{
 "slug": "albuera",
 "title": "Battle of Albuera",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1775–1815",
 "date_text": "16 May 1811",
 "start": "1811-05-16",
 "end": "1811-05-16",
 "war": "Napoleonic Wars",
 "cdb90_war": "THE NAPOLEONIC WARS",
 "place": {
  "name": "La Albuera, south of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain",
  "lat": 38.7083,
  "lon": -6.8192,
  "wikidata": "Q689471"
 },
 "lede": "On 16 May 1811 Beresford's British, Portuguese and Spanish army stopped Soult's attempt to relieve Badajoz on the low heights of Albuera. It was the bloodiest battle of the Peninsular War for its size: British infantry brigades lost half to seven-tenths of their men.",
 "result": "Allied victory; Soult's relief of Badajoz failed (Wikipedia calls it inconclusive)",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "French Army of the South (with Polish units of the Duchy of Warsaw)",
   "commanders": [
    "Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult",
    "General Jean-Baptiste Girard",
    "General Victor de Latour-Maubourg"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 24260,
    "low": 23000,
    "high": 24260,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 7900,
    "low": 5936,
    "high": 8000,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Allied army: British, Portuguese and Spanish (Beresford's Anglo-Portuguese corps with Blake's and Castaños's Spaniards)",
   "commanders": [
    "Marshal William Carr Beresford",
    "General Joaquín Blake",
    "Major-General William Stewart",
    "Major-General Lowry Cole"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 35284,
    "low": 32000,
    "high": 35284,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 5916,
    "low": 5916,
    "high": 7000,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "By the spring of 1811 Masséna's Army of Portugal was in retreat from the Lines of Torres Vedras. Earlier that year Marshal Soult, commanding the Army of the South in Andalusia, had marched into Extremadura and taken Badajoz in March, after beating the Spanish at the Gebora. He then hurried back to Seville after Victor's defeat at Barrosa, leaving Mortier with about 11,000 men in the province and 3,000 in Badajoz itself.\n\nWellington sent Marshal Beresford south with about 23,000 Anglo-Portuguese to retake the fortress. A missing pontoon train and a flood that swept away an improvised bridge at Jerumenha cost him many days. He took Olivenza on 15 April and opened the siege of Badajoz on 4 May. Blake's Spanish army had landed at Ayamonte, and the Spanish generals agreed that Beresford, with the larger force, would command the combined armies.\n\nSoult could not let Badajoz fall. He gathered just under 25,000 men, strong in cavalry, from the 5th Corps and from garrisons across Andalusia, and marched from Seville on the night of 9–10 May. Spanish patriots in Seville passed the news on, and Beresford knew of it by the afternoon of the 12th. He lifted the siege and concentrated on the road from Seville at Albuera, the best position for many miles south of Badajoz. Blake's three divisions arrived only at 11 pm on the 15th and camped in the dark. Soult believed they were still days away, and he planned his battle on that mistake.",
  "forces": "Soult brought about 24,000 men and some 48 guns. The core was the 5th Corps under Girard, two divisions (Girard's own and Gazan's) of about 8,400 men. Werlé's large brigade of 5,600 and Godinot's of 3,500 were made up of battalions borrowed from other corps, with two battalions of combined grenadiers in reserve. Latour-Maubourg's cavalry, about 4,000 strong, included the 1st Lancers of the Vistula, Polish troops in French service. The 5th Corps had never faced British infantry before.\n\nBeresford had about 35,000 men but only about 10,400 British, with fewer guns and only about 2,000–2,300 cavalry. His British infantry were William Stewart's 2nd Division (Colborne's, Hoghton's and Abercrombie's brigades), Cole's 4th Division (Myers's Fusilier brigade and Harvey's Portuguese brigade) and Alten's two King's German Legion battalions. Hamilton's Portuguese division and Collins's brigade added about 10,000 good Portuguese troops. Blake's Spaniards, about 12,000 in the divisions of Zayas, Ballasteros and Lardizabal, had marched hard, arrived in the dark and could barely manoeuvre, though Zayas's men would fight superbly. Carlos de España's brigade, survivors of the Gebora, was much less steady. Lumley, an old light dragoon, was given command of all the Allied cavalry only that morning.",
  "course": "**The ground.** The Allied position was a long, bare, gentle ridge running north-west of the Albuera stream, fordable almost anywhere. The village of Albuera stood on a knoll in front of the centre, with the bridge carrying the Seville road just to its south-east. On the French bank olive woods hid any movement, and a low wooded hill between the Nogales and Chicapierna brooks, which join just south of the village, screened the French left. Beresford put Hamilton's Portuguese on his left, Stewart's division across the road behind the village, Alten's Germans in the village, Cole's division in reserve and Blake's Spaniards on the right, the flank he thought least likely to be attacked.\n\n**Morning: the feint and the flank march.** Soult's main body marched eleven miles from Santa Marta before dawn. From about 8 am Godinot's brigade, with Briche's light cavalry and two batteries, attacked the village, while Werlé and two brigades of dragoons made a show of attacking Blake's front. Deep in the olives, Girard and Gazan made a wide circuit to the left. Then French cavalry burst out across the brooks beyond the Allied right, scattering Loy's Spanish horse, and the 5th Corps climbed onto the plateau south of Blake. Beresford asked Blake to turn part of his line to face south. Blake, still believing the village was the real target, sent only one brigade of Zayas's division, four battalions with a battery. The French dragoons and Werlé's brigade swung round to join the flank attack. Beresford marched the whole 2nd Division south along the ridge, and moved Cole's division to face Latour-Maubourg's 3,500 horsemen.\n\n**Zayas holds.** Zayas formed his four battalions across a dip in the plateau about a mile south of the village. Girard's division came on in a dense column with deployed battalions on either side, and for over an hour the two sides traded musketry at about sixty yards. The Spaniards lost 615 of 2,026 men and gave no ground.\n\n**About 10 am: the destruction of Colborne's brigade.** Stewart, without orders, sent Colborne's leading three battalions straight past Zayas's right into Girard's open flank. Their volleys broke the end of the French column, and they went forward with the bayonet. At that moment a blinding storm of rain and hail swept in, and Latour-Maubourg sent the Vistula Lancers and the 2nd Hussars, about 800 horsemen, into the brigade's flank and rear. In about five minutes the Buffs, the 2/48th and the 2/66th were ridden down. Five of the brigade's six colours and Cleeves's German battery were taken. Only the 2/31st, still behind, formed square. Some lancers reached Beresford's staff, and the marshal threw one from his saddle.\n\n**Late morning: Hoghton's brigade.** Gazan's division pushed into the front line in confusion, and some 8,000 French faced Hoghton's brigade (29th, 1/48th and 1/57th) and the 2/31st, about 1,900 men in two ranks, at close range under grape. Hoghton and Duckworth of the 48th were killed. Inglis of the 57th, lying wounded, is reported to have urged his men to 'die hard', which gave the regiment its nickname. Soult, learning from a prisoner that Blake was present, went over to the defensive and held his reserves back. Beresford waited for Hamilton's Portuguese, who could not be found in time.\n\n**Early afternoon: the Fusiliers.** Urged on by Colonel Henry Hardinge, Cole advanced on his own responsibility with about 5,000 men in line. Latour-Maubourg's dragoons charged Harvey's Portuguese, who drove them off with volleys from line. Myers's three Fusilier battalions met Werlé's nine battalions in three deep columns at thirty or forty paces; after perhaps twenty minutes the French broke. Abercrombie wheeled in on the other flank, and the 5th Corps fled across the Chicapierna. Soult's massed guns and cavalry stopped any pursuit, and rain fell again on the field.",
  "aftermath": "Albuera was, in Oman's words, the bloodiest fight of the Peninsular War in proportion to the numbers engaged. The British lost 4,159 of 10,449 men; the brigades of Colborne, Hoghton and Myers lost 3,502 of 5,732 between them. Myers was killed. French losses were probably close to 8,000, though Soult admitted only 2,800. Some 10,000 wounded lay on the field that night.\n\nThe armies faced each other all through 17 May. Soult slipped away before dawn on the 18th, sending his wounded and about 500 British prisoners south, and leaving several hundred badly hurt men behind. Badajoz was invested again on the 19th, but the siege was abandoned on 10 June when Soult and Marmont combined against Wellington. Wellington is reported to have said that another such battle would ruin the army. He blamed Blake's slowness: the Spanish, he wrote, 'stood like stocks' but could not be moved.\n\nThe argument began at once. Napier, Beresford's bitter enemy, wrote that no general ever won so great a battle with so little gain in reputation, and gave the credit to Hardinge and Cole. Beresford replied in print. Oman blames Blake first and Stewart's rash attack second, but agrees that Cole was slow to be used. Byron's 'O Albuera, glorious field of grief!' and the 57th's name of 'Die-Hards', still marked each 16 May, keep it in British memory.",
  "wargaming": "Albuera is a compact battle on a front of three or four miles, fought out in about six hours, and it suits brigade-level games with 20- or 30-minute turns. The fight on the southern plateau, Zayas and Colborne against Girard, then Hoghton against Gazan and the Fusiliers against Werlé, makes a superb battalion-level scenario on a table only a mile or so wide.\n\nThe key terrain is subtle: a bare, gentle ridge, a fordable stream, a village outwork and olive woods on the French side that hide everything. The French player's flank march works best with hidden movement or an umpire, and the Allied player should not know at first that the village attack is a feint. Blake's reluctance to turn his line can be modelled as a command delay.\n\nThe weather matters. A sudden storm that blinds infantry, damps musketry and lets cavalry close unseen is the engine of the battle's most famous moment. The French have the great advantage in cavalry; the Allies have the numbers, but much of their army is hard to move.\n\nThe what-ifs are rich. Blake turns three brigades, not one; Stewart waits and attacks with the whole 2nd Division; Soult commits Werlé while Hoghton is dying; Hardinge never reaches Cole; or Soult learns that Blake has arrived and declines battle altogether."
 },
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "File:Battle of Albuera (1811) map.jpg",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "Albuera, 16 May 1811: the village, the stream and the French flank march onto the southern heights (A. K. Johnston, 1850).",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Battle_of_Albuera_%281811%29_map.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Battle_of_Albuera_%281811%29_map.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Albuera_%281811%29_map.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Albuera_(1811)_map.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Alexander Keith Johnston",
   "credit": "www.raremaps.com",
   "width": 1646
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Battle of Albuhera, by William Barnes Wollen.jpg",
   "kind": "painting",
   "caption": "The Buffs of Colborne's brigade fighting to save their colours as the Polish lancers and French hussars ride them down (William Barnes Wollen, about 1912).",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Battle_of_Albuhera%2C_by_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Battle_of_Albuhera%2C_by_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Albuhera,_by_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "William Barnes Wollen",
   "credit": "William Barnes Wollen",
   "width": 960
  },
  {
   "file": "File:MarshmanAlbuera.jpg",
   "kind": "painting",
   "caption": "The 57th, the 'Die-Hards', fighting in the rain at Albuera (J. Marshman, about 1889).",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/MarshmanAlbuera.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/MarshmanAlbuera.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MarshmanAlbuera.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "J. Marshman",
   "credit": "Marshman, J. (1889) Brave Deeds , London : Griffith, Farran & Co OCLC : 562584952 .",
   "width": 734
  },
  {
   "file": "File:El mariscal Beresford desarmando a un oficial polaco en La Albuera.jpg",
   "kind": "illustration",
   "caption": "Beresford unhorses a Polish lancer who charged his staff (print by Thomas Sutherland after William Heath, 1815).",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/El_mariscal_Beresford_desarmando_a_un_oficial_polaco_en_La_Albuera.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/El_mariscal_Beresford_desarmando_a_un_oficial_polaco_en_La_Albuera.jpg/960px-El_mariscal_Beresford_desarmando_a_un_oficial_polaco_en_La_Albuera.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:El_mariscal_Beresford_desarmando_a_un_oficial_polaco_en_La_Albuera.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Thomas Sutherland y William Heath.",
   "credit": "David Brass Rare Books",
   "width": 1104
  },
  {
   "file": "File:William Carr Beresford, Viscount Beresford by Sir William Beechey.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Marshal William Carr Beresford, the Allied commander (Sir William Beechey).",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/William_Carr_Beresford%2C_Viscount_Beresford_by_Sir_William_Beechey.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/William_Carr_Beresford%2C_Viscount_Beresford_by_Sir_William_Beechey.jpg/960px-William_Carr_Beresford%2C_Viscount_Beresford_by_Sir_William_Beechey.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Carr_Beresford,_Viscount_Beresford_by_Sir_William_Beechey.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "William Beechey",
   "credit": "one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof . This may be due to recognition of the \" sweat of the brow \" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions. As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement . Please see Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag for more information.",
   "width": 2400
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Jean-de-Dieu Soult.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, Duke of Dalmatia, the French commander.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-de-Dieu_Soult.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "credit": "Pinterest",
   "width": 736
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of Albuera",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "Charles Oman, A History of the Peninsular War, vol. IV (Oxford, 1911), Project Gutenberg edition",
   "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/56812",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "Battle of Albuera (britishbattles.com)",
   "url": "https://britishbattles.com/peninsular-war/battle-of-albuera/",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "The Diehards: the 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot (Military History Matters, 2010)",
   "url": "https://www.military-history.org/feature/napoleonic/the-diehards-profile.htm",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "William Napier, History of the War in the Peninsula, vol. III (London, 1831)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  }
 ],
 "cdb90": [
  131
 ],
 "order": 68,
 "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/albuera/",
 "oob": [
  {
   "code": "811ESAJ",
   "doc": "811esaj",
   "title": "French Army at Albuera, 6 May 1811",
   "kind": "force",
   "nations": [
    "France"
   ],
   "date": "1811-05-06",
   "pdf": "https://www.generalstaff.org/NAF/Pt_I_1784-1815/811esaj.pdf",
   "use": "battle"
  },
  {
   "code": "811ESAI",
   "doc": "811esai",
   "title": "Allied Army at Albuera, 6 May 1811",
   "kind": "force",
   "date": "1811-05-06",
   "pdf": "https://www.generalstaff.org/NAF/Pt_I_1784-1815/811esai.pdf",
   "use": "battle"
  }
 ],
 "oob_lwtv": [],
 "scenarios": [],
 "orbat": null,
 "orbat_lwtv": null,
 "reading": {
  "prose": [
   {
    "work_id": "ia:reply00tomisrepreslongrich",
    "title": "A reply to the misrepresentations and aspersions on the military reputation of the late Lieut.-Gen. R.B. Long",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Charles Edward Long",
    "life": "1796–1861",
    "year": 1832,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/reply00tomisrepreslongrich",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 18,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/a-reply-to-the-misrepresentations-and-aspersions-on-the-mili-713b48/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:recollectionsofs00lestrich",
    "title": "Recollections of Sir George B. L'Estrange, late of the 31st regiment, and afterwards in the Scots fusilier guards",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Sir George Burdett L'Estrange",
    "life": "1796–1878",
    "year": 1874,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/recollectionsofs00lestrich",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 6,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/recollections-of-sir-george-b-l-estrange-late-of-the-31st-re-49598a/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:73292",
    "title": "Letters from the peninsula, 1808-1812",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Sir William Warre",
    "life": "1784–1853",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73292",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 3,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/letters-from-the-peninsula-1808-1812-72b1fb/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:29263",
    "title": "The Autobiography of Sergeant William Lawrence A Hero of the Peninsular and Waterloo Campaigns",
    "in": null,
    "author": "William Lawrence",
    "life": "1791–1867",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29263",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 3,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-autobiography-of-sergeant-william-lawrence-a-hero-of-the-e7b592/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:57936",
    "title": "Adventures with the Connaught Rangers, 1809-1814",
    "in": null,
    "author": "William Grattan",
    "life": "1792–1827",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/57936",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/adventures-with-the-connaught-rangers-1809-1814-344498/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:79419",
    "title": "Rough sketches of the life of an old soldier",
    "in": null,
    "author": "J. Leach",
    "life": "1784–1855",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/79419",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/rough-sketches-of-the-life-of-an-old-soldier-66b460/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:74122",
    "title": "The military memoirs of an infantry officer, 1809-1816",
    "in": null,
    "author": "James Archibald Hope",
    "life": "1785–1871",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74122",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-military-memoirs-of-an-infantry-officer-1809-1816-e9a421/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:recollectionsof00sher",
    "title": "Recollections of the Peninsula",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Moyle Sherer",
    "life": "1789–1869",
    "year": 1824,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/recollectionsof00sher",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/recollections-of-the-peninsula-d80319/"
   }
  ],
  "history": [
   {
    "work_id": "ia:historyofpeninsu04oman",
    "title": "A History of the Peninsular War, vol. 4",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Charles William Chadwick Oman",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1902,
    "kind": "history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofpeninsu04oman",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 23,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/a-history-of-the-peninsular-war-vol-4-5bba22/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:dispatchesoffie08welluoft",
    "title": "The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington, vol. 8",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1834,
    "kind": "history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/dispatchesoffie08welluoft",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 17,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-dispatches-of-field-marshal-the-duke-of-wellington-vol-8-c534be/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:ahistoryofthebritisharmyvol8",
    "title": "A History of the British Army, vol. 8",
    "in": null,
    "author": "John William Fortescue",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1917,
    "kind": "history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/ahistoryofthebritisharmyvol8",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 13,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/a-history-of-the-british-army-vol-8-ccb65e/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:historyofwarinpe03napiuoft",
    "title": "History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France, vol. 3",
    "in": null,
    "author": "William Francis Patrick Napier",
    "life": null,
    "year": null,
    "kind": "history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofwarinpe03napiuoft",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 11,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/history-of-the-war-in-the-peninsula-and-in-the-south-of-fran-4e12d1/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:victoriesofbriti01maxwuoft",
    "title": "The victories of the British armies",
    "in": null,
    "author": "W. H. Maxwell",
    "life": "1792–1850",
    "year": 1839,
    "kind": "history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/victoriesofbriti01maxwuoft",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 15,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-victories-of-the-british-armies-f27cbe/"
   }
  ],
  "fiction": [
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:54919",
    "title": "The Romance of War",
    "in": null,
    "author": "James Grant",
    "life": "1822–1887",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "novel",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54919",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 7,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-romance-of-war-ef6a3f/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:37661",
    "title": "The War of the Axe",
    "in": null,
    "author": "J. Percy Groves",
    "life": null,
    "year": null,
    "kind": "novel",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37661",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-war-of-the-axe-2ec4b6/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:2864",
    "title": "The Trumpet-Major",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Thomas Hardy",
    "life": "1840–1928",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "novel",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2864",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-trumpet-major-1e21b0/"
   }
  ],
  "poetry": [
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:53855",
    "title": "Iberia Won",
    "in": null,
    "author": "T. M. Hughes",
    "life": "1812–1849",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "poem",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53855",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/iberia-won-dd0978/"
   }
  ]
 },
 "reading_lwtv": {
  "prose": [],
  "poetry": []
 },
 "photos": [
  {
   "file": "File:Marshal Beresford disarming a Polish officer at La Albuera.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Marshal_Beresford_disarming_a_Polish_officer_at_La_Albuera.jpg/500px-Marshal_Beresford_disarming_a_Polish_officer_at_La_Albuera.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marshal_Beresford_disarming_a_Polish_officer_at_La_Albuera.jpg",
   "caption": "Cuentan las crónicas que el combate fue tan intenso que el General en jefe aliado, Beresford, hubo de desarmar a un oficial polaco que le atacó",
   "year": 1815,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "T. Sutherland y W. Heath.",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Plan der Schlacht von La Albuera.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plan_der_Schlacht_von_La_Albuera.jpg/500px-Plan_der_Schlacht_von_La_Albuera.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_der_Schlacht_von_La_Albuera.jpg",
   "caption": "Plan der Schlacht von La Albuera",
   "year": 1830,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "North Ludlow Beamish",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:François Jean Werlé.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jean_Werl%C3%A9.jpg/500px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jean_Werl%C3%A9.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Jean_Werl%C3%A9.jpg",
   "caption": "Portrait du général de brigade François Jean Werlé (1763-1811), conservé au musée de Soultz-Haut-Rhin",
   "year": 1850,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:The 13th at Albuera (cropped).jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_13th_at_Albuera_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-The_13th_at_Albuera_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_13th_at_Albuera_(cropped).jpg",
   "caption": "Members of the British 13th Light Dragoons attack French horse artillery at the Battle of Albuera",
   "year": 1895,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Archibald Forbes , Arthur Griffiths and others.",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:The 13th at Albuera.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_13th_at_Albuera.jpg/500px-The_13th_at_Albuera.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_13th_at_Albuera.jpg",
   "caption": "Members of the British 13th Light Dragoons attack French horse artillery at the Battle of Albuera",
   "year": 1895,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Archibald Forbes , Arthur Griffiths and others.",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Иллюстрация к статье «Альбуера». Военная энциклопедия Сытина (Санкт-Петербург, 1911-1915).jpg",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3,_1911-1915).jpg",
   "caption": "Данное изображение было использовано в статье « Альбуера » опубликованной во втором томе « Военной энциклопедии », который был издан книгоиздательским товариществом Ивана Дмитриевича Сытина в 1911 году в столице Российской империи городе Санкт-Петербурге",
   "year": 1911,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "« Военная энциклопедия И. Д. Сытина ». Том 2 ( Санкт-Петербург ; 1911 ).",
   "collection": null
  }
 ],
 "photos_kind": "paintings",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "albuera",
  "query": "Albuera",
  "from": "1811-05-16",
  "to": "1811-08-14",
  "total": 4,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1811-07-15",
    "paper": "Portland gazette, and Maine advertiser (Portland, Me.)",
    "place": "Portland, Maine",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016082/1811-07-15/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... ol Sonet’s design, marched to [[tag]]Albuera[[/tag]], distance 12 miles, leaving a sufficient j force to prevent the French in Badujoz., making a sortie at this place he was joined by generals Blake and Castancs,: united force 25,000 men. The num bers of each army were about equal, except that the Fiench wtre much su pel lor in Cavalry. 1 he battle contin ued with little inter mission, two days, and in desperate fighting and conse quent slaughter, exceeded any thing of the kind in modern times. The l y onet and the sabre were chiefly used There were 6,500 English, 8.500 Spun taids, and 10,000 Portuguese in the action. It is stated the British and ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1811-08-13",
    "paper": "The New Hampshire gazette (Portsmouth [N.H.])",
    "place": "Portsmouth, New Hampshire",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025588/1811-08-13/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... £{3 ¥'l'\\ 2 Battle of [[tag]]Albuera[[/tag]]. gie- PARIS, JUNE }5.-A dispatch hasbeéy Ireceived from Marshal Soult,” giving an ag. count of a great hatsle at [[tag]]Albuera[[/tag]], Wity jonly 18,000 men he attacked 30,000 English, {Spanish, and Portuguesc, and drove them from their position.— O loss is 2800 kille and wounded.—The confederates lost ‘9g¢ i He adds, that as soon as General Gazan apg the wounded shall, bav;;mcgm Seviile, he shpuld maocavre to join other corps, ang then eomplere the defea of the allies, 2. BRITAIN.. rewpow juws 214815 _American papers from N. York cone: ig, B, of the American coans. g lam ia;*é NG il it dr Peane e D e e v SAR oS ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1811-08-14",
    "paper": "The Rhode-Island Republican (Newport, R.I.)",
    "place": "Newport, Rhode Island",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025561/1811-08-14/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... 10 unite them on the [[tag]]Albuera[[/tag]]. Thus, on the 15th, we found ourcelves in the presence of the hostile arny, and 1 recolved not to lose an in stunt i giving them battle, The position vecupicd by the encmy was sdvantageous 3 it was ot the meeting of the rouds which lead to Bedujoz und to Jurewen bia by Valverde end Qiivenza but the Span ish division under Bluke bod net yet joined, and i.ulhullg.’,h l‘)’ (lt.h\"liby, the (‘hgug_:t'l‘.wl)l, 1 night have expected scme reinlorcenients, and (hough I had at muy hiumediate disposal only four biigades of infunuy, making 15,000 nien, with 3000 hoisey the whole wmcuniing to no more than 18,000, I thought it ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}