{
 "slug": "belleau-wood",
 "title": "Battle of Belleau Wood",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "1–26 June 1918",
 "start": "1918-06-01",
 "end": "1918-06-26",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I (WESTERN FRONT 1918)",
 "place": {
  "name": "Belleau Wood (Bois de Belleau), Aisne, France",
  "lat": 49.0671,
  "lon": 3.2981,
  "wikidata": "Q1474180"
 },
 "lede": "Through June 1918 the US 2nd Division, its Marine brigade foremost, fought to clear a single wood west of Château-Thierry from the Germans: a costly, clumsy and much-celebrated first major action for American troops on the Western Front.",
 "result": "American victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "US 2nd Division (4th Marine Brigade and 3rd Infantry Brigade), with French support",
   "commanders": [
    "Maj Gen Omar Bundy",
    "Brig Gen James G. Harbord",
    "Col Wendell C. Neville",
    "Col Albertus W. Catlin",
    "Brig Gen E. M. Lewis"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 26000,
    "low": 8469,
    "high": 26000,
    "source": "s9"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 4677,
    "low": null,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "German Seventh Army: Corps Conta (IV Reserve Corps), elements of the 197th, 237th, 10th, 28th, 87th and 201st Divisions",
   "commanders": [
    "Gen Richard von Conta",
    "Maj Hans Bischoff",
    "Maj Hartlieb",
    "Capt Kaulbers"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 6436,
    "low": null,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 10000,
    "low": 10000,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s8"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "Between March and July 1918 the German high command launched five great offensives in the West, trying to end the war before American numbers told. The third, the Aisne offensive, broke over the Chemin des Dames on 27 May. Within a week the German Seventh Army had driven the French Sixth Army back nearly 50 kilometres and reached the Marne, about 80 kilometres from Paris; Pershing later wrote that 'something akin to a panic' seized the city.\n\nAmong the reserves thrown into the gap was the US 2nd Division, which had not yet been committed to a major action. Diverted towards Meaux on 31 May, it deployed on 1 June across the Paris road near Montreuil-aux-Lions, west of Château-Thierry: the 4th Marine Brigade on the left, the Army's 3rd Brigade on the right, the French 167th Division and 10th Colonial Division on either flank. From 1 to 5 June it fought a defensive battle, and by 4 June the German advance on this front had stopped. In these days a Marine officer, urged by withdrawing French troops to fall back, is supposed to have replied 'Retreat? Hell, we just got here!' The line has been credited to several men, and its exact words and speaker cannot be fixed.\n\nThe Germans held a line through Hill 142, Belleau Wood, Bouresches and Vaux. Their high command, learning that Americans were in front of them, ordered that the newcomers be denied any success. The Allies wanted the initiative back. The 2nd Division's counterattack was set for 6 June.",
  "forces": "The 2nd Division (Major General Omar Bundy) mixed two services. Its 4th Brigade, under the Army's Brigadier General James G. Harbord, was Marines: the 5th Regiment (Colonel Wendell C. Neville), the 6th (Colonel Albertus W. Catlin) and the 6th Machine Gun Battalion, about 258 officers and 8,211 men. The 3rd Brigade (Brigadier General E. M. Lewis) held the Army's 9th and 23rd Infantry. Many Marines were wartime volunteers, in the 6th Marines a remarkable share of them college men, stiffened by long-service sergeants. They were drilled hard in musketry with the Springfield 1903 and had to make do with the French Chauchat automatic rifle, which they detested. They had no tanks, gas shell or flame-throwers, and no experience of open warfare.\n\nOpposite stood Corps Conta of the German Seventh Army. On 6 June Belleau Wood was held by the 237th Division's 461st Regiment, about 1,170 men under Major Hans Bischoff, with the 197th Division on Hill 142 and the 10th Division around Bouresches and the railway to the east. The 28th Division, the 87th (which the Germans rated inferior) and the 201st came in later. What the defenders lacked in numbers the wood made up: rocks, thick undergrowth and machine guns sited to sweep the wheat fields in front. The 7th Infantry of the US 3rd Division and the 2nd Division's engineers also fought in the wood for short spells.",
  "course": "**6 June: the opening day.** CDB90 treats the whole day as one engagement, BELLEAU WOOD (336), and splits it into four. At 0345 Major Julius Turrill's 1st Battalion, 5th Marines attacked HILL 142 (337), west of the wood, with only two of his rifle companies on hand. Machine guns halted them until Captain George Hamilton led a bayonet charge over the crest; the battalion then beat off repeated counterattacks as its missing companies and reinforcements came up.\n\nAt 1700, after a weak bombardment, the brigade went for the wood itself. Major Berry's 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines crossed some 400 yards of open wheat against the western face (WEST WOOD I, 338) and was cut down by machine-gun and mortar fire; Berry was hit and the attack fell back to its start line. On the right Major Sibley's 3rd Battalion, 6th Marines fought into the southern tip of the wood (BOURESCHES I, 339), while the remnants of two companies of Major Holcomb's 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines, Lieutenant Clifton Cates's 96th Company among them, pushed on and took Bouresches from a light garrison. Further right the 23rd Infantry, its colonel misreading an order to keep contact, sent Major Elliott's battalion unsupported against HILL 192 (340), east of Bouresches. It took the hill but was forced back by 0100. The Marines lost 1,087 men that day, more than on any day in the Corps' history until Tarawa.\n\n**7–10 June.** Attacks in the southern wood gained little. On the 9th it was abandoned so the artillery could work over it, and on the 10th the lost ground was retaken.\n\n**11–13 June.** At 0430 on 11 June Major Frederic Wise's 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines attacked from the west (WEST WOOD II, 341). With bad maps and under heavy fire they veered east instead of north-east, struck by chance at the seam between the 461st and the 28th Division's 40th Fusiliers, and destroyed two German companies. The southern half was cleared. At 1730 next day Wise pushed north (NORTH WOOD I, 342) and gained about 700 metres in hand-to-hand fighting around a hunting lodge, before Major Hartlieb's counterattack got into his rear and forced him back about 100 metres. At 0300 on 13 June the Germans struck back (BOURESCHES II, 343): elements of the 28th Division hit Major Maurice Shearer's battalion in Bouresches and Major John Hughes's on the south edge of the wood, with gas, and were repulsed.\n\n**The northern wood, 15–26 June.** On 15 June the German 87th Division took over the sector. The 7th Infantry, lent from the 3rd Division, relieved Wise; at 0315 on 21 June its 1st Battalion, sent in on Harbord's belief that only some 50 Germans remained, was scattered in the thickets (NORTH WOOD II, 344). Shearer's Marines, ordered in without artillery at 1930 on 23 June, were stopped after taking three machine-gun posts (NORTH WOOD III, 345). Harbord changed method. On 25 June an artillery bombardment of about 14 hours preceded Shearer's 1700 attack (NORTH WOOD IV, 346); the machine guns were largely silenced, resistance broke and many Germans surrendered. Fighting went on through the night, and on 26 June Shearer reported: 'Woods now U.S. Marine Corps entirely.'\n\n**Vaux, 1–2 July.** CDB90 files the Army's follow-up under the same campaign. After a bombardment lasting most of the day, the 3rd Brigade attacked at 1800 on 1 July against the German 201st Division (VAUX, 347), with the French 153rd Regiment going for Hill 204 on its right. Major Bouton's 2nd Battalion, 9th Infantry took Vaux, whose defenders had been driven into cellars, and pushed into the eastern Bois de la Roche (LA ROCHE WOOD EAST, 348); Major Elliott's 3rd Battalion, 23rd Infantry took Hill 192 and fought through the western wood (LA ROCHE WOOD WEST, 349). The battalions had linked up by 2030, and counterattacks in the early hours of 2 July were thrown back.",
  "aftermath": "The 2nd Division's losses for the month came to between about 8,100 and 9,800, depending on the count; McClellan gives 9,063, of whom roughly 4,700 were Marines and 1,811 dead. German losses are not well established; a figure of over 10,000 is often repeated. The wood became the Marines' most famous battle honour. On 30 June General Degoutte of the French Sixth Army ordered that in all official documents it be renamed the Bois de la Brigade de Marine, and French maps were redrawn accordingly. A German corps communication of 17 June judged the 2nd Division 'very good' and said the Marines' attacks were 'carried out smartly and ruthlessly'.\n\nThe argument has never quite stopped. The Allied press hailed as great victories what the HERO analysts behind CDB90 call partial successes, and the glory went to the Marines rather than to the Army's 3rd Brigade, whose Vaux attack the ABMC guide called 'perfectly executed'. HERO is blunt about poor intelligence, ineffective artillery preparation and Harbord's repeated underestimates of German strength; the wood fell when artillery was finally used in weight. The nickname 'Devil Dogs', supposedly German ('Teufelshunde'), is almost certainly American: newspapers used it in April 1918, weeks before the battle, and no German use has been found.\n\nThe Aisne-Marne American Cemetery lies at the foot of the wood, which is maintained as a memorial.",
  "wargaming": "Belleau Wood is a battalion fight in a small box: one wood, shaped like a distorted hourglass, a village, a few hills and wheat fields all round. A 1:1 to 1:5 skirmish or company-level game suits single actions; a battalion-level game with platoons as units can cover the month as a campaign of linked attacks.\n\nThe interest is asymmetry. Fresh, aggressive American battalions with good rifle shooting but little skill with supporting fire face a thin German garrison whose machine guns, rock and undergrowth multiply its strength. The open approach is murderous; inside the wood, visibility drops to metres, units lose direction (Wise's battalion veered east by mistake and happened to win), and command breaks down into companies and platoons. Rules for losing direction, for machine-gun arcs that open and close as positions are found, and for fog of war with hidden enemy strength will reward the player.\n\nGood scenarios: Hill 142 at dawn with half a battalion; the 1700 attack across the wheat; Bouresches, where a handful of survivors must hold a village; the night of 13 June; and the final 25 June assault, best played twice, with and without the 14-hour bombardment, to show why it mattered. Vaux makes a clean set-piece in which the Army brigade shows what proper artillery planning could do. What if Harbord had waited for guns on 6 June?"
 },
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "File:Belleau-wood.gif",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "Marine positions in and around Belleau Wood, 6 June 1918.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Belleau-wood.gif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Belleau-wood.gif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belleau-wood.gif",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "1st LT BB McBreen",
   "credit": "http://www.2ndbn5thmar.com/history/25belleau1918.pdf",
   "width": 729
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Belleau-wood-june-25.gif",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "The final Marine push to clear the northern wood, 25 June 1918.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Belleau-wood-june-25.gif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Belleau-wood-june-25.gif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belleau-wood-june-25.gif",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "1st LT BB McBreen",
   "credit": "http://www.2ndbn5thmar.com/history/25belleau1918.pdf",
   "width": 736
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Belleau Wood Situation Map - NARA - 6997167 (page 1).jpg",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "A wartime situation map of the Belleau Wood sector, dated 8 June 1918.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Belleau_Wood_Situation_Map_-_NARA_-_6997167_%28page_1%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Belleau_Wood_Situation_Map_-_NARA_-_6997167_%28page_1%29.jpg/960px-Belleau_Wood_Situation_Map_-_NARA_-_6997167_%28page_1%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belleau_Wood_Situation_Map_-_NARA_-_6997167_(page_1).jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author or not provided",
   "credit": "U.S. National Archives and Records Administration",
   "width": 5376
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Claggett Wilson - First Attack on the Bois de Belleau, June 6, 1918, at Five O'Clock-3rd Battalion, 5th Regiment of Marines Advancing - 1981.163.10 - Smithsonian American Art Museum.jpg",
   "kind": "painting",
   "caption": "Claggett Wilson, First Attack on the Bois de Belleau, June 6, 1918, at Five O'Clock: 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines advancing (1919).",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Claggett_Wilson_-_First_Attack_on_the_Bois_de_Belleau%2C_June_6%2C_1918%2C_at_Five_O%27Clock-3rd_Battalion%2C_5th_Regiment_of_Marines_Advancing_-_1981.163.10_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Claggett_Wilson_-_First_Attack_on_the_Bois_de_Belleau%2C_June_6%2C_1918%2C_at_Five_O%27Clock-3rd_Battalion%2C_5th_Regiment_of_Marines_Advancing_-_1981.163.10_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claggett_Wilson_-_First_Attack_on_the_Bois_de_Belleau,_June_6,_1918,_at_Five_O%27Clock-3rd_Battalion,_5th_Regiment_of_Marines_Advancing_-_1981.163.10_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Claggett Wilson",
   "credit": "http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=27765",
   "width": 1400
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Shell-torn trees in Belleau Wood following the nearly month-long Battle of Belleau Wood.jpg",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "Shell-torn trees in Belleau Wood after the battle.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Shell-torn_trees_in_Belleau_Wood_following_the_nearly_month-long_Battle_of_Belleau_Wood.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Shell-torn_trees_in_Belleau_Wood_following_the_nearly_month-long_Battle_of_Belleau_Wood.jpg/960px-Shell-torn_trees_in_Belleau_Wood_following_the_nearly_month-long_Battle_of_Belleau_Wood.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shell-torn_trees_in_Belleau_Wood_following_the_nearly_month-long_Battle_of_Belleau_Wood.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Adolph B. Miller (COLL/1068)",
   "credit": "USMC Archives",
   "width": 1512
  },
  {
   "file": "File:US Army Infantrymen, 2nd Infantry Division, Battle of Belleau Wood, June 1918.jpg",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "Soldiers of the 23rd Infantry, 2nd Division, behind a stone wall near Château-Thierry, June 1918.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/US_Army_Infantrymen%2C_2nd_Infantry_Division%2C_Battle_of_Belleau_Wood%2C_June_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_Army_Infantrymen%2C_2nd_Infantry_Division%2C_Battle_of_Belleau_Wood%2C_June_1918.jpg/960px-US_Army_Infantrymen%2C_2nd_Infantry_Division%2C_Battle_of_Belleau_Wood%2C_June_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_Infantrymen,_2nd_Infantry_Division,_Battle_of_Belleau_Wood,_June_1918.jpg",
   "licence": "CC0",
   "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
   "artist": "US Army Signal Corps",
   "credit": "https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/search?query=Q+11508&pageSize=30&media-records=records-with-media&filters%5BthemeString%5D%5BIndia+1919-1939%5D=on",
   "width": 1200
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Teufel Hunden poster.jpg",
   "kind": "illustration",
   "caption": "Charles B. Falls's 1918 recruiting poster: 'Teufel Hunden. German nickname for U.S. Marines'.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Teufel_Hunden_poster.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Teufel_Hunden_poster.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teufel_Hunden_poster.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "US Government",
   "credit": "http://www.sotherans.co.uk/Prints/posters.php",
   "width": 735
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Gen. J.G. Harbord LCCN2014718405.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "James G. Harbord, the Army general who commanded the Marine brigade.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gen._J.G._Harbord_LCCN2014718405.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gen._J.G._Harbord_LCCN2014718405.jpg/960px-Gen._J.G._Harbord_LCCN2014718405.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gen._J.G._Harbord_LCCN2014718405.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Bain News Service, publisher",
   "credit": "Library of Congress Catalog: https://lccn.loc.gov/2014718405 Image download: https://cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/ggbain/38200/38259v.jpg Original url: https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2014718405/",
   "width": 3215
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "HERO for US Army Concepts Analysis Agency, CAA-SR-84-6, Analysis of Factors That Have Influenced Outcomes of Battles and Wars, Vol. V (1984), engagement narratives pp. 228–244 (Belleau Wood, Vaux) and 245 (Noyon-Montdidier)",
   "url": "https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADB087720",
   "kind": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "Edwin N. McClellan, The United States Marine Corps in the World War (Washington: Historical Section, HQ USMC, 1920), ch. X",
   "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/70782",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "American Battle Monuments Commission, American Armies and Battlefields in Europe (Washington: GPO, 1938), Aisne-Marne chapter",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/americanarmiesba00wash",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "American Battle Monuments Commission, Belleau Wood",
   "url": "https://www.abmc.gov/Belleau-Wood",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "J. Wayne Hill, A Regiment Like No Other: The 6th Marine Regiment at Belleau Wood (MMAS thesis, US Army Command and General Staff College, 2012; DTIC ADA563012)",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA563012",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "National Museum of the Marine Corps, The \"Devil Dog\" Legend (education sheet)",
   "url": "https://www.usmcmuseum.com/uploads/6/0/3/6/60364049/devil_dog.pdf",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "Paul Szoldra, \"'Retreat? Hell! We just got here!' is 103 years old and still badass\", Task & Purpose (updated 2 June 2021)",
   "url": "https://taskandpurpose.com/news/marine-corps-retreat-hell-wwi/",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Wikipedia, Battle of Belleau Wood (used only for figures it cites from works not read here: Stewart, American Military History vol. II; Rickard; Moskin)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Laurence Stallings, 'Bloody Belleau Wood', American Heritage 14, no. 4 (June 1963)",
   "url": "https://www.americanheritage.com/bloody-belleau-wood",
   "kind": "article"
  }
 ],
 "cdb90": [
  336,
  337,
  338,
  339,
  340,
  341,
  342,
  343,
  344,
  345,
  346,
  347,
  348,
  349
 ],
 "order": 146,
 "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/belleau-wood/",
 "oob": [],
 "oob_lwtv": [],
 "scenarios": [],
 "orbat": {
  "title": "Belleau Wood 1918: CDB90 engagements",
  "file": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/orbat/belleau-wood-1918.json",
  "app": "https://orbat.georgewyrd.com/?loadScenarioURL=https://battles.georgewyrd.com/orbat/belleau-wood-1918.json"
 },
 "orbat_lwtv": null,
 "reading": {
  "prose": [
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:75487",
    "title": "Deeds of heroism and bravery",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Elwyn Barron",
    "life": "1855–1929",
    "year": 1920,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/75487",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 6,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/deeds-of-heroism-and-bravery-8790e8/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:withhelpofgodand00catl",
    "title": "\"With the help of God and a few Marines,\"",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Albertus Wright Catlin",
    "life": "1868–",
    "year": 1919,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/withhelpofgodand00catl",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/with-the-help-of-god-and-a-few-marines-438e0f/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:13827",
    "title": "Fields of Victory",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Mrs Humphry Ward",
    "life": "1851–1920",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13827",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/fields-of-victory-9b51b3/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:59987",
    "title": "Luck on the Wing",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Elmer Haslett",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1920,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/59987",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/luck-on-the-wing-52d2cf/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:personalitiesreminiscenceswarbullard",
    "title": "Personalities and Reminiscences of the War [1925, US Army]",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Robert Lee Bullard",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1925,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/personalitiesreminiscenceswarbullard",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/personalities-and-reminiscences-of-the-war-1925-us-army-aff181/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:cu31924027894728",
    "title": "The wanderings of a temporary warrior",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Alban F. L Bacon",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1922,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/cu31924027894728",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-wanderings-of-a-temporary-warrior-4562fd/"
   }
  ],
  "history": [
   {
    "work_id": "ia:americanarmiesba00wash",
    "title": "American Armies and Battlefields in Europe",
    "in": null,
    "author": "American Battle Monuments Commission",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1938,
    "kind": "official history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/americanarmiesba00wash",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 0,
    "official": true,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/american-armies-and-battlefields-in-europe-d0a1c8/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:in.ernet.dli.2015.210685",
    "title": "Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, vol. 3",
    "in": null,
    "author": "James E. Edmonds",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1939,
    "kind": "official history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210685",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 0,
    "official": true,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/military-operations-france-and-belgium-1918-vol-3-8f8b14/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:ob-uslandforces-ww1-v2",
    "title": "Order of Battle of the US Land Forces, vol. 2",
    "in": null,
    "author": "United States. Army War College. Historical Section",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1931,
    "kind": "official history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/ob-uslandforces-ww1-v2",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 0,
    "official": true,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/order-of-battle-of-the-us-land-forces-vol-2-b0542e/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:newenglandinfran00tayl",
    "title": "New England in France, 1917-1919",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Emerson Gifford Taylor",
    "life": "1874–1932",
    "year": 1920,
    "kind": "history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/newenglandinfran00tayl",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 6,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/new-england-in-france-1917-1919-3095fa/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:HarpersPictorialLibraryOfTheWorldWarV3",
    "title": "Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War, Volume 3",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Albert Bushnell Hart",
    "life": "1854–1943",
    "year": 1920,
    "kind": "history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/HarpersPictorialLibraryOfTheWorldWarV3",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/harper-s-pictorial-library-of-the-world-war-volume-3-700a54/"
   }
  ],
  "fiction": [
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:57271",
    "title": "What Outfit, Buddy?",
    "in": null,
    "author": "T. Howard Kelly",
    "life": "1895–1967",
    "year": 1920,
    "kind": "novel",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/57271",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/what-outfit-buddy-9475c1/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:godhavemercyonus0000scan",
    "title": "God have mercy on us!",
    "in": null,
    "author": "William T Scanlon",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1929,
    "kind": "novel",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/godhavemercyonus0000scan",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/god-have-mercy-on-us-e18e5f/"
   }
  ],
  "poetry": [
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:56956",
    "title": "Great Poems of the World War",
    "in": null,
    "author": "William Dunseath Eaton",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1918,
    "kind": "poem",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/56956",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/great-poems-of-the-world-war-356fbe/"
   }
  ]
 },
 "reading_lwtv": {
  "prose": [],
  "poetry": []
 },
 "photos": [
  {
   "file": "File:Au bois belleau - L. Jonas. LCCN2004670606.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Au_bois_belleau_-_L._Jonas._LCCN2004670606.jpg/500px-Au_bois_belleau_-_L._Jonas._LCCN2004670606.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Au_bois_belleau_-_L._Jonas._LCCN2004670606.jpg",
   "caption": "Au bois belleau / L. Jonas",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Jonas, Lucien, 1880-1947, artist",
   "collection": "Library of Congress"
  },
  {
   "file": "File:\"With the help of God and a few Marines, (1919) (14742866686).jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%22With_the_help_of_God_and_a_few_Marines%2C_%281919%29_%2814742866686%29.jpg/500px-%22With_the_help_of_God_and_a_few_Marines%2C_%281919%29_%2814742866686%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22With_the_help_of_God_and_a_few_Marines,_(1919)_(14742866686).jpg",
   "caption": "\"With the help of God and a few Marines,\"",
   "year": 1919,
   "licence": "No restrictions",
   "artist": "Catlin, Albertus Wright, 1868-; Dyer, Walter A. (Walter Alden), 1878-1943",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Dead Boche, Verdun, May 1919, Bestanddeelnr 158-0761.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dead_Boche%2C_Verdun%2C_May_1919%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-0761.jpg/500px-Dead_Boche%2C_Verdun%2C_May_1919%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-0761.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dead_Boche,_Verdun,_May_1919,_Bestanddeelnr_158-0761.jpg",
   "caption": "Collectie / Archief : Fotocollectie Eerste Wereldoorlog Reportage / Serie : [ onbekend ] Beschrijving : Dead Boche, Verdun, May 1919 Annotatie : Gesneuvelde Duitser bij Verdun, mei 1919 Datum : mei 1919 Locatie : Frankrijk, Verdun Trefwoorden : eerste wereldoorlog, gesneuvelden Fotograaf : [onbekend",
   "year": 1919,
   "licence": "CC0",
   "artist": "Nationaal Archief",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:I Was There with the Yanks on the Western Front, 067h.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/I_Was_There_with_the_Yanks_on_the_Western_Front%2C_067h.jpg/500px-I_Was_There_with_the_Yanks_on_the_Western_Front%2C_067h.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:I_Was_There_with_the_Yanks_on_the_Western_Front,_067h.jpg",
   "caption": "The water wagon filled with red-hot coffee going to the ration dump via shell fire and not losing any time about it— Outside Belleau wood—June '18",
   "year": 1919,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Cyrus Leroy Baldridge",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Kelly Miller's history of the world war for human right; being an intensely human and brilliant account of the world war and why and for what purpose America and the allies are fighting and the (14595586657).jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kelly_Miller%27s_history_of_the_world_war_for_human_right%3B_being_an_intensely_human_and_brilliant_account_of_the_world_war_and_why_and_for_what_purpose_America_and_the_allies_are_fighting_and_the_%2814595586657%29.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kelly_Miller%27s_history_of_the_world_war_for_human_right;_being_an_intensely_human_and_brilliant_account_of_the_world_war_and_why_and_for_what_purpose_America_and_the_allies_are_fighting_and_the_(14595586657).jpg",
   "caption": "Kelly Miller's history of the world war for human right; being an intensely human and brilliant account of the world war and why and for what purpose America and the allies are fighting and the important part taken by the Negro, including the horrors and wonders of modern warfare, the new and strang",
   "year": 1919,
   "licence": "No restrictions",
   "artist": "Miller, Kelly, 1863-1939",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Laurence Stallings 1918.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Laurence_Stallings_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laurence_Stallings_1918.jpg",
   "caption": "Writer Laurence Stallings in his military Uniform after his 1918 injury in the Battle of Belleau Wood in France during World War I",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Regimental Headquarters near Belleau Woods, France by Captain J. Andre Smith.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Regimental_Headquarters_near_Belleau_Woods%2C_France_by_Captain_J._Andre_Smith.jpg/500px-Regimental_Headquarters_near_Belleau_Woods%2C_France_by_Captain_J._Andre_Smith.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Regimental_Headquarters_near_Belleau_Woods,_France_by_Captain_J._Andre_Smith.jpg",
   "caption": "Regimental Headquarters near Belleau Woods, France by J. Andre Smith",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Captain Jules Andre Smith",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:This battle scene was painted in 1919 by artist Frank Schoonover of the Battle of Belleau Wood.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/This_battle_scene_was_painted_in_1919_by_artist_Frank_Schoonover_of_the_Battle_of_Belleau_Wood.jpg/500px-This_battle_scene_was_painted_in_1919_by_artist_Frank_Schoonover_of_the_Battle_of_Belleau_Wood.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:This_battle_scene_was_painted_in_1919_by_artist_Frank_Schoonover_of_the_Battle_of_Belleau_Wood.jpg",
   "caption": "This battle scene was painted in 1919 by artist Frank Schoonover of the Battle of Belleau Wood",
   "year": 1919,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Frank Schoonover",
   "collection": null
  }
 ],
 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "belleau-wood",
  "query": "Belleau Wood",
  "from": "1918-06-01",
  "to": "1918-07-10",
  "total": 1081,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1918-06-07",
    "paper": "The Daily Ardmoreite (Ardmore, Okla.)",
    "place": "Ardmore, Oklahoma",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85042303/1918-06-07/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... of Gandelu, west of Veuilly. [[tag]]Belleau wood[[/tag]] east of Torcy has been cleared of the enemy. Further details are not available at this hour. The Americans comprise the detachments on the left of the advancing line. After capturing a small [[tag]]wood[[/tag]] shaped like the letter \"S,\" the Americans reached the cemetery at Veuilly and continued to press forward slowly under a heavy fire from German machine guns. Daring the attack this (Thursday) morning at dawn the German artillery Tire against the alies was feeble, but the en J emy front line was well studded with machine guns. In the action the Americans and French advanced one kilometer into (Cecliaaed on page 8) DAILY ARDMOREITE UN"
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-12",
    "paper": "Bisbee daily review (Bisbee, Ariz.)",
    "place": "Bisbee, Arizona",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024827/1918-06-12/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... 11. \"American troops brilliantly carried [[tag]]Belleau Wood[[/tag]] this morning, taking 300 prisoners.\" This announcement is made by the war ofifce in its official report to night. [[tag]]Belleau Wood[[/tag]] lies in the Chateau Thierry sector, just to the west of the village of Bouresches and south of the village of [[tag]]Belleau[[/tag]]. It is in this ergion that the American marines have been fighting so valiantly recently, and much praise was bestowed upon them for their drive on the Germans through the BeReau [[tag]]Wood[[/tag]], which has been considered pn almost Impreg nable position by the Germans. Dis patches from the front on Monday said the marines had continued their progress in the [[tag]]wood[[/tag]] until the Ger mans ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-14",
    "paper": "Republican farmer (Danbury, Conn.)",
    "place": "Bridgeport, Connecticut",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82015536/1918-06-14/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... Gandelu, on the west and [[tag]]Belleau wood[[/tag]] on the east. At that \"hour the Americans were at Granges farm, south of Gandelu, while, the French had driven the Germans from [[tag]]Belleau wood[[/tag]] and were advancing on the village of [[tag]]Belleau[[/tag]]. Since the marines entered the line northwest of Chateau Thierry they have participated in bitter fighting. Having withstood successfully strong German efforts to outflank the Retz forest, they have now aided their French comrades in improving con siderably the Allied positions between Veuilly and Torcy. In the impetuous attack, which was completed victoriously in four hours, the Americans and French captured more than 270 prisoners including 10 officers. This was tn a front of about ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-20",
    "paper": "Estancia news-herald (Estancia, Torrance County, N.M.)",
    "place": "Estancia, New Mexico",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn94057017/1918-06-20/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "Americans Drive Huns Out of [[tag]]Bélleau Wood[[/tag]] False Statement by Prus sian Minister of War Gallant Exploit of Italian Tor pedo Boats. By EDWARD W. PICKARD. Aiming at Complegne and Estree St. Denis, with the evident Intention of forcing the French out of the Noyon salient, the armies of Crown Prince Buprecht of Bavaria, under the Imme diate command of General von Hutier, started a great drive southward be tween'Montdldler and Noyon on Sun day. The result was the most desper ate and bloodiest fighting of the entire war, for the French resisted fiercely and slaughtered the enemy In tremen dous numbers. By sheer weight the Germans were able to push forward down the valley ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-24",
    "paper": "East oregonian : e.o (pendleton, umatilla co., or.;pendleton, or)",
    "place": "Pendleton, Oregon",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn88086023/1918-06-24/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "OF [[tag]]BELLEAU WOOD[[/tag]] Enemy Attacks With Gas Near Chateau Thiery; Increases Defenses. (LOWELL. MELLET.) WITH TUB AMERICANS ON THE MARNM, June i4. The Americans In [[tag]]Belleau wood[[/tag]] drove forward 400 yards today, despite fierce Clermon resistance. Inflicting severe losses on the enemy and capturing machine Suns. Theit they dug; themselves se curely Into the line. Only a little fringe of the wnod now retrains In Bocne hands. American losses were not disproportionate to the gain- The Germans heavily gasped an American unit northward of Chateau Thierry. The enemy la constantly In creasing ihelr defenses here. Improv ing trenehea and establishing wire entanglements and machine-gun nests. I visited the American units In ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-27",
    "paper": "The Prescott daily news (Prescott, Ark.)",
    "place": "Prescott, Arkansas",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn90050307/1918-06-27/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "Ill [[tag]]BELLEAU WOOD[[/tag]]; TAKE 250 PRISONERS Americans Now Possess All Tactical Positions in Sector— Some Fierce Hand to Hand Fighting Engaged in. With the American Army in France June 26.—German prisoners captured by the Americans on storming the [[tag]]Belleau wood[[/tag]] sector last night now number 250, including seven officers. One of the officers said the German commanders have been telling the sol diers that the Germans have landed an army in America, captured New York and are now marching towards Philadelphia. The Germans also are told that submarines have sunk be tween 40 and 50 ships in Long Island Sound. The Americans now are in posses sion of virtually all the ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-28",
    "paper": "The Farmington times (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.)",
    "place": "Farmington, Missouri",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn89066996/1918-06-28/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... were virtually cleared out of [[tag]]Belleau Wood[[/tag]] several days ago, but the discovery was made yesterday that under cover of darkness they had planted machine guns behind huge boulders, in sunken roadways, in shell holes and in trees in a narrow area on the edge of the [[tag]]wood[[/tag]]. It was most difficult to get at them in these posi tions and some fierce hand-to-hand fighting occurred during the night while the clearing process was being carried out. The Americans now are in posses sion of virtually all the valuable tac tical positions in the [[tag]]Belleau Wood[[/tag]] sector. Most of the prisoners taken belong to the 347th German Division. Undaunted by Gas Attack. On Sunday the ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-07-04",
    "paper": "Mexico Missouri message (Mexico, Audrain County, Mo.)",
    "place": "Mexico, Missouri",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn89067273/1918-07-04/ed-1/?sp=6",
    "snippet": "... Americans Drive Hun Out of [[tag]]Belleau Wood[[/tag]] False Statements by Prus sian Minister of War Gallant Exploit of Italian Tor pedo Boats. By EDWARD W. PICKARD. Aiming at Complegne and Estree St Denis, with the evident Intention of forcing the French out of the Noyon salient, the armies of Crown Prince Hupreeht of Bavaria, under the Imme diate command of General von 11 u tier, started a great drive southward be tween Montdidier and Noyon on Sun day. The result was the most desper ate and bloodiest fighting of the entire war, for the French resisted fiercely find slaughtered the enemy in tremen dous numbers. By sheer weight the Germans were able to push forward ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}