Quinua (Pampa de Ayacucho), near Quinua, Huamanga, Ayacucho, Peru", "lat": -13.0425, "lon": -74.1317, "lede": "On 9 December 1824 Sucre's outnumbered patriot army broke the viceroy's royalist army as it came down from Condorcunca onto the plain of Ayacucho. The viceroy was captured, and the capitulation signed that evening ended Spanish rule in Peru and, effectively, in South America.", "result": "Decisive patriot victory; capitulation of the royalist army", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/CroquisAyacucho.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "san-jacinto", "title": "Battle of San Jacinto", "status": "draft", "order": 81, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/san-jacinto/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/san-jacinto.json", "date_text": "21 April 1836", "start": "1836-04-21", "end": "1836-04-21", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Texas Revolution", "place": "Plain between Buffalo Bayou and the San Jacinto River, near present-day La Porte and Deer Park, Texas", "lat": 29.7489, "lon": -95.0803, "lede": "On the afternoon of 21 April 1836 Sam Houston's Texian army overran Santa Anna's resting camp by Buffalo Bayou in about eighteen minutes, then killed or captured most of the fleeing army. Santa Anna's capture next day won Texas its independence.", "result": "Decisive Texian victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Battle_of_San_Jacinto.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 1 }, { "slug": "buena-vista", "title": "Battle of Buena Vista", "status": "draft", "order": 82, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/buena-vista/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/buena-vista.json", "date_text": "22–23 February 1847", "start": "1847-02-22", "end": "1847-02-23", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Mexican–American War", "place": "La Angostura pass, by the hacienda of Buena Vista, about 12 km south of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico", "lat": 25.3369, "lon": -101.0464, "lede": "On 22–23 February 1847 Santa Anna's army, worn down by a desert march, attacked Zachary Taylor's mostly volunteer force in the pass of La Angostura and nearly broke it, then withdrew by night. Both sides claimed victory; it made Taylor president.", "result": "American defensive victory (inconclusive in some accounts; both sides claimed it)", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Plan-of-the-Battle-of-Buena-Vista-1847.jpg/960px-Plan-of-the-Battle-of-Buena-Vista-1847.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 6 }, { "slug": "chapultepec", "title": "Battle of Chapultepec", "status": "draft", "order": 83, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/chapultepec/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/chapultepec.json", "date_text": "12–13 September 1847", "start": "1847-09-12", "end": "1847-09-13", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Mexican–American War", "place": "Chapultepec hill and castle, and the Belén and San Cosme causeways, on the western edge of Mexico City", "lat": 19.4204, "lon": -99.1817, "lede": "On 12–13 September 1847 Winfield Scott's army bombarded and stormed the hilltop castle of Chapultepec, home of Mexico's Military College, then fought down the causeways to the Belén and San Cosme gates. Santa Anna abandoned Mexico City that night.", "result": "Decisive American victory; Mexico City abandoned and occupied on 14 September", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_attack_of_Mexico_City%2C_September_13th_and_14th%2C_1847._LOC_2001620538.jpg/960px-United_States_attack_of_Mexico_City%2C_September_13th_and_14th%2C_1847._LOC_2001620538.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 8 }, { "slug": "alma", "title": "Battle of the Alma", "status": "draft", "order": 84, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/alma/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/alma.json", "date_text": "20 September 1854 (8 September Old Style)", "start": "1854-09-20", "end": "1854-09-20", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Crimean War", "place": "Heights on the south bank of the River Alma, about 25 km north of Sevastopol, Crimea", "lat": 44.831, "lon": 33.669, "lede": "On 20 September 1854 the British, French and Turkish army marching on Sevastopol stormed Menshikov's heights above the Alma in an afternoon. It was the first major battle of the Crimean War, and the allies' failure to follow it up led to a long siege.", "result": "Allied victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Plan_of_the_Battle_of_the_Alma.png/960px-Plan_of_the_Battle_of_the_Alma.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "inkerman", "title": "Battle of Inkerman", "status": "draft", "order": 85, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/inkerman/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/inkerman.json", "date_text": "5 November 1854 (24 October Old Style)", "start": "1854-11-05", "end": "1854-11-05", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Crimean War", "place": "Mount Inkerman, on the eastern edge of the allied siege lines south-east of Sevastopol, Crimea", "lat": 44.585, "lon": 33.592, "lede": "On 5 November 1854 Russian columns climbed out of the fog onto Mount Inkerman to break the allied siege of Sevastopol. Outnumbered British infantry held on until Bosquet's French arrived; the Russian field army never seriously challenged the besiegers again.", "result": "Anglo-French victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/EB1911_Inkerman%2C_Battle_of.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 8 }, { "slug": "magenta", "title": "Battle of Magenta", "status": "draft", "order": 86, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/magenta/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/magenta.json", "date_text": "4 June 1859", "start": "1859-06-04", "end": "1859-06-04", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Second Italian War of Independence", "place": "Magenta, the Naviglio Grande bridges (Buffalora, Ponte Nuovo, Ponte Vecchio) and the east bank of the Ticino, west of Milan, Lombardy (now Italy)", "lat": 45.456, "lon": 8.802, "lede": "On 4 June 1859 Napoleon III's French, crossing the Ticino into Lombardy, fought Gyulai's Austrians for the canal bridges and the town of Magenta. MacMahon's flank march from Turbigo decided a muddled day; Milan fell and the Austrians fell back across Lombardy.", "result": "Franco-Sardinian victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Carta_Battaglia_di_Magenta.jpg/960px-Carta_Battaglia_di_Magenta.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 4 }, { "slug": "solferino", "title": "Battle of Solferino", "status": "draft", "order": 87, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/solferino/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/solferino.json", "date_text": "24 June 1859", "start": "1859-06-24", "end": "1859-06-24", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Second Italian War of Independence", "place": "Solferino, San Martino and the Campo di Medole, between the Chiese and the Mincio, south of Lake Garda, Lombardy (now Italy)", "lat": 45.367, "lon": 10.567, "lede": "On 24 June 1859 the French and Piedmontese under Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II ran into Franz Joseph's Austrians south of Lake Garda and broke their centre at Solferino. The carnage hastened the peace of Villafranca and inspired Henry Dunant's Red Cross.", "result": "Franco-Sardinian victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carta_Battaglia_Solferino.jpg/960px-Carta_Battaglia_Solferino.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 2 }, { "slug": "first-bull-run", "title": "First Battle of Bull Run", "status": "draft", "order": 88, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/first-bull-run/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/first-bull-run.json", "date_text": "21 July 1861", "start": "1861-07-21", "end": "1861-07-21", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Bull Run, near Manassas Junction, Fairfax and Prince William Counties, Virginia, United States", "lat": 38.815, "lon": -77.5225, "lede": "On 21 July 1861 McDowell's Union army turned the Confederate left at Bull Run, Virginia, but was stopped on Henry Hill by troops rushed in by rail from the Shenandoah, then broke and fled. The first major battle showed both sides the war would be long.", "result": "Confederate victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/First_Bull_Run_%28Manassas%29_July_21_1300.png/960px-First_Bull_Run_%28Manassas%29_July_21_1300.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "fort-donelson", "title": "Battle of Fort Donelson", "status": "draft", "order": 89, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/fort-donelson/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/fort-donelson.json", "date_text": "11–16 February 1862", "start": "1862-02-11", "end": "1862-02-16", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Fort Donelson, near Dover, Stewart County, Tennessee, United States", "lat": 36.4931, "lon": -87.8561, "lede": "In February 1862 Grant's army and Foote's gunboats besieged Fort Donelson on the Cumberland. A Confederate breakout opened the road to Nashville and was then thrown away; on 16 February Buckner surrendered some 12,000 men, opening Tennessee to the Union.", "result": "Decisive Union victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fort_Donelson_Feb15am.png/960px-Fort_Donelson_Feb15am.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 11 }, { "slug": "shiloh", "title": "Battle of Shiloh", "status": "draft", "order": 90, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/shiloh/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/shiloh.json", "date_text": "6–7 April 1862", "start": "1862-04-06", "end": "1862-04-07", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Pittsburg Landing, Hardin County, Tennessee, United States", "lat": 35.1386, "lon": -88.3422, "lede": "On 6 April 1862 Albert Sidney Johnston's Confederates struck Grant's camps at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, and drove them back to the river; Johnston was killed. Reinforced by Buell, Grant counterattacked next day. Some 23,700 men fell, and the war in the West turned decisively.", "result": "Union victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shiloh_battlefield_topical_map_V2.png/960px-Shiloh_battlefield_topical_map_V2.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "malvern-hill", "title": "Battle of Malvern Hill", "status": "draft", "order": 91, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/malvern-hill/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/malvern-hill.json", "date_text": "1 July 1862", "start": "1862-07-01", "end": "1862-07-01", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Malvern Hill, Henrico County, Virginia, United States", "lat": 37.4125, "lon": -77.25, "lede": "On 1 July 1862, the last of the Seven Days, Lee threw brigade after brigade against McClellan's massed guns on Malvern Hill and lost more than 5,000 men. The Union army won, then retreated to Harrison's Landing anyway, and Richmond was safe.", "result": "Union tactical victory; Union withdrawal to Harrison's Landing", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Seven_Days_July_1.png/960px-Seven_Days_July_1.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 12 }, { "slug": "second-bull-run", "title": "Second Battle of Bull Run", "status": "draft", "order": 92, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/second-bull-run/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/second-bull-run.json", "date_text": "28–30 August 1862", "start": "1862-08-28", "end": "1862-08-30", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Groveton and Henry Hill, near Manassas, Prince William County, Virginia, United States", "lat": 38.8125, "lon": -77.5214, "lede": "Over 28–30 August 1862 Pope's Army of Virginia threw itself piecemeal at Jackson's line along an unfinished railroad near Manassas, unaware that Longstreet had come up on its flank. Longstreet's attack drove Pope back across Bull Run and opened Lee's road into Maryland.", "result": "Confederate victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png/960px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "antietam", "title": "Battle of Antietam", "status": "draft", "order": 93, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/antietam/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/antietam.json", "date_text": "17 September 1862", "start": "1862-09-17", "end": "1862-09-17", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Sharpsburg, Washington County, Maryland, United States", "lat": 39.473, "lon": -77.745, "lede": "On 17 September 1862 McClellan's Army of the Potomac attacked Lee's smaller army along Antietam Creek, Maryland. About 22,700 men fell in the bloodiest day in American history; the result was a tactical draw, but it ended Lee's invasion and opened the way to emancipation.", "result": "Tactically inconclusive; strategic Union victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Antietam_Overview.png/960px-Antietam_Overview.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "fredericksburg", "title": "Battle of Fredericksburg", "status": "draft", "order": 94, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/fredericksburg/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/fredericksburg.json", "date_text": "11–15 December 1862", "start": "1862-12-11", "end": "1862-12-15", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County, Virginia, United States", "lat": 38.295, "lon": -77.47, "lede": "In December 1862 Burnside forced a crossing of the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg, then threw his army at Lee's prepared lines. Meade's breakthrough on Prospect Hill went unsupported, and wave after wave broke before the stone wall below Marye's Heights.", "result": "Confederate victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Fredericksburg-Overview.png/960px-Fredericksburg-Overview.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "stones-river", "title": "Battle of Stones River", "status": "draft", "order": 95, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/stones-river/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/stones-river.json", "date_text": "31 December 1862 – 2 January 1863", "start": "1862-12-31", "end": "1863-01-02", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Stones River, north-west of Murfreesboro, Rutherford County, Tennessee, United States", "lat": 35.8685, "lon": -86.4306, "lede": "Outside Murfreesboro both generals planned to turn the other's right; Bragg struck first and drove Rosecrans's army back to the Nashville Pike, but it held. After Breckinridge's last attack died under 57 massed guns, Bragg withdrew, handing Lincoln a victory he badly needed.", "result": "Tactically indecisive; strategic Union victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Stones_River_Dec31_0800.png/960px-Stones_River_Dec31_0800.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "chancellorsville", "title": "Battle of Chancellorsville", "status": "draft", "order": 96, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/chancellorsville/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/chancellorsville.json", "date_text": "30 April – 6 May 1863", "start": "1863-04-30", "end": "1863-05-06", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Chancellorsville, Spotsylvania County, Virginia, United States", "lat": 38.3105, "lon": -77.6484, "lede": "In the Virginia Wilderness in early May 1863, Lee split his outnumbered army and Jackson's flank march routed Hooker's right. Hooker retreated across the Rappahannock, but the Confederates lost about 13,000 men they could not replace, and Jackson, shot by his own troops.", "result": "Confederate victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chancellorsville_Hooker%27s_Plan.png/960px-Chancellorsville_Hooker%27s_Plan.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "gettysburg", "title": "Battle of Gettysburg", "status": "draft", "order": 97, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/gettysburg/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/gettysburg.json", "date_text": "1–3 July 1863", "start": "1863-07-01", "end": "1863-07-03", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Gettysburg, Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States", "lat": 39.812, "lon": -77.235, "lede": "Over three days in July 1863 Meade's Army of the Potomac held the hills south of Gettysburg against Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania. More than 46,000 men fell in the largest battle fought in North America, and Lee never again invaded the North.", "result": "Union victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gettysburg_Campaign.png/960px-Gettysburg_Campaign.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "chickamauga", "title": "Battle of Chickamauga", "status": "draft", "order": 98, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/chickamauga/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/chickamauga.json", "date_text": "18–20 September 1863", "start": "1863-09-18", "end": "1863-09-20", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Chickamauga, Catoosa and Walker counties, Georgia, United States", "lat": 34.918, "lon": -85.261, "lede": "In the woods of north-west Georgia Bragg's Confederates, reinforced by Longstreet's corps from Virginia, broke Rosecrans's army through a gap opened by a misread order. Thomas's stand on Snodgrass Hill saved it, and the costliest Confederate victory of the war won back nothing.", "result": "Confederate victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chickamauga_Sep20_2.png/960px-Chickamauga_Sep20_2.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "chattanooga", "title": "Battles for Chattanooga", "status": "draft", "order": 99, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/chattanooga/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/chattanooga.json", "date_text": "23–25 November 1863", "start": "1863-11-23", "end": "1863-11-25", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Chattanooga, Hamilton County, Tennessee, United States", "lat": 35.035, "lon": -85.29, "lede": "Two months after Chickamauga, Grant broke Bragg's siege of Chattanooga in three days: Hooker cleared Lookout Mountain, Sherman stalled against Cleburne, and Thomas's men stormed Missionary Ridge without orders, routing one of the Confederacy's two great armies.", "result": "Decisive Union victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Missionary_Ridge.png/960px-Missionary_Ridge.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "wilderness", "title": "Battle of the Wilderness", "status": "draft", "order": 100, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/wilderness/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/wilderness.json", "date_text": "5–7 May 1864", "start": "1864-05-05", "end": "1864-05-07", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "The Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Orange Counties, Virginia, United States", "lat": 38.3175, "lon": -77.7564, "lede": "Grant's first battle against Lee, fought on 5–7 May 1864 in burning Virginia thickets, cost some 28,000 men and settled nothing tactically. Then Grant marched south instead of retreating, and the Overland Campaign began.", "result": "Inconclusive: a tactical Confederate success, but Grant continued his advance", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Overland_Campaign_May4.png/960px-Overland_Campaign_May4.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "spotsylvania", "title": "Battle of Spotsylvania Court House", "status": "draft", "order": 101, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/spotsylvania/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/spotsylvania.json", "date_text": "8–21 May 1864", "start": "1864-05-08", "end": "1864-05-21", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Spotsylvania Court House, Spotsylvania County, Virginia, United States", "lat": 38.2242, "lon": -77.5981, "lede": "Two weeks of assaults on Lee's entrenchments in May 1864, climaxing in some twenty hours of hand-to-hand fighting in the rain at the Bloody Angle. About 31,000 men fell; neither army broke, and Grant again moved south.", "result": "Inconclusive: Lee held his lines, but Grant disengaged and continued south", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Spotsylvania_Court_House_May_08.png/960px-Spotsylvania_Court_House_May_08.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 11 }, { "slug": "cold-harbor", "title": "Battle of Cold Harbor", "status": "draft", "order": 102, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/cold-harbor/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/cold-harbor.json", "date_text": "31 May – 12 June 1864", "start": "1864-05-31", "end": "1864-06-12", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Old Cold Harbor, Hanover County, Virginia, United States", "lat": 37.59, "lon": -77.285, "lede": "Grant's last frontal assault of the Overland Campaign: a dawn attack on Lee's entrenchments on 3 June 1864 that was beaten off with thousands of Union losses. It was Lee's last great field victory, and Grant regretted it for the rest of his life.", "result": "Confederate victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ColdHarbor-June1.png/960px-ColdHarbor-June1.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 8 }, { "slug": "franklin-1864", "title": "Battle of Franklin (1864)", "status": "draft", "order": 103, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/franklin-1864/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/franklin-1864.json", "date_text": "30 November 1864", "start": "1864-11-30", "end": "1864-11-30", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Franklin, Williamson County, Tennessee, United States", "lat": 35.9175, "lon": -86.8733, "lede": "On the afternoon of 30 November 1864 Hood sent some 20,000 Confederates across two miles of open ground against Schofield's entrenched Federals south of Franklin. In five hours he lost over 6,000 men and six generals, wrecking his army before Nashville.", "result": "Union victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Franklin_battle_1600.png/960px-Franklin_battle_1600.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "nashville", "title": "Battle of Nashville", "status": "draft", "order": 104, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/nashville/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/nashville.json", "date_text": "15–16 December 1864", "start": "1864-12-15", "end": "1864-12-16", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "American Civil War", "place": "Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee, United States", "lat": 36.0881, "lon": -86.8098, "lede": "On 15–16 December 1864 George Thomas came out of the Nashville defences, wheeled round the left of Hood's depleted Army of Tennessee and broke it at Shy's Hill. The rout ended the Army of Tennessee as an effective fighting force.", "result": "Decisive Union victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Battle_of_Nashville_%28December_15%2C_1864%29.gif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "koniggratz", "title": "Battle of Königgrätz", "status": "draft", "order": 105, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/koniggratz/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/koniggratz.json", "date_text": "3 July 1866", "start": "1866-07-03", "end": "1866-07-03", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Austro-Prussian War", "place": "Between the Bistritz (Bystřice) and the Elbe, around Sadová and Chlum, north-west of Königgrätz (Hradec Králové), Bohemia (now Czech Republic)", "lat": 50.27, "lon": 15.75, "lede": "On 3 July 1866 Moltke's three Prussian armies converged on Benedek's Austrians and Saxons before the Elbe fortress of Königgrätz, broke their right at Chlum and routed them. The victory ended the Austro-Prussian War in seven weeks and settled who would lead Germany.", "result": "Decisive Prussian victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Karte_zur_Schlacht_bei_Koeniggraetz_%283._Juli_1866%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 2 }, { "slug": "worth-1870", "title": "Battle of Wörth (1870)", "status": "draft", "order": 106, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/worth-1870/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/worth-1870.json", "date_text": "6 August 1870", "start": "1870-08-06", "end": "1870-08-06", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Franco-Prussian War", "place": "Wœrth (Wörth) and Frœschwiller, on the Sauer, northern Alsace, France", "lat": 48.9389, "lon": 7.7333, "lede": "On 6 August 1870 outpost fighting on the Sauer grew, against orders, into a battle in which the Crown Prince of Prussia's Third Army stormed MacMahon's heights at Frœschwiller. The French army in Alsace fell back beyond the Vosges and Alsace lay open.", "result": "Decisive German victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Battle_of_Worth_MKL_Bd._16_1890_%28128536185%29.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Worth_MKL_Bd._16_1890_%28128536185%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 6 }, { "slug": "mars-la-tour", "title": "Battle of Mars-la-Tour", "status": "draft", "order": 107, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/mars-la-tour/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/mars-la-tour.json", "date_text": "16 August 1870", "start": "1870-08-16", "end": "1870-08-16", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Franco-Prussian War", "place": "Vionville, Rezonville and Mars-la-Tour, west of Metz, France", "lat": 49.1031, "lon": 5.8725, "lede": "On 16 August 1870 Alvensleben's single Prussian corps attacked Bazaine's whole Army of the Rhine on the road west of Metz and, reinforced in the afternoon, held it there all day. Bazaine fell back towards Metz and never reached Verdun.", "result": "Tactically indecisive; strategic German victory, as Bazaine gave up the road to Verdun", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/385_of_%27The_Campaign_of_Sedan-_the_downfall_of_the_Second_Empire._August-September%2C_1870%2C_etc%27_%2811191280846%29.jpg/960px-385_of_%27The_Campaign_of_Sedan-_the_downfall_of_the_Second_Empire._August-September%2C_1870%2C_etc%27_%2811191280846%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 7 }, { "slug": "gravelotte", "title": "Battle of Gravelotte", "status": "draft", "order": 108, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/gravelotte/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/gravelotte.json", "date_text": "18 August 1870", "start": "1870-08-18", "end": "1870-08-18", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Franco-Prussian War", "place": "Gravelotte and St Privat-la-Montagne, west of Metz, Moselle, France", "lat": 49.15, "lon": 6.0167, "lede": "On 18 August 1870 Moltke's First and Second Armies attacked Bazaine's Army of the Rhine on the ridge west of Metz. The French held the Mance ravine, but lost St Privat at dusk, then fell back into Metz. They were never to leave it.", "result": "German victory; the Army of the Rhine was driven back into Metz and besieged", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karte_der_Schlacht_bei_Gravelotte.jpg/960px-Karte_der_Schlacht_bei_Gravelotte.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 9 }, { "slug": "sedan-1870", "title": "Battle of Sedan (1870)", "status": "draft", "order": 109, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/sedan-1870/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/sedan-1870.json", "date_text": "1 September 1870 (capitulation 2 September)", "start": "1870-09-01", "end": "1870-09-02", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Franco-Prussian War", "place": "Sedan, Ardennes, France", "lat": 49.6986, "lon": 4.9456, "lede": "On 1 September 1870 Moltke's German armies encircled MacMahon's Army of Châlons at Sedan and shelled it into surrender, capturing Napoleon III with it. The Second Empire fell three days later.", "result": "Decisive German victory; Army of Châlons and Napoleon III captured", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Plan_of_the_battle_of_Sedan_fought_1st_September_1870.jpg/960px-Plan_of_the_battle_of_Sedan_fought_1st_September_1870.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 11 }, { "slug": "isandlwana", "title": "Battle of Isandlwana", "status": "draft", "order": 110, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/isandlwana/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/isandlwana.json", "date_text": "22 January 1879", "start": "1879-01-22", "end": "1879-01-22", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Anglo-Zulu War", "place": "Isandlwana hill, near the Mzinyathi (Buffalo) River, Zulu kingdom (now KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)", "lat": -28.3564, "lon": 30.6525, "lede": "On 22 January 1879 a Zulu army under Ntshingwayo kaMahole and Mavumengwana kaNdlela overran Lord Chelmsford's camp below Isandlwana, killing more than 1,300 of its defenders. It was the worst defeat a British army suffered in colonial Africa.", "result": "Decisive Zulu victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Zulu_Encirclement_at_Isandlwana.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 1 }, { "slug": "tel-el-kebir", "title": "Battle of Tel el-Kebir", "status": "draft", "order": 111, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/tel-el-kebir/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/tel-el-kebir.json", "date_text": "13 September 1882", "start": "1882-09-13", "end": "1882-09-13", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Mahdist War", "place": "Egyptian entrenchments on the desert ridge north of the Sweetwater Canal and railway, east of Tel el-Kebir station, about 110 km north-east of Cairo, Egypt", "lat": 30.555, "lon": 31.81, "lede": "Before dawn on 13 September 1882 Wolseley's army, having marched through the night by the stars, stormed Ahmed ʻUrabi's entrenchments at Tel el-Kebir. In about an hour the Egyptian army broke; Cairo fell the next day and Britain occupied Egypt for decades.", "result": "Decisive British victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Egyptian_compaign%2C_1882._Map_no._6%2C_Sketch_of_formation_for_attack_Tel_el-Kebir.png/960px-Egyptian_compaign%2C_1882._Map_no._6%2C_Sketch_of_formation_for_attack_Tel_el-Kebir.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "adwa", "title": "Battle of Adwa", "status": "draft", "order": 112, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/adwa/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/adwa.json", "date_text": "1 March 1896", "start": "1896-03-01", "end": "1896-03-01", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "First Italo-Ethiopian War", "place": "Hills south-east of Adwa, Tigray, Ethiopia", "lat": 14.0189, "lon": 38.9733, "lede": "On 1 March 1896 Emperor Menelik II's army destroyed General Baratieri's Italian field force in the hills around Adwa, in Tigray. It ended Italy's bid to make Ethiopia a protectorate and became a lasting symbol of African independence.", "result": "Decisive Ethiopian victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Adwa_map.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "san-juan-hill", "title": "Battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney", "status": "draft", "order": 113, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/san-juan-hill/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/san-juan-hill.json", "date_text": "1 July 1898", "start": "1898-07-01", "end": "1898-07-01", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Spanish–American War", "place": "San Juan Heights and the village of El Caney, east and north-east of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba", "lat": 20.0208, "lon": -75.7994, "lede": "On 1 July 1898 Shafter's V Corps stormed El Caney and the San Juan Heights, held by about 1,700 Spanish troops, outside Santiago de Cuba. The heights fell at heavy cost, the siege of Santiago followed, and Roosevelt's Rough Riders became a legend.", "result": "American victory: El Caney and the San Juan Heights taken, at heavy cost", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/177_of_%27Der_Krieg_um_Cuba_im_Sommer_1898._Nach_zuverl%C3%A4ssigen_Quellen_bearbeitet_von_M._Pl%C3%BCddemann_..._Mit_zahlreichen_Abbildungen%27_%2811253877006%29.jpg/960px-177_of_%27Der_Krieg_um_Cuba_im_Sommer_1898._Nach_zuverl%C3%A4ssigen_Quellen_bearbeitet_von_M._Pl%C3%BCddemann_..._Mit_zahlreichen_Abbildungen%27_%2811253877006%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 3 }, { "slug": "omdurman", "title": "Battle of Omdurman", "status": "draft", "order": 114, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/omdurman/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/omdurman.json", "date_text": "2 September 1898", "start": "1898-09-02", "end": "1898-09-02", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Mahdist War", "place": "Karari (Kerreri) plain, between the Kerreri Hills and Jebel Surgham, about 11 km north of Omdurman, Sudan", "lat": 15.7519, "lon": 32.52, "lede": "On 2 September 1898 Kitchener's Anglo-Egyptian army, two-thirds of it Egyptian and Sudanese, shot down the Khalifa Abdallahi's Ansar on the plain of Karari outside Omdurman. Some 10,000 Sudanese died in a morning; the Mahdist state fell and Anglo-Egyptian rule began.", "result": "Decisive Anglo-Egyptian victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/River_War_2-4_Omdurman_Battle_6.45am.jpg/960px-River_War_2-4_Omdurman_Battle_6.45am.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 7 }, { "slug": "magersfontein", "title": "Battle of Magersfontein", "status": "draft", "order": 115, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/magersfontein/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/magersfontein.json", "date_text": "10–11 December 1899", "start": "1899-12-10", "end": "1899-12-11", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Second Boer War", "place": "Magersfontein, south of Kimberley, between the Cape Colony and the Orange Free State (now Northern Cape, South Africa)", "lat": -28.9694, "lon": 24.6983, "lede": "On 11 December 1899 Wauchope's Highland Brigade, marching in close column through a night of rain, walked into Boer trenches dug at the foot of Magersfontein Hill. Methuen's relief of Kimberley stalled for two months, and Black Week had its second defeat.", "result": "Boer victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Magersfontein11Dec1899.jpg/960px-Magersfontein11Dec1899.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 9 }, { "slug": "colenso", "title": "Battle of Colenso", "status": "draft", "order": 116, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/colenso/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/colenso.json", "date_text": "15 December 1899", "start": "1899-12-15", "end": "1899-12-15", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Second Boer War", "place": "Colenso, on the Tugela (Thukela) River south of Ladysmith, Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)", "lat": -28.7342, "lon": 29.8225, "lede": "On 15 December 1899 Buller tried to force the Tugela at Colenso against Louis Botha's hidden trenches. An Irish brigade was trapped in a river loop, ten guns were lost in the open, and the third defeat of Black Week cost Buller the supreme command.", "result": "Decisive Boer victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/First_attempt_to_cross_Tugela%2C_Battle_of_Colenso%2C_Dec._15%2C_1899.tif/lossy-page1-960px-First_attempt_to_cross_Tugela%2C_Battle_of_Colenso%2C_Dec._15%2C_1899.tif.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 8 }, { "slug": "spion-kop", "title": "Battle of Spion Kop", "status": "draft", "order": 117, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/spion-kop/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/spion-kop.json", "date_text": "23–24 January 1900", "start": "1900-01-23", "end": "1900-01-24", "era": "1850–1900", "war": "Second Boer War", "place": "Spion Kop (Spioenkop), above the Tugela (Thukela) River, about 38 km west-south-west of Ladysmith, Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)", "lat": -28.65, "lon": 29.5164, "lede": "On the night of 23–24 January 1900 British troops seized Spion Kop in fog, then spent a day pinned in shallow trenches under Boer fire from three sides. Both sides came close to giving up; the British gave up first, and Ladysmith stayed besieged.", "result": "Boer victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Battle_of_Spion_Kop_Map.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 11 }, { "slug": "liaoyang", "title": "Battle of Liaoyang", "status": "draft", "order": 118, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/liaoyang/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/liaoyang.json", "date_text": "24 August – 4 September 1904 (11–22 August Old Style)", "start": "1904-08-24", "end": "1904-09-04", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "Russo-Japanese War", "place": "South and east of Liaoyang, on both banks of the Taitzu river, Liaoning, north-east China", "lat": 41.27, "lon": 123.17, "lede": "In the rain and tall sorghum of late summer 1904, Ōyama's three armies drove Kuropatkin from the prepared lines round Liaoyang. It was the first great land battle of the Russo-Japanese War: a costly Japanese victory, but the Russian army escaped to Mukden.", "result": "Japanese victory; Russian army withdraws to Mukden in good order", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Map-of-Liao-Yang.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 1 }, { "slug": "mukden", "title": "Battle of Mukden", "status": "draft", "order": 119, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/mukden/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/mukden.json", "date_text": "20 February – 10 March 1905 (7–25 February Old Style)", "start": "1905-02-20", "end": "1905-03-10", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "Russo-Japanese War", "place": "South and west of Mukden (now Shenyang), Liaoning, north-east China", "lat": 41.78, "lon": 123.43, "lede": "For three weeks in the frozen winter of 1905 more than half a million men fought along a front of some 140 km south of Mukden. Oyama's Japanese armies drove Kuropatkin's Russians out of southern Manchuria, but the Russian army escaped destruction.", "result": "Japanese victory; Russian army withdraws north intact", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Mukden_February_23.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 4 }, { "slug": "cer", "title": "Battle of Cer", "status": "draft", "order": 120, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/cer/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/cer.json", "date_text": "15–24 August 1914", "start": "1914-08-15", "end": "1914-08-24", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Cer mountain and the Jadar valley, between Loznica and Šabac, western Serbia", "lat": 44.555, "lon": 19.528, "lede": "In August 1914 Putnik's Serbian army caught Potiorek's invading Austro-Hungarians on the Cer ridge and the Jadar, and drove them back across the Drina and the Sava within ten days. It was the first Allied victory of the First World War.", "result": "Serbian victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bitka_na_Ceru_12-15_avgust_1914.jpg/960px-Bitka_na_Ceru_12-15_avgust_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 4 }, { "slug": "mons", "title": "Battle of Mons", "status": "draft", "order": 121, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/mons/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/mons.json", "date_text": "23 August 1914", "start": "1914-08-23", "end": "1914-08-23", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Mons–Condé Canal, from Obourg through Nimy and Mons west to Condé, Hainaut, Belgium", "lat": 50.4789, "lon": 3.9501, "lede": "On 23 August 1914 two British divisions held the Mons–Condé Canal for a day against Kluck's First Army, then fell back. The BEF's first battle began the Retreat from Mons and its legends.", "result": "German tactical victory: the BEF held the canal for a day, then withdrew at the start of the Retreat from Mons", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/British_and_German_dispositions._Mons%2C_23_August_1914.jpg/960px-British_and_German_dispositions._Mons%2C_23_August_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 20 }, { "slug": "le-cateau-1914", "title": "Battle of Le Cateau (1914)", "status": "draft", "order": 122, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/le-cateau-1914/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/le-cateau-1914.json", "date_text": "26 August 1914", "start": "1914-08-26", "end": "1914-08-26", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Le Cateau–Cambrai road, from Le Cateau west through Troisvilles, Caudry and Ligny to Esnes, Nord, France", "lat": 50.1042, "lon": 3.5444, "lede": "On 26 August 1914, three days after Mons, Smith-Dorrien's II Corps turned to fight Kluck's pursuing First Army at Le Cateau against Sir John French's wishes. It lost 7,812 men and 38 guns, then slipped away unpursued.", "result": "German tactical victory: II Corps was driven from its position with heavy loss, but broke contact and continued the retreat unpursued", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Area_of_BEF_operations%2C_August_1914.jpg/960px-Area_of_BEF_operations%2C_August_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 15 }, { "slug": "tannenberg-1914", "title": "Battle of Tannenberg (1914)", "status": "draft", "order": 123, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/tannenberg-1914/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/tannenberg-1914.json", "date_text": "26–30 August 1914", "start": "1914-08-26", "end": "1914-08-30", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Between Hohenstein (Olsztynek), Allenstein (Olsztyn) and Neidenburg (Nidzica), East Prussia, Germany (now north-eastern Poland)", "lat": 53.58, "lon": 20.28, "lede": "Between 26 and 30 August 1914 the German Eighth Army encircled and destroyed Samsonov's Russian Second Army in the forests of East Prussia. The victory made Hindenburg and Ludendorff national heroes and gave Germany its founding myth of the war in the east.", "result": "Decisive German victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BattleOfTannenberg2.jpg/960px-BattleOfTannenberg2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 16 }, { "slug": "first-marne", "title": "First Battle of the Marne", "status": "draft", "order": 124, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/first-marne/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/first-marne.json", "date_text": "5–12 September 1914", "start": "1914-09-05", "end": "1914-09-12", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Between the Ourcq north-east of Paris and the Meuse near Verdun, along the Marne valley, France", "lat": 49.0167, "lon": 3.3833, "lede": "Between 5 and 12 September 1914 French and British armies turned on the German right wing east of Paris and drove it back to the Aisne. The German plan for a quick victory in the west was finished.", "result": "Decisive Allied strategic victory: the German right wing retreated to the Aisne and the Schlieffen Plan failed", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Battle_of_the_Marne%2C_west_flank_1914.jpg/960px-Battle_of_the_Marne%2C_west_flank_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "first-masurian-lakes", "title": "First Battle of the Masurian Lakes", "status": "draft", "order": 125, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/first-masurian-lakes/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/first-masurian-lakes.json", "date_text": "7–14 September 1914", "start": "1914-09-07", "end": "1914-09-14", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Between the Masurian Lakes (Lötzen, Angerburg) and the Pregel, East Prussia, Germany (now north-eastern Poland and Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)", "lat": 54.21, "lon": 21.74, "lede": "Between 7 and 14 September 1914 Hindenburg's reinforced Eighth Army hooked through the Masurian Lakes behind Rennenkampf's Russian First Army. Rennenkampf escaped encirclement by retreating, but lost heavily and was driven out of East Prussia, completing the German recovery of the province.", "result": "German victory; Russian First Army driven out of East Prussia", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Masurian_Lakes_Sep1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 5 }, { "slug": "lodz-1914", "title": "Battle of Łódź (1914)", "status": "draft", "order": 126, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/lodz-1914/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/lodz-1914.json", "date_text": "11 November – 6 December 1914", "start": "1914-11-11", "end": "1914-12-06", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Łódź and the country between the Vistula and the Warta, Russian Poland (now central Poland): Włocławek, Kutno, Łódź, Brzeziny and Łowicz", "lat": 51.77, "lon": 19.46, "lede": "In November 1914 Mackensen's 9th Army, switched north by rail, struck the flank of the Russian armies poised to invade Silesia and almost encircled them at Łódź, then had its own spearhead surrounded at Brzeziny. It broke out; the Russians abandoned Łódź on 6 December.", "result": "Indecisive: the German encirclement failed, but the Russian invasion of Silesia was stopped and Łódź given up", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_1914.png/960px-%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_1914.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 10 }, { "slug": "neuve-chapelle", "title": "Battle of Neuve Chapelle", "status": "draft", "order": 127, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/neuve-chapelle/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/neuve-chapelle.json", "date_text": "10–13 March 1915", "start": "1915-03-10", "end": "1915-03-13", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Neuve Chapelle and the flat, ditch-cut country between the Port Arthur salient, the Layes brook, the Bois du Biez and Mauquissart, below Aubers ridge, Pas-de-Calais, France", "lat": 50.585, "lon": 2.7775, "lede": "On 10 March 1915 Haig's First Army, British and Indian, broke into the German line after a 35-minute bombardment and took Neuve Chapelle by mid-morning. Delays let German reserves seal the breach, and the shell shortage it revealed became a political scandal.", "result": "Indecisive: the British took Neuve Chapelle and a salient about 1,000–1,200 yards deep but failed to break through to Aubers ridge", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Neuve_Chapelle%2C_1915a.jpg/960px-Neuve_Chapelle%2C_1915a.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 19 }, { "slug": "second-ypres", "title": "Second Battle of Ypres", "status": "draft", "order": 128, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/second-ypres/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/second-ypres.json", "date_text": "22 April – 25 May 1915", "start": "1915-04-22", "end": "1915-05-25", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "The Ypres Salient, from the Yser canal at Steenstrate and Langemark east to Gravenstafel, St Julien and Frezenberg, West Flanders, Belgium", "lat": 50.8994, "lon": 2.9406, "lede": "From 22 April to 25 May 1915 the German 4th Army attacked the Ypres Salient behind the first mass release of chlorine gas on the Western Front. The line broke, then held; Ypres stayed in Allied hands, but the salient shrank by about three miles.", "result": "Inconclusive: the Germans failed to break through or take Ypres, but captured the high ground north and east of the town and forced the Allies back about three miles", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/RJB18_%E2%80%93_Ypernbogen.jpg/960px-RJB18_%E2%80%93_Ypernbogen.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "cape-helles", "title": "Landing at Cape Helles (Gallipoli)", "status": "draft", "order": 129, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/cape-helles/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/cape-helles.json", "date_text": "25–26 April 1915", "start": "1915-04-25", "end": "1915-04-26", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Cape Helles and Sedd el Bahr (Seddülbahir), southern tip of the Gallipoli peninsula, Turkey", "lat": 40.0431, "lon": 26.1753, "lede": "On 25–26 April 1915 the British 29th Division stormed five beaches at the tip of the Gallipoli peninsula. A few Ottoman companies held them to a narrow foothold at heavy cost, and the campaign's hopes of a quick advance were lost on the first day.", "result": "Ottoman tactical success: the British gained a foothold but not their first-day objectives", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Cape_Helles_landing_map.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 8 }, { "slug": "gorlice-tarnow", "title": "Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive", "status": "draft", "order": 130, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/gorlice-tarnow/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/gorlice-tarnow.json", "date_text": "2–12 May 1915", "start": "1915-05-02", "end": "1915-05-12", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Between Gorlice and Tarnów, western Galicia (now south-eastern Poland), from the Vistula to the Carpathian crest; pursuit to the San", "lat": 49.7, "lon": 21.2, "lede": "On 2 May 1915, after a four-hour bombardment, Mackensen's German 11th Army and two Austro-Hungarian armies broke the Russian 3rd Army between Gorlice and Tarnów. Within ten days the Russians were behind the San, and the Central Powers had the initiative in the east.", "result": "Decisive Central Powers victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/EasternFront1915b.jpg/960px-EasternFront1915b.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 5 }, { "slug": "suvla-bay", "title": "Landing at Suvla Bay", "status": "draft", "order": 131, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/suvla-bay/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/suvla-bay.json", "date_text": "6–15 August 1915", "start": "1915-08-06", "end": "1915-08-15", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Suvla Bay and the Anafarta plain, north of Anzac, Gallipoli peninsula, Turkey", "lat": 40.3053, "lon": 26.2283, "lede": "On the night of 6 August 1915 the British IX Corps landed almost unopposed at Suvla Bay, Gallipoli. Two days of hesitation let Ottoman reinforcements win the race for the surrounding heights, and the last chance of the August Offensive was lost.", "result": "Ottoman victory: the British held Suvla Bay as a base but not the surrounding heights", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Map_of_Suvla_Bay_%26_ANZAC_Cove%2C_Gallipoli_Diary.jpg/960px-Map_of_Suvla_Bay_%26_ANZAC_Cove%2C_Gallipoli_Diary.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 9 }, { "slug": "loos", "title": "Battle of Loos", "status": "draft", "order": 132, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/loos/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/loos.json", "date_text": "25 September – 16 October 1915", "start": "1915-09-25", "end": "1915-10-16", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "The mining country between Grenay, Loos, Hill 70, Hulluch and the La Bassée canal, north of Lens, Pas-de-Calais, France", "lat": 50.4583, "lon": 2.7942, "lede": "From 25 September 1915 Haig's First Army attacked between Lens and the La Bassée canal behind the first British gas cloud. It took Loos but not the German second position, lost about 50,000 men, and cost Sir John French his command.", "result": "German defensive victory: the British took Loos and a shallow salient but not Hill 70 or the German second position", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Battle_of_Loos%2C_1915_png.png/960px-Battle_of_Loos%2C_1915_png.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "ctesiphon-1915", "title": "Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)", "status": "draft", "order": 133, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/ctesiphon-1915/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/ctesiphon-1915.json", "date_text": "22–25 November 1915", "start": "1915-11-22", "end": "1915-11-25", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Ctesiphon (Salman Pak), on the Tigris below Baghdad, Ottoman Iraq (now Iraq)", "lat": 33.0936, "lon": 44.5667, "lede": "Between 22 and 25 November 1915 Townshend's mostly Indian 6th (Poona) Division stormed the Ottoman lines by the Arch of Ctesiphon but was fought to a standstill, and fell back to Kut. That retreat ended the first British drive on Baghdad and led to the siege of Kut.", "result": "Inconclusive: British tactical success, Ottoman strategic victory (British withdrawal)", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_9_-_The_Battle_of_Ctesiphon.png/960px-Map_9_-_The_Battle_of_Ctesiphon.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 14 }, { "slug": "brusilov", "title": "Brusilov Offensive", "status": "draft", "order": 134, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/brusilov/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/brusilov.json", "date_text": "4 June – 20 September 1916", "start": "1916-06-04", "end": "1916-09-20", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Volhynia, eastern Galicia and Bukovina, from the Pripet marshes to the Romanian border (now western Ukraine); main breakthrough at Lutsk", "lat": 50.75, "lon": 25.33, "lede": "From 4 June 1916 Brusilov's South-Western Front attacked along its whole length, shattered the Austro-Hungarian Fourth and Seventh Armies and took Lutsk and Czernowitz. It was imperial Russia's greatest victory of the war, and it left Austria-Hungary dependent on Germany.", "result": "Major Russian victory; Kovel and Lemberg not taken", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Brusilov_offensive.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 5 }, { "slug": "somme-1916", "title": "Battle of the Somme", "status": "draft", "order": 135, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/somme-1916/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/somme-1916.json", "date_text": "1 July – 18 November 1916", "start": "1916-07-01", "end": "1916-11-18", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Astride the River Somme between Gommecourt and Chaulnes, Somme and Pas-de-Calais départements, France", "lat": 50.0156, "lon": 2.6975, "lede": "From 1 July to 18 November 1916 British and French armies attacked the German line astride the Somme, gaining about six miles at a cost of more than a million casualties on both sides. Its meaning, and its human cost, are argued over still.", "result": "Indecisive: Anglo-French tactical gains and heavy German attrition, but no breakthrough", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg/960px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "arras-1917", "title": "Battle of Arras (1917)", "status": "draft", "order": 136, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/arras-1917/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/arras-1917.json", "date_text": "9 April – 16 May 1917", "start": "1917-04-09", "end": "1917-05-16", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "East of Arras, from Vimy Ridge to Bullecourt, Pas-de-Calais, France", "lat": 50.29, "lon": 2.86, "lede": "From 9 April to 16 May 1917 the British attacked east of Arras to draw German reserves from the French Nivelle Offensive. The first day's advance and the Canadian capture of Vimy Ridge were triumphs; the five weeks that followed were among the costliest of the war.", "result": "British tactical success (Vimy Ridge and the first-day gains), but no breakthrough; the battle ended in costly attrition", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Usma_battle_of_arras_1917.png/960px-Usma_battle_of_arras_1917.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "nivelle-offensive", "title": "Second Battle of the Aisne", "status": "draft", "order": 137, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/nivelle-offensive/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/nivelle-offensive.json", "date_text": "16 April – 9 May 1917", "start": "1917-04-16", "end": "1917-05-09", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "The Chemin des Dames ridge and the Aisne valley between Soissons and Reims, Aisne, France", "lat": 49.4, "lon": 3.6, "lede": "On 16 April 1917 Nivelle threw two French armies at the Chemin des Dames, promising a breakthrough in 48 hours. The Germans were waiting in depth. The French took ground at a terrible price, and the failure set off the army mutinies of 1917.", "result": "French defeat: part of the Chemin des Dames taken at heavy cost, but no breakthrough; the failure led to the 1917 mutinies", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fifth_Army_area%2C_1917.jpg/960px-Fifth_Army_area%2C_1917.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "messines-1917", "title": "Battle of Messines (1917)", "status": "draft", "order": 138, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/messines-1917/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/messines-1917.json", "date_text": "7–14 June 1917", "start": "1917-06-07", "end": "1917-06-14", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "The Messines–Wytschaete (Mesen–Wijtschate) ridge, south of Ypres, West Flanders, Belgium", "lat": 50.78, "lon": 2.8639, "lede": "On 7 June 1917 Plumer's Second Army fired nineteen huge mines under the Messines–Wytschaete ridge and took it in a day behind a massive barrage: the war's most celebrated set-piece attack, and the prelude to Passchendaele.", "result": "Decisive British victory: the ridge was taken in a day and held", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Battle_of_Messines_-_Map.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 17 }, { "slug": "passchendaele", "title": "Battle of Passchendaele", "status": "draft", "order": 139, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/passchendaele/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/passchendaele.json", "date_text": "31 July – 10 November 1917", "start": "1917-07-31", "end": "1917-11-10", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "The Ypres Salient, from Bixschoote to the Gheluvelt Plateau and Passchendaele (Passendale) ridge, West Flanders, Belgium", "lat": 50.9003, "lon": 3.0211, "lede": "From 31 July to 10 November 1917 British Empire and French troops fought up the low ridges east of Ypres to Passchendaele, through German defences in depth and some of the war's worst mud. Whether the cost was worth it is still argued.", "result": "Inconclusive and disputed: the Allies took the Passchendaele ridge and inflicted heavy German losses, but made no breakthrough and did not reach the Belgian coast", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/USMA_-_Third_Battle_of_Ypres.jpg/960px-USMA_-_Third_Battle_of_Ypres.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "caporetto", "title": "Battle of Caporetto", "status": "draft", "order": 140, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/caporetto/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/caporetto.json", "date_text": "24 October – 19 November 1917", "start": "1917-10-24", "end": "1917-11-19", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Upper Isonzo (Soča) valley between Plezzo (Bovec) and Tolmino (Tolmin), around Caporetto (Kobarid, Karfreit), Austrian Littoral (now Slovenia); the retreat ran across Friuli to the Piave", "lat": 46.2144, "lon": 13.6425, "lede": "On 24 October 1917 an Austro-German army broke the Italian front on the upper Isonzo with gas, surprise and infiltration, and drove the Italians back to the Piave. It remains the worst defeat in Italian military history, and the source of a byword for disaster.", "result": "Decisive Austro-German victory; Italian retreat to the Piave", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Battle_of_Caporetto.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Caporetto.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 13 }, { "slug": "third-gaza", "title": "Third Battle of Gaza", "status": "draft", "order": 141, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/third-gaza/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/third-gaza.json", "date_text": "31 October – 7 November 1917", "start": "1917-10-31", "end": "1917-11-07", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Gaza–Beersheba line, southern Ottoman Palestine (now the Gaza Strip and southern Israel)", "lat": 31.489, "lon": 34.474, "lede": "Between 31 October and 7 November 1917 Allenby turned the eastern end of the Gaza–Beersheba line, seized Beersheba and its wells with a light horse charge at dusk, and broke the Ottoman front, opening southern Palestine and the road to Jerusalem.", "result": "Allied (British Empire) victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FallsV2skMap1GazaBSba.jpeg/960px-FallsV2skMap1GazaBSba.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 15 }, { "slug": "cambrai-1917", "title": "Battle of Cambrai (1917)", "status": "draft", "order": 142, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/cambrai-1917/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/cambrai-1917.json", "date_text": "20 November – 7 December 1917", "start": "1917-11-20", "end": "1917-12-07", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Hindenburg Line south-west of Cambrai, Nord, France: Flesquières, Bourlon Wood and Masnières", "lat": 50.125, "lon": 3.125, "lede": "On 20 November 1917 Byng's Third Army broke deep into the Hindenburg Line with massed tanks and an unregistered surprise barrage. Ten days later a German counter-attack retook most of the ground, foreshadowing the methods of 1918.", "result": "Indecisive: a British breakthrough on 20 November, then a German counter-attack that retook most of the ground by 7 December", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Battle_of_cambrai_1_-_front_lines.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "lys-1918", "title": "Battle of the Lys (1918)", "status": "draft", "order": 143, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/lys-1918/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/lys-1918.json", "date_text": "9–29 April 1918", "start": "1918-04-09", "end": "1918-04-29", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "The Lys plain from Givenchy and the La Bassée canal to Armentières, and the Messines–Kemmel ridges, French Flanders and West Flanders", "lat": 50.7056, "lon": 2.9, "lede": "In April 1918 Ludendorff's second spring offensive, Georgette, smashed through the Portuguese sector on the Lys and drove on Hazebrouck and Kemmel. The British line bent back to Ypres but held, and the Channel ports were never reached.", "result": "German tactical success but strategic failure: the Germans advanced up to 15 km and took Kemmel, but did not reach Hazebrouck or the Channel ports and called the offensive off", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Map_of_German_Lys_offensive_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "third-aisne", "title": "Third Battle of the Aisne", "status": "draft", "order": 144, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/third-aisne/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/third-aisne.json", "date_text": "27 May – 6 June 1918", "start": "1918-05-27", "end": "1918-06-06", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Chemin des Dames ridge and the Aisne valley to the Marne, Aisne, France", "lat": 49.3833, "lon": 3.7333, "lede": "On 27 May 1918 the heaviest German bombardment of the war smashed the French Sixth Army and a tired British corps on the Chemin des Dames; in a week the Germans drove some 50 kilometres to the Marne, but won no decision.", "result": "German tactical and operational victory; strategic failure", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Map_of_Germans_Aisne_offensive_1918.svg/960px-Map_of_Germans_Aisne_offensive_1918.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "cantigny", "title": "Battle of Cantigny", "status": "draft", "order": 145, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/cantigny/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/cantigny.json", "date_text": "28–31 May 1918", "start": "1918-05-28", "end": "1918-05-31", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Cantigny, Somme, France (west of Montdidier)", "lat": 49.6639, "lon": 2.4911, "lede": "On 28 May 1918 the US 1st Division's 28th Infantry, lent French tanks, flamethrowers and guns, took the Picardy village of Cantigny in under an hour, then held it through three days of shelling and counterattacks: the first American offensive of the war.", "result": "American victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Plan_of_Tank_Employment_at_Cantigny_-_DPLA_-_3b100ed4a02125346ace170ffebe4a3b_%28page_1%29.jpg/960px-Plan_of_Tank_Employment_at_Cantigny_-_DPLA_-_3b100ed4a02125346ace170ffebe4a3b_%28page_1%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 21 }, { "slug": "belleau-wood", "title": "Battle of Belleau Wood", "status": "draft", "order": 146, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/belleau-wood/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/belleau-wood.json", "date_text": "1–26 June 1918", "start": "1918-06-01", "end": "1918-06-26", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Belleau Wood (Bois de Belleau), Aisne, France", "lat": 49.0671, "lon": 3.2981, "lede": "Through June 1918 the US 2nd Division, its Marine brigade foremost, fought to clear a single wood west of Château-Thierry from the Germans: a costly, clumsy and much-celebrated first major action for American troops on the Western Front.", "result": "American victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Belleau-wood.gif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": true, "reading": 14 }, { "slug": "piave-1918", "title": "Second Battle of the Piave River", "status": "draft", "order": 147, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/piave-1918/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/piave-1918.json", "date_text": "15–23 June 1918", "start": "1918-06-15", "end": "1918-06-23", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Venetia, Italy: the Piave from the Montello to the sea, with the Asiago (Sette Comuni) plateau and Monte Grappa in the mountains to the west; coordinates are for Nervesa, below the Montello", "lat": 45.825, "lon": 12.208, "lede": "In June 1918 Austria-Hungary threw almost everything it had at Italy, in the mountains and across the Piave at once. Forewarned, the Italians and their allies held; the flooded river did the rest. It was the Habsburg army's last offensive.", "result": "Decisive Italian and Allied defensive victory; Austro-Hungarian withdrawal across the Piave", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Battle_of_the_Piave_River_1918.jpg/960px-Battle_of_the_Piave_River_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 12 }, { "slug": "megiddo-1918", "title": "Battle of Megiddo (1918)", "status": "draft", "order": 148, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/megiddo-1918/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/megiddo-1918.json", "date_text": "19–25 September 1918", "start": "1918-09-19", "end": "1918-09-25", "era": "1900–1918", "war": "World War I", "place": "Plain of Sharon and Plain of Esdraelon (Jezreel Valley), Ottoman Palestine (now Israel and the West Bank)", "lat": 32.4, "lon": 34.883, "lede": "Between 19 and 25 September 1918 Allenby's Egyptian Expeditionary Force broke the Ottoman line on the coast of Palestine, sent its cavalry 60 miles into the enemy's rear and destroyed two Ottoman armies in a week, opening the road to Damascus.", "result": "Decisive Allied victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Palestine-WW1-3.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 6 }, { "slug": "lake-khasan", "title": "Battle of Lake Khasan", "status": "draft", "order": 149, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/lake-khasan/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/lake-khasan.json", "date_text": "29 July – 11 August 1938", "start": "1938-07-29", "end": "1938-08-11", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "Soviet–Japanese Border War", "place": "Zaozernaya (Changkufeng) and Bezymyannaya (Shachaofeng) hills, west of Lake Khasan, Primorsky Krai, Russia, where the borders of Russia, China and North Korea meet", "lat": 42.4465, "lon": 130.5945, "lede": "A Japanese night attack seized two border hills above Lake Khasan in 1938; clumsy Soviet counterattacks, hampered by the purges, took a week and some 3,500 casualties to get back onto the crest before a negotiated ceasefire.", "result": "Soviet success: a negotiated ceasefire with Soviet troops back on the heights; both sides claimed victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0._%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD._29_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8F_%E2%80%93_11_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1938_%D0%B3.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "khalkhin-gol", "title": "Battles of Khalkhin Gol", "status": "draft", "order": 150, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/khalkhin-gol/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/khalkhin-gol.json", "date_text": "11 May – 16 September 1939", "start": "1939-05-11", "end": "1939-09-16", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "Soviet–Japanese Border War", "place": "Khalkhin Gol (Halha River) near Nomonhan, Dornod Province, Mongolia, on the border with Manchukuo (now Inner Mongolia, China)", "lat": 47.73, "lon": 118.59, "lede": "A Kwantung Army border quarrel on the Mongolian steppe grew into an undeclared war, ended by Zhukov's armoured double envelopment of the Japanese 23rd Division in August 1939; how far it turned Japan south, away from the Soviet Union, is still argued.", "result": "Decisive Soviet–Mongolian victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/KhalkhinGolAugustattack.jpg/960px-KhalkhinGolAugustattack.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "suomussalmi", "title": "Battle of Suomussalmi", "status": "draft", "order": 151, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/suomussalmi/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/suomussalmi.json", "date_text": "7 December 1939 – 8 January 1940", "start": "1939-12-07", "end": "1940-01-08", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "Winter War", "place": "Suomussalmi and the Raate road, Kainuu, Finland", "lat": 64.8883, "lon": 28.8889, "lede": "In December 1939 and January 1940 a hastily assembled Finnish force on skis under Colonel Hjalmar Siilasvuo encircled and destroyed two road-bound Soviet divisions in the frozen forests of Suomussalmi, ending the Soviet drive to cut Finland in two at its waist.", "result": "Decisive Finnish victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Map-Battle_of_Suomussalmi-eng.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "sedan-1940", "title": "Battle of Sedan (1940)", "status": "draft", "order": 152, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/sedan-1940/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/sedan-1940.json", "date_text": "12–15 May 1940", "start": "1940-05-12", "end": "1940-05-15", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Sedan and the Meuse crossings at Gaulier, Glaire, Donchery and Wadelincourt, Ardennes, France", "lat": 49.7025, "lon": 4.9425, "lede": "Between 12 and 15 May 1940 Guderian's XIX Panzer Corps forced the Meuse at Sedan against two French reserve divisions. The breakthrough let the panzers run for the Channel, cutting off the Allied armies in Belgium and deciding the campaign in the West.", "result": "Decisive German victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Battle_of_Sedan_%2813_May_1940%29.svg/960px-Battle_of_Sedan_%2813_May_1940%29.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "arras-1940", "title": "Battle of Arras (1940)", "status": "draft", "order": 153, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/arras-1940/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/arras-1940.json", "date_text": "21 May 1940", "start": "1940-05-21", "end": "1940-05-21", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "South and south-west of Arras, between the Scarpe and the Cojeul: Duisans, Warlus, Wailly, Achicourt, Agny and Beaurains, Pas-de-Calais, France", "lat": 50.27, "lon": 2.74, "lede": "On 21 May 1940 two British tank battalions and two Territorial infantry battalions struck the flank of Rommel's 7th Panzer Division south of Arras. Beaten off by massed guns and Stukas, the attack still shook the German command out of all proportion to its size.", "result": "German defensive victory; British withdrawal", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battle_of_Arras_%2821_May_1940%29.png/960px-Battle_of_Arras_%2821_May_1940%29.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "brody-1941", "title": "Battle of Brody (1941)", "status": "draft", "order": 154, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/brody-1941/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/brody-1941.json", "date_text": "23–30 June 1941", "start": "1941-06-23", "end": "1941-06-30", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Lutsk–Dubno–Brody triangle, Volhynia and Galicia, western Ukraine", "lat": 50.35, "lon": 25.45, "lede": "In the first week of Barbarossa the Southwestern Front threw the armour of five mechanised corps, piecemeal, against Kleist's Panzer Group 1 between Lutsk, Dubno and Brody; it lost most of its tanks but held up the drive on Kiev.", "result": "German victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Battle_of_Dubno.svg/960px-Battle_of_Dubno.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "moscow-1941", "title": "Battle of Moscow", "status": "draft", "order": 155, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/moscow-1941/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/moscow-1941.json", "date_text": "30 September 1941 – 7 January 1942", "start": "1941-09-30", "end": "1942-01-07", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Western approaches to Moscow, Moscow, Kalinin, Tula and Kaluga oblasts, Russia", "lat": 55.6, "lon": 36.9, "lede": "In autumn 1941 Army Group Centre destroyed two Soviet fronts at Vyazma and Bryansk, then stalled in mud, frost and fresh Soviet resistance short of Moscow; Zhukov's December counteroffensive drove it back up to 250 km and ended Germany's hope of a quick victory.", "result": "Decisive Soviet victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Map_Operation_Typhoon_with_Vyazma_and_Bryansk_highlighted.jpg/960px-Map_Operation_Typhoon_with_Vyazma_and_Bryansk_highlighted.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "el-alamein", "title": "Second Battle of El Alamein", "status": "draft", "order": 156, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/el-alamein/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/el-alamein.json", "date_text": "23 October – 4 November 1942", "start": "1942-10-23", "end": "1942-11-04", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "El Alamein, between the Mediterranean coast and the Qattara Depression, Matrouh Governorate, Egypt", "lat": 30.8414, "lon": 28.9431, "lede": "Between 23 October and 4 November 1942 Montgomery's Eighth Army broke the German-Italian army's fortified line at El Alamein after twelve days of attrition, ending the Axis threat to Egypt and Suez and beginning the retreat that ended in Tunisia.", "result": "Decisive Allied victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/El_Alamein_dispositions_Oct_1942.jpg/960px-El_Alamein_dispositions_Oct_1942.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "operation-iskra", "title": "Operation Iskra (Leningrad, 1943)", "status": "draft", "order": 157, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/operation-iskra/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/operation-iskra.json", "date_text": "12–30 January 1943", "start": "1943-01-12", "end": "1943-01-30", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Shlisselburg–Sinyavino bottleneck, south shore of Lake Ladoga, Leningrad Oblast, Russia", "lat": 59.9, "lon": 31.07, "lede": "In January 1943 the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts attacked into the German-held bottleneck south of Lake Ladoga from both sides and met on 18 January, opening a land corridor to besieged Leningrad. The Sinyavino heights stayed German, and the full siege lasted another year.", "result": "Soviet victory: the blockade broken by a land corridor, but the Sinyavino heights held by the Germans", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Situaci%C3%B3n_del_frente_el_11-1-43_%28Operaci%C3%B3n_Chispa%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "kasserine-pass", "title": "Battle of Kasserine Pass", "status": "draft", "order": 158, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/kasserine-pass/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/kasserine-pass.json", "date_text": "14–24 February 1943", "start": "1943-02-14", "end": "1943-02-24", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Kasserine Pass and the Sidi Bou Zid plain, Western and Eastern Dorsal, Kasserine and Sidi Bouzid Governorates, Tunisia", "lat": 35.2596, "lon": 8.7424, "lede": "Between 14 and 24 February 1943 German and Italian armour broke US II Corps in central Tunisia, from Sidi Bou Zid through Kasserine Pass, before Allied guns held them at Thala and Djebel el Hamra. It was the US Army's hard first lesson against Germany.", "result": "Axis tactical victory; the offensive was halted short of Thala and Tébessa", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Tunisia30Janto10Apr1943.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "kursk", "title": "Battle of Kursk", "status": "draft", "order": 159, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/kursk/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/kursk.json", "date_text": "5 July – 23 August 1943", "start": "1943-07-05", "end": "1943-08-23", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Kursk salient, Kursk and Belgorod oblasts, Russia", "lat": 51.7, "lon": 36.1, "lede": "In July 1943 Germany threw its last great summer offensive in the East against the Kursk salient and was stopped in a week; Soviet counteroffensives then took Orel, Belgorod and Kharkov, and the strategic initiative passed to the Red Army for good.", "result": "Decisive Soviet victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Battle_of_Kursk_%28map%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "salerno", "title": "Battle of Salerno", "status": "draft", "order": 160, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/salerno/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/salerno.json", "date_text": "9–19 September 1943", "start": "1943-09-09", "end": "1943-09-19", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Salerno–Paestum beachhead, Gulf of Salerno, Campania, Italy", "lat": 40.5, "lon": 14.95, "lede": "On 9 September 1943, hours after Italy's surrender was announced, the US Fifth Army landed in the Gulf of Salerno. German counter-attacks nearly split the beachhead on 13 September, but naval gunfire, air power and paratroops held it, and Tenth Army withdrew towards Naples.", "result": "Allied victory: the beachhead held and the Germans withdrew, though Kesselring and Vietinghoff counted it a successful delaying battle", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/SalernoDDayPlans1943.jpg/960px-SalernoDDayPlans1943.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "tarawa", "title": "Battle of Tarawa", "status": "draft", "order": 161, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/tarawa/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/tarawa.json", "date_text": "20–23 November 1943", "start": "1943-11-20", "end": "1943-11-23", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Betio, Tarawa Atoll, Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati)", "lat": 1.3556, "lon": 172.9283, "lede": "In 76 hours on Betio, a coral islet under three miles long, the 2nd Marine Division waded across a reef into Shibasaki's fortified beaches and wiped out the garrison: the first big test of American amphibious assault against a defended atoll.", "result": "Decisive American victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tarawa_Map%2C_20-23_November_1943.jpg/960px-Tarawa_Map%2C_20-23_November_1943.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "rapido-river", "title": "Battle of the Rapido River", "status": "draft", "order": 162, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/rapido-river/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/rapido-river.json", "date_text": "20–22 January 1944", "start": "1944-01-20", "end": "1944-01-22", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Sant'Angelo in Theodice, on the Gari (Rapido) south of Cassino, Lazio, Italy", "lat": 41.4447, "lon": 13.8325, "lede": "On 20–22 January 1944 the US 36th Division twice tried to cross the Rapido below Monte Cassino to open the Liri valley for Anzio. The 15th Panzer Grenadier Division destroyed both footholds; the Germans lost a few hundred men, the Americans 1,700 to 2,250.", "result": "German defensive victory: both American bridgeheads were destroyed and the Gustav Line held", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cassino1944FirstPlan.svg/960px-Cassino1944FirstPlan.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "anzio", "title": "Battle of Anzio", "status": "draft", "order": 163, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/anzio/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/anzio.json", "date_text": "22 January – 5 June 1944", "start": "1944-01-22", "end": "1944-06-05", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Anzio–Nettuno beachhead, Lazio, Italy", "lat": 41.48, "lon": 12.63, "lede": "On 22 January 1944 the Allies landed almost unopposed at Anzio, behind the Gustav Line. Hemmed in and nearly thrown back in February, VI Corps held on, broke out in May and was turned on Rome, which fell on 4 June.", "result": "Allied victory: the beachhead held, broke out and opened the road to Rome", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Anzio1944-02-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "crimea-1944", "title": "Crimean Offensive (1944)", "status": "draft", "order": 164, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/crimea-1944/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/crimea-1944.json", "date_text": "8 April – 12 May 1944", "start": "1944-04-08", "end": "1944-05-12", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Crimean peninsula, from Perekop and Kerch to Sevastopol and Cape Chersonese", "lat": 44.95, "lon": 34.1, "lede": "In five weeks of spring 1944 the Red Army broke into the Crimea, chased the German–Romanian 17th Army into Sevastopol and stormed it. Hitler's order to hold turned an evacuation into a disaster on the beaches and at sea.", "result": "Decisive Soviet victory; Crimea retaken", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/960px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "normandy-breakout", "title": "Normandy breakout (July–August 1944)", "status": "draft", "order": 165, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/normandy-breakout/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/normandy-breakout.json", "date_text": "11 July – 13 August 1944", "start": "1944-07-11", "end": "1944-08-13", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Lower Normandy, from Caen and Saint-Lô to Avranches and Mortain", "lat": 49.0, "lon": -1.0, "lede": "Between 11 July and 13 August 1944 the Allies broke the Normandy deadlock: British attacks at Caen held the panzers while the Americans took St-Lô, smashed through at Cobra and beat off Hitler's counter-attack at Mortain, opening the road to Falaise.", "result": "Decisive Allied victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saint_Lo_Breakthrough.jpg/960px-Saint_Lo_Breakthrough.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "aachen-1944", "title": "Battle of Aachen", "status": "draft", "order": 166, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/aachen-1944/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/aachen-1944.json", "date_text": "2–21 October 1944", "start": "1944-10-02", "end": "1944-10-21", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Aachen and the Wurm valley north of it, western Germany", "lat": 50.7764, "lon": 6.0833, "lede": "In October 1944 the US First Army broke the West Wall north of Aachen, closed a ring round the city at Würselen and cleared it street by street. Aachen, Charlemagne's capital, was the first large German city to fall.", "result": "American victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Aachen.jpg/960px-Aachen.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "ardennes-1944", "title": "Battle of the Bulge", "status": "draft", "order": 167, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/ardennes-1944/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/ardennes-1944.json", "date_text": "16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945", "start": "1944-12-16", "end": "1945-01-25", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Ardennes, eastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg", "lat": 50.25, "lon": 5.9, "lede": "On 16 December 1944 Hitler's last great offensive in the West broke through the thinly held American line in the Ardennes. Halted short of the Meuse and squeezed out by late January, it cost Germany reserves it could never replace.", "result": "Allied victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/The_Ardennes_15_Dec_1944.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "iwo-jima", "title": "Battle of Iwo Jima", "status": "draft", "order": 168, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/iwo-jima/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/iwo-jima.json", "date_text": "19 February – 26 March 1945", "start": "1945-02-19", "end": "1945-03-26", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, Japan", "lat": 24.78, "lon": 141.32, "lede": "From 19 February to 26 March 1945 three Marine divisions fought across seven and a half square miles of volcanic ash against Kuribayashi's tunnelled garrison: the Marine Corps' bloodiest battle, and the one Pacific landing where American casualties outnumbered Japanese.", "result": "Decisive American victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Iwo_Jima%2C_Advances%2C_1945.jpg/960px-Iwo_Jima%2C_Advances%2C_1945.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "okinawa", "title": "Battle of Okinawa", "status": "draft", "order": 169, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/okinawa/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/okinawa.json", "date_text": "1 April – 22 June 1945", "start": "1945-04-01", "end": "1945-06-22", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Japan", "lat": 26.483, "lon": 127.95, "lede": "From April to June 1945 the US Tenth Army ground through the fortified hills of southern Okinawa against Ushijima's 32nd Army: the costliest American campaign against Japan, fought amid a civilian population that suffered the heaviest losses of all.", "result": "Decisive American victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Battle_of_Okinawa_Japanese_Dispositions.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": true, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "seelow-heights", "title": "Battle of the Seelow Heights", "status": "draft", "order": 170, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/seelow-heights/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/seelow-heights.json", "date_text": "16–19 April 1945", "start": "1945-04-16", "end": "1945-04-19", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Seelow Heights and the Oderbruch, west of the Oder, Brandenburg, Germany", "lat": 52.5298, "lon": 14.4261, "lede": "In four days of April 1945 Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front battered its way out of the Küstrin bridgehead and up the Seelow Heights against Busse's 9th Army, at a disputed but very heavy cost, opening the road to Berlin.", "result": "Soviet victory", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Battle_of_Berlin_1945-a.png/960px-Battle_of_Berlin_1945-a.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "mudanjiang-1945", "title": "Battle of Mudanjiang", "status": "draft", "order": 171, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/mudanjiang-1945/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/mudanjiang-1945.json", "date_text": "9–16 August 1945", "start": "1945-08-09", "end": "1945-08-16", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "World War II", "place": "Mudanjiang (Mutanchiang) and the approaches east of it, from the Suifenhe border fortified region through Muling (Muleng), Heilongjiang Province, China (then Manchukuo)", "lat": 44.58, "lon": 129.6, "lede": "Two Soviet armies broke through Japan's fortified Manchurian border at night, in rain and without a bombardment, then fought the Japanese 5th Army through the mountains to Mudanjiang, the largest set-piece battle of the Soviet invasion, won just as Japan surrendered.", "result": "Soviet victory; the city was taken, but the bulk of the Japanese 5th Army withdrew west before Japan's surrender", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Japanese_Fifth_Army_operations%2C_Manchuria_1945.png/960px-Japanese_Fifth_Army_operations%2C_Manchuria_1945.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "pusan-perimeter", "title": "Battle of the Pusan Perimeter", "status": "draft", "order": 172, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/pusan-perimeter/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/pusan-perimeter.json", "date_text": "4 August – 18 September 1950", "start": "1950-08-04", "end": "1950-09-18", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "Korean War", "place": "The Pusan Perimeter: the Naktong River line from Masan to Waegwan and the mountains north and east of Taegu to P'ohang-dong, south-east Korea (coordinates are Pusan, as Wikipedia gives them)", "lat": 35.1, "lon": 129.04, "lede": "From 4 August to 18 September 1950 the US Eighth Army and the South Korean army held a hundred-mile box around the port of Pusan against the North Korean People's Army, buying the time for Inchon and the breakout that destroyed it.", "result": "UN defensive victory; the KPA was broken in the breakout after Inchon", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pusan_Perimeter_initial_actions.svg/960px-Pusan_Perimeter_initial_actions.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "imjin-river", "title": "Battle of the Imjin River", "status": "draft", "order": 173, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/imjin-river/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/imjin-river.json", "date_text": "22–25 April 1951", "start": "1951-04-22", "end": "1951-04-25", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "Korean War", "place": "Hill 235 (Gloster Hill) and the hills south of the lower Imjin River near Solma-ri, north of Seoul, South Korea", "lat": 37.9425, "lon": 126.9392, "lede": "From 22 to 25 April 1951 Britain's 29th Brigade and a Belgian battalion held the lower Imjin against the Chinese 63rd Army at the start of the Spring Offensive. The Glosters were all but destroyed, but the road to Seoul held.", "result": "Chinese tactical victory; the drive on Seoul checked", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/The_British_29th_Brigade_Sector_during_the_Battle_of_the_Imjin_River%2C_25_April_1951.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "abu-ageila-1967", "title": "Battle of Abu-Ageila (1967)", "status": "draft", "order": 174, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/abu-ageila-1967/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/abu-ageila-1967.json", "date_text": "5–6 June 1967", "start": "1967-06-05", "end": "1967-06-06", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "Six-Day War", "place": "Umm Qatef (Um Katef) ridge and the Abu Ageila crossroads, north-eastern Sinai, about 25 km from the Israeli border", "lat": 30.84, "lon": 34.26, "lede": "On the night of 5–6 June 1967 Ariel Sharon's division took the fortified Umm Qatef–Abu Ageila position from the Egyptian 2nd Infantry Division in a combined night attack by heliborne paratroopers, infantry and armour, opening the central road into Sinai.", "result": "Israeli victory; the Abu Ageila crossroads and the central route into Sinai opened", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/1967_Six_Day_War_-_conquest_of_Sinai_5-6_June.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "karameh", "title": "Battle of Karameh", "status": "draft", "order": 175, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/karameh/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/karameh.json", "date_text": "21 March 1968", "start": "1968-03-21", "end": "1968-03-21", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "War of Attrition", "place": "Karameh (al-Karama) and the east bank of the Jordan Valley between the Damiya and King Abdullah bridges, Jordan", "lat": 31.95, "lon": 35.58, "lede": "On 21 March 1968 an Israeli raid on the Fatah base at Karameh, in the Jordan Valley, met unexpectedly hard resistance from the Jordanian army and Palestinian guerrillas. Both sides claimed victory, and the battle became a founding story of the Palestinian guerrilla movement.", "result": "Disputed: Israel destroyed much of the Fatah base but withdrew under Jordanian fire with heavy losses; both sides claimed victory", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Karame_battle.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "mount-hermon-1973", "title": "Battles of Mount Hermon (1973)", "status": "draft", "order": 176, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/mount-hermon-1973/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/mount-hermon-1973.json", "date_text": "6–22 October 1973", "start": "1973-10-06", "end": "1973-10-22", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "Yom Kippur War", "place": "Mount Hermon (Jabal al-Sheikh): the Israeli outpost on the southern shoulder above Majdal Shams, and the Syrian positions on the upper ridge", "lat": 33.3045, "lon": 35.7976, "lede": "Syrian commandos seized Israel's Hermon intelligence post on the first afternoon of the Yom Kippur War and beat off a hasty Golani counter-attack two days later. On 21–22 October, hours before the ceasefire, Golani and paratroopers took the whole crest back at heavy cost.", "result": "Israeli victory: after the loss of the outpost on 6 October and a failed counter-attack on 8 October, Israel retook it and captured the Syrian Hermon on 22 October", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1973_Yom_Kippur_War_-_Golan_heights_theater.jpg/960px-1973_Yom_Kippur_War_-_Golan_heights_theater.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "suez-crossing-1973", "title": "Crossing of the Suez Canal (1973)", "status": "draft", "order": 177, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/suez-crossing-1973/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/suez-crossing-1973.json", "date_text": "6–8 October 1973", "start": "1973-10-06", "end": "1973-10-08", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "Yom Kippur War", "place": "East bank of the Suez Canal, from El-Qantara in the north to Port Tawfiq in the south (Operation Badr)", "lat": 30.6, "lon": 32.35, "lede": "On 6–8 October 1973 Egypt stormed across the Suez Canal, overran most of the Bar-Lev Line and held bridgeheads under a missile umbrella against Israeli counter-attacks. The crossing broke Israel's post-1967 assumptions and reopened the diplomacy Sadat wanted.", "result": "Egyptian victory: the canal crossed, the Bar-Lev Line overrun and the bridgeheads held", "cover": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Operation_Badr.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "valley-of-tears", "title": "Valley of Tears (Golan Heights, 1973)", "status": "draft", "order": 178, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/valley-of-tears/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/valley-of-tears.json", "date_text": "6–10 October 1973", "start": "1973-10-06", "end": "1973-10-10", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "Yom Kippur War", "place": "Golan Heights, between Mount Hermon and the Yarmuk; the Valley of Tears lies north of Quneitra", "lat": 33.1772, "lon": 35.8017, "lede": "On 6 October 1973 Syria attacked the Golan Heights with three reinforced divisions and two armoured divisions behind them. In four days two Israeli armoured brigades and hurried reserves held the north in the ‘Valley of Tears’ and drove the Syrians back in the south.", "result": "Israeli defensive victory; Syrian forces driven back to the 1967 ceasefire line", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1973_Yom_Kippur_War_-_Golan_heights_theater.jpg/960px-1973_Yom_Kippur_War_-_Golan_heights_theater.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "sinai-1973", "title": "Egyptian offensive of 14 October 1973", "status": "draft", "order": 179, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/sinai-1973/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/sinai-1973.json", "date_text": "14 October 1973", "start": "1973-10-14", "end": "1973-10-14", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "Yom Kippur War", "place": "Western Sinai, east of the Egyptian canal bridgeheads, from Baluza and Qantara in the north through Tasa to the Wadi Mabouk and the Mitla and Gidi passes in the south", "lat": 30.4, "lon": 32.6, "lede": "On 14 October 1973 Egypt sent its armoured reserves out of the canal bridgeheads, beyond its missile cover, towards the Sinai passes. Israeli tanks waiting on the ridges broke every thrust by early afternoon, and the initiative passed to Israel.", "result": "Israeli victory: the Egyptian offensive repulsed with heavy tank losses", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%94_44_-_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91-14_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_-_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/960px-%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%94_44_-_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91-14_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_-_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 }, { "slug": "chinese-farm", "title": "Battle of the Chinese Farm", "status": "draft", "order": 180, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/chinese-farm/", "json": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/api/battles/chinese-farm.json", "date_text": "15–18 October 1973", "start": "1973-10-15", "end": "1973-10-18", "era": "WWII and later", "war": "Yom Kippur War", "place": "East bank of the Suez Canal north of the Great Bitter Lake, near Deversoir (al-Galaa and the ‘Chinese Farm’)", "lat": 30.45, "lon": 32.4, "lede": "On 15–18 October 1973 Israeli armour and paratroopers fought Egyptian infantry and tanks around a farm east of the Suez Canal to open a corridor to their Deversoir crossing. It was among the war's costliest battles and turned the Sinai campaign.", "result": "Israeli victory; the corridor to the Deversoir crossing opened at heavy cost", "cover": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/1973_sinai_war_maps2.png/960px-1973_sinai_war_maps2.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "oob": 0, "scenarios": 0, "orbat": false, "reading": 0 } ] }