{
 "slug": "brusilov",
 "title": "Brusilov Offensive",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "4 June – 20 September 1916",
 "start": "1916-06-04",
 "end": "1916-09-20",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I",
 "place": {
  "name": "Volhynia, eastern Galicia and Bukovina, from the Pripet marshes to the Romanian border (now western Ukraine); main breakthrough at Lutsk",
  "lat": 50.75,
  "lon": 25.33,
  "wikidata": "Q221967"
 },
 "lede": "From 4 June 1916 Brusilov's South-Western Front attacked along its whole length, shattered the Austro-Hungarian Fourth and Seventh Armies and took Lutsk and Czernowitz. It was imperial Russia's greatest victory of the war, and it left Austria-Hungary dependent on Germany.",
 "result": "Major Russian victory; Kovel and Lemberg not taken",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Russian South-Western Front (7th, 8th, 9th and 11th Armies)",
   "commanders": [
    "Aleksei Brusilov",
    "Aleksei Kaledin (8th Army)",
    "Vladimir Sakharov (11th Army)",
    "Dmitry Shcherbachev (7th Army)",
    "Platon Lechitsky (9th Army)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 600000,
    "low": 600000,
    "high": 633000,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 500000,
    "low": 497000,
    "high": 500000,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Austro-Hungarian 1st, 2nd, 4th and 7th Armies and the German-led Südarmee, with German reinforcements",
   "commanders": [
    "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf (chief of the general staff)",
    "Archduke Joseph Ferdinand (4th Army, relieved 7 June)",
    "Karl von Pflanzer-Baltin (7th Army)",
    "Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli (2nd Army)",
    "Paul Puhallo von Brlog (1st Army)",
    "Felix von Bothmer (Südarmee)",
    "Alexander von Linsingen (Army of the Bug)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 500000,
    "low": 480000,
    "high": 500000,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 205000,
    "low": 205000,
    "high": 205000,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "By the spring of 1916 the Allies had agreed, at a conference in December 1915, to attack together in the summer. Events overtook the plan. The Germans opened their offensive at Verdun in February, and the French pressed Russia for a diversion. A Russian attack at Lake Naroch in March failed badly. In May Conrad von Hötzendorf, the Austro-Hungarian chief of staff, launched his own offensive against Italy from the Trentino, and moved six veteran divisions and fifteen heavy batteries from Galicia to the Tyrol to do it.\n\nGeneral Aleksei Brusilov, a former cavalryman, had taken over the South-Western Front at the end of March. At a Stavka conference in April, with the Tsar present, he argued that every front should attack at once, so that the Central Powers could not use their railways to shift reserves from quiet sectors to threatened ones. Evert, commanding the Western Front, opposed any offensive. Brusilov asked for no reinforcements and was allowed to attack. His objectives were Kovel and Lemberg, both lost in 1915.\n\nStavka planned its main summer blow further north, and refused Brusilov's request for supporting attacks by the neighbouring fronts. Then the Italians, reeling from Conrad's offensive, begged for help. On 26 May the Tsar brought the timetable forward: Brusilov would attack on 4 June, the other fronts about ten days later. On the Austro-Hungarian side, the defeat of the winter and March attacks had bred complacency, and the best troops and guns were in the Tyrol.",
  "forces": "Brusilov had four armies, north to south: Kaledin's 8th, facing Lutsk and Kovel; Sakharov's 11th; Shcherbachev's 7th; and Lechitsky's 9th, reaching to the Romanian border. Together they held about 40 infantry and 15 cavalry divisions, some 600,000 men and 1,938 guns. Opposite them stood Archduke Joseph Ferdinand's 4th Army, Puhallo's 1st, Böhm-Ermolli's 2nd, the German general Bothmer's Südarmee and Pflanzer-Baltin's 7th Army in Bukovina: about 39 infantry and 10 or 11 cavalry divisions, 500,000 men and 1,846 guns. Linsingen's German-led Army of the Bug lay to the north. Numbers were close to even. Brusilov's edge lay in method.\n\nThe Austro-Hungarians held three defensive lines, and Lutsk had been heavily fortified after 1915. Brusilov had each army choose its own breakthrough sector, about 15 km wide, so that no single build-up gave the game away. His men sapped forward, in places to within 100 m of the enemy wire, and dug large dugouts to hide the assault troops. They tunnelled under their own wire so that it could stay up until the attack. False radio traffic, planted orders and dummy guns hid the real sectors. Gunners and infantry planned their fire plans together. At Lutsk, Kaledin massed 148 battalions against the 53 of Joseph Ferdinand's army.",
  "course": "**4–5 June: the bombardment.** Russian guns opened at 4.30 a.m. on 4 June along the whole front, from the Pripet marshes to Bukovina. It was a short bombardment by the standards of 1916, aimed rather than massed. In the 8th Army, Winogradsky's brigade used 76 mm field guns to cut 24 gaps in the wire, in sectors agreed with the infantry beforehand. Heavier 122 mm guns and 152 mm howitzers hit strongpoints, and a creeping barrage covered the assault. Infantry attacks by all four armies followed. Because every army attacked, the defenders could not tell where the main blow was falling.\n\n**5–7 June: Lutsk.** Before Lutsk, Kaledin's gunners resumed their methodical work on 5 June, and the fire rose again just before the main assault at about 9 a.m. Near Olyka a Russian corps overran the Austro-Hungarian 2nd Infantry Division; its 82nd Regiment lost more than 4,500 of its 5,000 men. By the end of 5 June Kaledin held the first and second lines. Joseph Ferdinand had spent his reserves and was nearly out of shell. On 6 June his X and II Corps and Szurmay's corps were driven back over the Styr. Many of X Corps surrendered with the river behind them. On 7 June the Russians entered Lutsk, where the 4th Army's abandoned stores were burning. Joseph Ferdinand was relieved the same day. His army, about 110,000–118,000 strong on 4 June, was down to roughly 28,000–35,000 within a week.\n\n**Further south.** Shcherbachev's 7th Army took Jazłowiek and pushed Pflanzer-Baltin back to the Strypa. On 9–10 June Lechitsky's 9th Army broke through at Okna and Dobronoutz, and the Austro-Hungarian 7th Army began to retreat on 10 June. It lost 76,200 of its 194,200 men by 8 June, and 133,600 in a fortnight. Part of it fell back west and part south over the Prut, splitting the army in two. Bothmer's Südarmee tried a counter-attack on 11 June, which got nowhere. By 14 June Austro-Hungarian losses stood at about 205,000, including 150,000 prisoners.\n\n**8–30 June: the Germans arrive.** On 8 June Falkenhayn agreed to send five German divisions to Linsingen, concentrating near Kovel. Linsingen struck the Lutsk salient from 15 June with Puhallo's 1st Army, the 4th Army (now under Tersztyánszky), Marwitz's German X Corps and Gruppe Bernhardi. Three days' fighting changed little, even with Gruppe Falkenhayn added on 21 June. A renewed thrust under Marwitz from 30 June pushed one Russian corps back only about 5 km. In the south, Lechitsky took Czernowitz on 17 June and Kolomea on 18 June, and his cavalry reached the Carpathian foothills on 20 June. The victory was not cheap: South-Western Front casualties had reached about 285,000 by the end of June.\n\n**2–8 July: the other fronts fail.** Evert at last attacked at Baranovichi on 2 July, with an imprecise bombardment and dense infantry attacks of the old kind. He suspended it on 9 July, having lost 80,000 men for about 5 km. Brusilov, by contrast, attacked again on 4 July with Lesh's 3rd and Kaledin's 8th Armies, and by 6 July Linsingen had fallen back to the Stokhid river. CDB90's engagement ends on 8 July, with the first phase of the offensive over.",
  "aftermath": "The offensive went on. Reinforced with the Guards, Brusilov attacked towards Kovel from 28 July. Sakharov took Brody the same day and Lechitsky took Stanislau on 11 August. On 9 August Brusilov called off the attempt on Kovel, which German troops dug in behind the Stokhid had held. Attacks continued until 20 September, for heavy losses and little gain. On 28 July Hindenburg took command of the front as far south as the Austro-Hungarian 2nd Army.\n\nTotal losses are argued over, partly because prisoners dominate the count. Russian figures run from about 500,000 for the first phase to a million for the whole offensive. Austro-Hungarian losses are put at between about 616,000 and 1.5 million, with 400,000 or more taken prisoner. German losses run from 148,000 to 350,000.\n\nRomania, encouraged by the early success, declared war on 27 August, and its 1916 campaign ended in failure. Germany halted its attacks at Verdun and moved divisions east. At the end of August Hindenburg replaced Falkenhayn. Austria-Hungary never again fought an offensive without German help, and German units were spread through its line as 'corset stays'. Keegan called the offensive the greatest victory on any front since trench warfare began. After the war Conrad and his officers blamed unreliable Slav regiments for the collapse. Dowling and Schindler blame Habsburg generalship and Brusilov's methods instead. Russia's losses are often linked to the revolution of 1917.",
  "wargaming": "This is a front-sized operation, so it suits an operational game at division or corps level. A full front-wide game needs simple supply and railway rules: the fight is about whether the defender can move reserves faster than the attacker can break new sectors. The decisive opening, though, was won by a few brigades of guns and a few miles of trench. That suits a tactical or grand-tactical game of the Lutsk or Okna breakthrough, with battalions or regiments as units, over 4–7 June.\n\nThe interesting rules are about preparation and command. The Russian player should spend points before the game on saps, tunnels under the wire, deception and registered fire plans, and have to commit them to sectors the enemy cannot see. The Austro-Hungarian player has deep wire and three lines but few reserves and a shortage of shell. Both sides should face friction from poor communications. A hidden-deployment or double-blind system shows Brusilov's main idea well: four armies attack at once, and the defender must decide where the real threat lies.\n\nGood 'what ifs': Evert attacks on schedule in mid-June; Conrad keeps his Tyrol divisions in Galicia; the German divisions arrive a week later; Brusilov, rather than pressing on towards Kovel in July, consolidates or turns south. A campaign game can carry the outcome into Romania's decision to enter the war."
 },
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   "caption": "The South-Western Front's offensive in 1916: start line on 4 June, advance by 16 June and final positions on 20 September.",
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   "artist": "Florence Farmborough",
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   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Brusilov offensive",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusilov_offensive",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "David Porter, 'The Tsar's last victory: the Brusilov Offensive, June–September 1916', Military History Matters 151 (2026)",
   "url": "https://the-past.com/feature/the-tsars-last-victory-the-brusilov-offensive-june-september-1916/",
   "kind": "article"
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  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "J. Rickard, 'Battle of Kovel-Stanislav, or the Brusilov Offensive, 4 June–20 September 1916', HistoryOfWar.org (2007)",
   "url": "https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_kovel_stanislav.html",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
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   "url": "https://bac-lac.wayback.archive-it.org/web/20171107152700/http:/firstworldwar.com/battles/lutsk.htm",
   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Ian Foster, review of Timothy C. Dowling, The Brusilov Offensive (University of Salford repository)",
   "url": "https://salford-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/1498805",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
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   "title": "HISTORY.com Editors, 'Brusilov Offensive begins', This Day in History, 4 June",
   "url": "https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/june-4/brusilov-offensive-begins",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
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   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
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   "title": "Alexander Watson, Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary at War, 1914–1918 (Allen Lane, 2014)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
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   "title": "Timothy C. Dowling, The Brusilov Offensive (Indiana University Press, 2008)",
   "url": null,
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   "id": "s10",
   "title": "John R. Schindler, 'Steamrollered in Galicia: the Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916', War in History 10:1 (2003), 27–59",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s11",
   "title": "A. M. Zayonchkovski, Pervaya mirovaya voina (in Russian; Poligon, St Petersburg, 2002)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
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  {
   "id": "s12",
   "title": "Edmund Glaise-Horstenau (ed.), Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914–1918, vol. 5 (Verlag der Militärwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, Vienna, 1934)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
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   "year": 1917,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown (artist), Druck A. Luigard, Wien VIII (printer)",
   "collection": "IWM"
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ottoman_15th_Corps.jpg/500px-Ottoman_15th_Corps.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ottoman_15th_Corps.jpg",
   "caption": "Kaiser Wilhelm II inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia, Poland. Prince Leopold of Bavaria, the Supreme Commander of the German Army on the Eastern Front, is second from the left",
   "year": 1917,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "German official photographer",
   "collection": "IWM"
  },
  {
   "file": "File:From the fighting in Bukovina - Russian assault after preparatory barrage, 11 July 1916.png",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/From_the_fighting_in_Bukovina_-_Russian_assault_after_preparatory_barrage%2C_11_July_1916.png/500px-From_the_fighting_in_Bukovina_-_Russian_assault_after_preparatory_barrage%2C_11_July_1916.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:From_the_fighting_in_Bukovina_-_Russian_assault_after_preparatory_barrage,_11_July_1916.png",
   "caption": "From the fighting in Bukovina - Russian assault after preparatory barrage, 11 July 1916",
   "year": 1916,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Arthur Heyer",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:From the fighting of the Russian offensive in the Buchach area, 1916.png",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/From_the_fighting_of_the_Russian_offensive_in_the_Buchach_area%2C_1916.png/500px-From_the_fighting_of_the_Russian_offensive_in_the_Buchach_area%2C_1916.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:From_the_fighting_of_the_Russian_offensive_in_the_Buchach_area,_1916.png",
   "caption": "From the fighting of the Russian offensive in the Buchach area, 1916",
   "year": 1916,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Ladislaus Tuszyński",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Fuyards autrichiens a la frontiere roumaine.png",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fuyards_autrichiens_a_la_frontiere_roumaine.png/500px-Fuyards_autrichiens_a_la_frontiere_roumaine.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fuyards_autrichiens_a_la_frontiere_roumaine.png",
   "caption": "Image form Le Petit Journal. Austria-Hungarian POWs on roumanian frontier after Brusilov Offensive",
   "year": 1916,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "from Le Petit Journal",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Panorama with Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova and her family in Sebastopol, 1916.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Panorama_with_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_Romanova_and_her_family_in_Sebastopol%2C_1916.jpg/500px-Panorama_with_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_Romanova_and_her_family_in_Sebastopol%2C_1916.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_with_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_Romanova_and_her_family_in_Sebastopol,_1916.jpg",
   "caption": "Panorama with Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova and her family in Sebastopol, 27 May 1916 (14 May 1916, in the eastern Old System). Celebrations of the 20th anniversary of the beginning of Nicholas II kingdom and in order to prepare the en:Brusilov offensive",
   "year": 1916,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Romanov family",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Turkish troops in Galicia repel a Russian attack at Zolota Lipa on August 17, 1916.png",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Turkish_troops_in_Galicia_repel_a_Russian_attack_at_Zolota_Lipa_on_August_17%2C_1916.png/500px-Turkish_troops_in_Galicia_repel_a_Russian_attack_at_Zolota_Lipa_on_August_17%2C_1916.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Turkish_troops_in_Galicia_repel_a_Russian_attack_at_Zolota_Lipa_on_August_17,_1916.png",
   "caption": "Turkish troops in Galicia repel a Russian attack at Zolota Lipa on August 17, 1916",
   "year": 1916,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Fritz Neumann",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Огромные трофеи дивизии Гильчевского (на фото в светлых сапогах).jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%28%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85%29.jpg/500px-%D0%9E%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%28%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85).jpg",
   "caption": "Летом 1916 года в ходе знаменитого Брусиловского прорыва дивизия генерала Гильчевского захватила 22 тыс. пленных",
   "year": 1916,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Трофеи. Юго-Западный фронт.png",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B8._%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82.png/500px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B8._%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B8._%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82.png",
   "caption": "Трофеи русской армии после Брусиловского прорыва",
   "year": 1916,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Журнал Нива",
   "collection": null
  }
 ],
 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "brusilov",
  "query": "Brusiloff",
  "from": "1916-06-04",
  "to": "1916-10-04",
  "total": 542,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1916-06-10",
    "paper": "The richmond palladium and sun-telegram (richmond, ind.)",
    "place": "Richmond, Indiana",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86058226/1916-06-10/ed-1/?sp=5",
    "snippet": "... SUCCESS. COPENHAGEN. June 10 General [[tag]]Brusiloff[[/tag]], the Russian field command er, has driven a wedge between the and Austro-Hungarian armies, expos ing the flanks of both. It is reported that the kaiser, highly alarmed by the situation on the east front, is prepar ing to hasten there. TO ATTEND CONVENTION. Several Richmond doctors are plan ning to attend the national convention of the American Medical Association in Detroit. June 12-15. The following doctors will probably attend: Charles Marvel, L. F. Ross, Melville F. Johnston, J. E. King, S. C. Markley and Fred Krueger. BUNDY SERVES FOR 25 YEARS ON POLICE BEAT Grovelle Bundy, veteran police offic er, was today passing around the cigars at police ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1916-06-21",
    "paper": "The Cordova daily times (Cordova, Alaska)",
    "place": "Cordova, Alaska",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86072239/1916-06-21/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... this northern flank, and General [[tag]]Brusiloff[[/tag]] ’s armies appear to have checked the Russian advance. NORTHWESTERN TO SAIL' VIA OOTSIOE PASSAGE I The steamship Northwestern, of the j \\laska Steamship Company, is due t irrive from the west tomorrow night ind will sail for the south Friday norning. She will take the outside j iassage from Cordova direct to Cape Flattery. The steamship Mariposa, of the tame line, sailed for the west last light at 10:30 o'clock. She had thci' ollowing passengers from Cordova:;' Urs. T. I. Hunt, A. I). McDonald, Miss| •\"lorence Wilson. Mrs. Delia Corraggej ind Mrs. J. Y. Ostrander. -:o: GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SAYS GLACIER RECEDES WASHINGTON, June 17. The United States geological ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1916-07-06",
    "paper": "The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat (Keokuk, Iowa)",
    "place": "Keokuk, Iowa",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87057262/1916-07-06/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... badly wound ed since General [[tag]]Brusiloff[[/tag]] began his sweep through Volhynia, Galacia and Bukowina. That number will be un available for the summer and tall campaigns of the central powers. General Letchlzky*s advance in southeastern Galicia, after the capture (Comttnned on pan 1\\ 1 Here are five of the officers of the Tenth Cavalry, several companies of II Mil Reported to Have Arrived With General Stair at the Sonune Front Toiday. TO STEM THE ADVANCE 'British Must'Be Stopped at All Costs In the'Offenslve Against the German Armies. [By Ed. Li. Keen, United Press Staff Correspondent.] LONDON, July 6.—The kaiser is reported to have arrived on the Somme front accompanied by mem bers of his general ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1916-07-27",
    "paper": "The Fulton County news (McConnellsburg, Pa.)",
    "place": "Mcconnellsburg, Pennsylvania",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86081889/1916-07-27/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... DRIVE FOR K0VEL RENEWED General [[tag]]Brusiloff[[/tag]] Brings Up Strong Reinforcements From the Stok hod To Crush Austro-Ger-man Line On the Llpa. London. It is reported from retro grad, that a great battle Is developing at Jablonltza, the results of which thus far have been favorable to the Rus sians. In addition to the heavy fight ing in the Carpathians, the dlsnatch says, the Russian offensive has been resumed before Kovel and Vladlmlr Volynskl and in the Riga are Jabli Tiza is In the Carpathians south of Kolomea, near the northern end of one of the mountain passes leading to Hungary. Unofficial dispatches from Petrograd say that the second stage of the bat tle for the ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1916-07-30",
    "paper": "The Sun and New York press (New York [N.Y.])",
    "place": "New York, New York",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030430/1916-07-30/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... GERMAN BALLOON ON FIRE Gen. [[tag]]Brusiloff[[/tag]] Said to Have Driven Enemy Back on Whole Kovcl Front. London, July 29. The British official statement from headquarters in France Issued to-night reads: Kxcent for minor local actions and some heavy artillery fire on both sides nothing of Importance occurred on the Somme front to-day. On other parts of the British front there was the Usual trench warfare activity. One of our patrols entered the enemy trenches at Pults (shaft 14) and kilted several Germans. The enemy exploded a mine at Neu-vllle-ht. Vaast and one at Hairpin Craters without doing us damage or causing any casualties. Three enemy aeroplanes were de stroyed yesterday, and a German kite balloon ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1916-08-16",
    "paper": "The detroit times (detroit, mich.)",
    "place": "Detroit, Michigan",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016689/1916-08-16/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... In Thirty-Mile Line of Flame [[tag]]BRUSILOFF[[/tag]] IS STILL UNCHECKED Czar’s Armies Have Taken .358,602 Pris oners, Is Claim Ry ED. L KEES. (PtafJ Correspondent f'ni/ed Prets LONDON'. An* 16 A ht*sdy ad ▼ance by the Ruslan* and an Ital ian victory aoufh of Gorits, wr-re announln official dispatches from allied capital* today, while an artil lery duel raged over the Anglo- French battle front In Southeastern Galicia, the Ru* etan* are forginy westward and have captured two villages beside* other Austrian position*, the Run slan war ofTlr** announced Only In the north, where stubborn Austro German resistance west of the Zlota LI pa river has checked the exar’s troops, is there any Indication of •lackenln* ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1916-08-24",
    "paper": "The Columbus commercial (Columbus, Miss.)",
    "place": "Columbus, Mississippi",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87065028/1916-08-24/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "The Slavs are now advancing on [[tag]]Brusiloff[[/tag]], and may brush [[tag]]Brusiloff[[/tag]] off the map. When the Fire Alarm Is Sounding I I Represent Compa nies that write Insur ance that INSURES. 8 J\" Phone 531 And the FJames Are Leaping High Though Remorse and Fear Ara Hounding It's Too Late mssKsssssBaassak To Procure A Fire Insurance Policy Some One Ha Saldt \"VtWM delay, they treed remorse,\" And Ajaln ''The sooner the Utter; delay i a ft tier It Doesn't Take Long To Procure A A Fire Insurance Policy JESSE P. WOODWARD GENERAL INSURANCE COLUMBUS, MISS. A factory in France drives turbines with water from a reservoir on a mountain 600 feet above it. Mr. W. T."
   },
   {
    "date": "1916-10-02",
    "paper": "Anchorage daily times and Cook Inlet pioneer (Anchorage, Alaska)",
    "place": "Anchorage, Alaska",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/2019271005/1916-10-02/ed-1/?sp=9",
    "snippet": "Gen. [[tag]]Brusiloff[[/tag]] Sees End of War in August, 1917 In a recent interview with the cor respondent of the London Chronicle, General [[tag]]Brusiloff[[/tag]], commander of the, Russian forces in the Galician-Volhy nian sectors, and likewise the Carpa thian-Dobrudja sectors, said: “It goes without saying that I felt deep joy when I heard that Rumania had declared war on Austria. My left flank, now resting on the Rumanian army, with which it has virtually brought itself into contact, is now un doubtedly secure. The Rumanian ar my is a strength with which one must reckon. It is under good leadership, an excellent spirit animates it, and it is subjected to remarkable discipline. ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}