{
 "slug": "cambrai-1917",
 "title": "Battle of Cambrai (1917)",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "20 November – 7 December 1917",
 "start": "1917-11-20",
 "end": "1917-12-07",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I",
 "place": {
  "name": "Hindenburg Line south-west of Cambrai, Nord, France: Flesquières, Bourlon Wood and Masnières",
  "lat": 50.125,
  "lon": 3.125,
  "wikidata": "Q654374"
 },
 "lede": "On 20 November 1917 Byng's Third Army broke deep into the Hindenburg Line with massed tanks and an unregistered surprise barrage. Ten days later a German counter-attack retook most of the ground, foreshadowing the methods of 1918.",
 "result": "Indecisive: a British breakthrough on 20 November, then a German counter-attack that retook most of the ground by 7 December",
 "result_cdb90": "draw",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "British Third Army, with the Tank Corps, Cavalry Corps and Royal Flying Corps (including Newfoundland and Indian units)",
   "commanders": [
    "Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig",
    "General Sir Julian Byng",
    "Lieutenant-General William Pulteney (III Corps)",
    "Lieutenant-General Charles Woollcombe (IV Corps)",
    "Brigadier-General Hugh Elles (Tank Corps)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": null,
    "low": null,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 44207,
    "low": 43000,
    "high": 47596,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "German 2nd Army (Gruppe Caudry and Gruppe Arras, later Gruppe Busigny), Army Group Crown Prince Rupprecht",
   "commanders": [
    "General Georg von der Marwitz",
    "Generalleutnant Otto von Moser (Gruppe Arras)",
    "Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria (army group)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": null,
    "low": null,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 54720,
    "low": 45000,
    "high": 54720,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "By the autumn of 1917 the British Expeditionary Force had spent months in the Third Battle of Ypres, where the Flanders mud made tanks all but useless. Officers of the Tank Corps looked for firmer ground on which to prove the new weapon. Brigadier-General Hugh Elles proposed a tank operation in the Cambrai area, and his chief staff officer, J. F. C. Fuller, drew up a scheme for a large raid into a canal-bounded pocket south-west of the town, where rolling downland suited tracked vehicles. In August, separately, Henry Tudor, commanding the artillery of the 9th (Scottish) Division, proposed a surprise attack in the IV Corps sector that relied on guns brought up secretly and registered silently, so that no preliminary bombardment would warn the enemy.\n\nGeneral Sir Julian Byng, commanding Third Army, combined the two ideas, and the raid grew into a full offensive with far wider aims: Bourlon Ridge, Cambrai itself and a thrust towards Valenciennes. Britannica judges that the drain of Passchendaele left the British without the resources for aims of that size.\n\nCambrai was an important supply centre behind the Siegfriedstellung, the Hindenburg Line, and taking the town and Bourlon Ridge would threaten the rear of the German line to the north. The sector was quiet, but the Germans had used the quiet to build an elaborate defence in depth, with deep belts of wire and trenches widened to stop tanks. The attack was set for 20 November on a front of roughly 10,000 yards, some 8 miles west of Cambrai. Despite the secrecy, the Germans were on moderate alert: they expected an attack at Havrincourt and expected tanks.",
  "forces": "Byng attacked with two corps: III Corps (Pulteney) on the right and IV Corps (Woollcombe) on the left, six infantry divisions in all, with one more in reserve and the three divisions of the Cavalry Corps (Kavanagh) waiting to exploit a breach. The Tank Corps brought 476 tanks, about 378 of them Mark IV fighting tanks and the rest supply and service machines. Each fighting tank carried a fascine, a frame of 75 smaller brushwood bundles weighing about 1.5 tons, to drop into the widened Hindenburg trenches; tanks worked in threes, so that each wide trench could be bridged in turn. Elles chose to lead in the centre in his own tank, Hilda.\n\nThe artillery mattered as much as the armour. The 1,003 guns were registered silently, with the help of sound ranging, rather than by firing ranging shots, and fired No. 106 fuzes, which burst high explosive without cratering the ground the tanks had to cross. The Royal Flying Corps had trained its pilots in ground attack for two weeks beforehand.\n\nMarwitz's German 2nd Army held the sector thinly, with two or three divisions in the line. One of them, the 54th, included Field Artillery Regiment 108, trained in anti-tank work after the French tank attacks of the spring. German reserves were close, and by 23 November about twenty divisions had gathered around Cambrai. For the counter-stroke they would use the short, intense bombardments and infiltration tactics developed by Hutier and his artillery commander, Georg Bruchmüller, against the Russians.",
  "course": "**The British attack, 20–29 November (CDB90 engagement 320, CAMBRAI I).** At dawn on 20 November, 06:20 or about 06:30 by different accounts, the British guns opened all at once on targets they had never fired at, with smoke and then a creeping barrage some 300 yards ahead of the tanks and infantry. On the right, the 12th (Eastern) Division reached Lateau Wood. The 20th (Light) Division pushed through La Vacquerie to the St Quentin Canal at Masnières, where the bridge collapsed under a tank, ending hopes of crossing in strength. In the centre, the 6th Division took Ribécourt and Marcoing, but the cavalry came through late and were repulsed at Noyelles. On the left, the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division went through Havrincourt and Graincourt to within reach of Bourlon Wood, and the 36th (Ulster) Division reached the Bapaume–Cambrai road.\n\nThe check came at Flesquières, in the middle of the front. The 51st (Highland) Division under George Harper was held there,. Almost forty tanks were knocked out by German artillery near the village. Harper's local variation of the tank drill was long blamed; Bryn Hammond argues instead that the cause was the anti-tank gunners of FAR 108 and Harper's reluctance to commit his reserve brigade. The tale of a single German officer who knocked out many tanks, which Haig repeated in his despatch, was recorded by the official history as a legend. The Germans abandoned Flesquières that night.\n\nBy dark the British had advanced up to 5 miles (8 km) on a front about 6 miles wide, at a cost of about 4,000 casualties. They had taken 4,200 prisoners by one count, about 7,500 by another. But 179 tanks were out of action: 65 to enemy fire, 71 broken down and 43 ditched or lost to other causes. Bourlon Ridge was still in German hands.\n\nOn 21 November Flesquières and Cantaing were taken early, but the advance slowed. III Corps stopped and the effort shifted to IV Corps and Bourlon Ridge. German counter-attacks retook Moeuvres that day and Fontaine on 22 November. On 23 November the 40th Division (Ponsonby), with almost 100 tanks and 430 guns, attacked Bourlon Wood. It reached the crest but could go no further, losing more than 4,000 men in three days. A last effort by the 62nd Division and 30 tanks on 27 November was thrown back. On 28 November the offensive was halted, and the British dug in around a salient roughly 7 by 6 miles while the Germans fired more than 16,000 shells into Bourlon Wood in a single day.\n\n**The German counter-attack, 30 November–7 December (CDB90 engagement 321, CAMBRAI II).** The Germans planned to pinch out the salient. Gruppe Arras (Moser) was to strike at Bourlon, while Gruppe Caudry attacked from Bantouzelle and Rumilly towards Marcoing, with Gruppe Busigny advancing from Banteux. At 07:00 on 30 November, after a short, intense bombardment, infantry advancing in groups rather than waves bypassed strongpoints and fell on III Corps. In the south they moved unexpectedly fast, spreading across some 8 miles and coming within a few miles of the village of Metz. The commanders of the 12th and 29th Divisions were almost captured, and Brigadier-General Berkeley Vincent had to fight his way out of his headquarters. At Bourlon the Germans lost heavily; one group of eight British machine guns fired more than 70,000 rounds. Counter-attacks by the Guards Division, the arrival of British tanks and nightfall held the line.\n\nThe German momentum faded the next day, but on 3 December they took La Vacquerie and forced the British off the east bank of the canal. Haig ordered a partial withdrawal from the northern salient. By 7 December the British were back near their start line, keeping only a stretch of the Hindenburg Line around Havrincourt, Ribécourt and Flesquières, while the Germans held a slightly smaller sector to the south, around Gonnelieu.",
  "aftermath": "Britain greeted the first day's success by ringing church bells, the first such celebration since 1914 according to one account. British losses were about 44,000 for the whole battle, about 6,000 of them captured on 30 November; German losses were somewhere between 45,000 and 55,000 depending on the source. The ground taken was almost all given back, and the shock of 30 November led to several investigations, including a Court of Enquiry.\n\nThe lessons cut both ways. Cambrai showed that even the strongest field defences could be broken by surprise, using predicted artillery fire, tanks, infantry and aircraft together, methods that matured in the Hundred Days of 1918. Crown Prince Rupprecht warned that wherever the ground suited tanks, surprise attacks like this could be expected, so there could be no more quiet fronts, forcing scarce resources into anti-tank defence. Their own counter-attack, with its short bombardment and infiltrating storm troops, encouraged them to believe that an offensive could end the war before American strength told.\n\nCambrai is often called the first tank battle. It was not: British tanks first fought at Flers–Courcelette in September 1916, and both the British and French had used them in numbers earlier in 1917. It was the first large-scale, effective use of massed tanks, but the official historian and modern scholars such as Hammond give the artillery and infantry methods as much credit as the armour. The Royal Tank Regiment still marks Cambrai Day, and the Newfoundland Regiment is remembered at Masnières.",
  "wargaming": "Cambrai offers two very different games on the same rolling downland. The battalion or company scale suits it best, with one stand per company or platoon, one model per tank or section of tanks, and turns of 15–30 minutes.\n\nThe opening day is a set-piece break-in. The British player has surprise, a predicted barrage and hundreds of tanks, but tanks that break down, ditch and need their fascines to cross the widest trenches. The key terrain is the Flesquières ridge, the St Quentin Canal bridges at Masnières and Marcoing, and Bourlon Wood on the skyline. Rules should cover mechanical failure, German field guns firing over open sights and the friction of infantry–tank co-operation. The best what-ifs are Harper committing his reserve brigade early at Flesquières, the Masnières bridge holding, or the cavalry arriving in time to push past Noyelles.\n\nThe counter-attack of 30 November reverses the roles. The German player has a short, intense bombardment and storm troops trained to bypass strongpoints; the British player has a tired salient, scattered headquarters and the Guards Division in reserve. La Vacquerie and the Bonavis ridge are the objectives in the south, Bourlon Wood in the north. A campaign game linking the two phases, with tank and reserve losses carried over, lets players test whether Haig should have stopped on 21 November."
 },
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  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of Cambrai (1917) (Wikipedia)",
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  {
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   "title": "Battle of Cambrai (Australian War Memorial)",
   "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84316",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "The Cambrai operations, 1917 (The Long, Long Trail)",
   "url": "https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/battles/battles-of-the-western-front-in-france-and-flanders/the-cambrai-operations-1917-battle-of-cambrai/",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "The Battle of Cambrai: The Fascine (The Tank Museum, Bovington)",
   "url": "https://tankmuseum.org/?p=4346",
   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "Great Victory for the Tanks (The Tank Museum, on Google Arts & Culture)",
   "url": "https://artsandculture.google.com/story/great-victory-for-the-tanks-tank-museum/QwVR9yj4NYjNKA?hl=en-GB",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "J. Rickard, Battle of Cambrai, 20 November–7 December 1917 (historyofwar.org, 2007)",
   "url": "https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_cambrai.html",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Lone gunner of Flesquières (Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_gunner_of_Flesqui%C3%A8res",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Wilfrid Miles, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1917, vol. III: The Battle of Cambrai (HMSO, 1948; IWM and Battery Press reprint, 1991)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s10",
   "title": "Bryn Hammond, Cambrai 1917: The Myth of the First Great Tank Battle (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2008)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s11",
   "title": "Jack Sheldon, The German Army at Cambrai (Pen & Sword, 2009)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
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   "file": "File:A Mark IV (Male) tank of 'H' Battalion, 'Hyacinth', ditched in a German trench while supporting 1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment near Ribecourt during the Battle of Cambrai, 20 November 1917. Q6432.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/A_Mark_IV_%28Male%29_tank_of_%27H%27_Battalion%2C_%27Hyacinth%27%2C_ditched_in_a_German_trench_while_supporting_1st_Battalion%2C_Leicestershire_Regiment_near_Ribecourt_during_the_Battle_of_Cambrai%2C_20_November_1917._Q6432.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "A Mark IV (Male) tank of 'H' Battalion, 'Hyacinth', ditched in a German trench while supporting 1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment near Ribecourt during the Battle of Cambrai, 20 November 1917. A Mark IV (Male) tank of ‘H’ Battalion ditched in a German trench while supporting the 1st B",
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   "caption": "The Battle of Cambrai, November-december 1917 Men of the 11th Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment (6th Division) with Vickers machine guns in a captured second line trench at Ribecourt, 20 November 1917",
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   "caption": "The Battle of Cambrai, November-december 1917 Guns captured by the 18th Brigade, 6th Division at Ribecourt, 22 November 1917",
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   "caption": "The Battle of Cambrai, November-december 1917 A tank of 'G' Battalion, Tank Corps, 40th Division, passing captured German field guns at Graincourt on its way to take part in the attack on Bourlon Wood, 23 November 1917",
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   "caption": "The Battle of Cambrai, November-december 1917 German 210mm howitzer in its emplacement in a ruined barn, captured by the 51st Division at Flesquieres, 24 November 1917. (2015 Comment: This is a \"21 cm Turmhaubitze M 1891\" as it was made by Krupp for the belgian forts Liege, Namur and Antwerp, conver",
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   "licence": "Public domain",
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   "caption": "The Battle of Cambrai, November-december 1917 Track of a tank through German wire in front of the Hindenburg Line west of Trescault, 10 December 1917",
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   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "John Warwick Brooke",
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   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_tank_leads_the_infantry_into_action_and_breaks_down_the_wire_entanglements_%281917%29_-_India_Office_Official_Record_of_the_Great_War_%281921%29_-_BL_Photo_21-153.jpg/500px-A_tank_leads_the_infantry_into_action_and_breaks_down_the_wire_entanglements_%281917%29_-_India_Office_Official_Record_of_the_Great_War_%281921%29_-_BL_Photo_21-153.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "A tank leads the infantry into action and breaks down the wire entanglements. 1915. Collection: The photographs appear in a variety of sizes, shapes and colours including shades of blue, green and brown. They record scenes of military life as experienced by the Indian and British armies in France du",
   "year": 1917,
   "licence": "CC0",
   "artist": "H. D. Girdwood",
   "collection": null
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   "file": "File:A-military-tank-crossing-in-the-bridge-in-France-during-World-W-391753810268.jpg",
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   "caption": "Det ... förlorade stora tanksslaget vid Cambrai i oktober fick befintliga engelska pansartanks borttransporteras med järnväg",
   "year": 1917,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown photographer",
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   "caption": "Front page of The Daily Mirror, January 17, 1918: ‘How the Germans saw the tanks’",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "The Daily Mirror",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Italian aerial bombs WWI (cropped).jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Italian_aerial_bombs_WWI_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Italian_aerial_bombs_WWI_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Italian_aerial_bombs_WWI_(cropped).jpg",
   "caption": "Italienska flygbomber (artillerigranater apterad med stjärtstyrverk) av vilka tyskarna erövrat en mängd i användbart skick efter Slaget vid Cambrai 1917",
   "year": 1917,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "unknown",
   "collection": null
  },
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   "file": "File:Italian aerial bombs WWI.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Italian_aerial_bombs_WWI.jpg/500px-Italian_aerial_bombs_WWI.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Italian_aerial_bombs_WWI.jpg",
   "caption": "Italienska flygbomber (artillerigranater apterad med stjärtstyrverk) av vilka tyskarna erövrat en mängd i användbart skick efter Slaget vid Cambrai 1917",
   "year": 1917,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "unknown",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Mark IV Tank Cambrai Ans 05297-022-AL-FL.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mark_IV_Tank_Cambrai_Ans_05297-022-AL-FL.jpg/500px-Mark_IV_Tank_Cambrai_Ans_05297-022-AL-FL.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_IV_Tank_Cambrai_Ans_05297-022-AL-FL.jpg",
   "caption": "Mark IV Tank in Cambrai, Frankreich",
   "year": 1917,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Bildcode: Ans_05297-022-AL-FL Fotograf: Unbekannt Titel: Cambrai (F), britischer Mark IV Tank. Beschreibung: Panzer Dati",
   "collection": null
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 ],
 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "cambrai-1917",
  "query": "Cambrai",
  "from": "1917-11-20",
  "to": "1917-12-21",
  "total": 2803,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1917-11-21",
    "paper": "The daily missoulian (missoula, mont.)",
    "place": "Missoula, Montana",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025316/1917-11-21/ed-2/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... this thrust is nearly opposite [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]], an important Gorman base and a railway center, from which the British line on the Bapaume-[[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] road is about nine miles distant, as it has stood for several months past. The main force of the push just launched apparently is aimed at [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]], along this road. What is known as the \"Hindenburg line'' was established last spring, when the famous \"strategic retreat'' oh the Somme front was carried out. It was a supposedly impregnable barrier. British and French, however, showed in the Arras battle of last spring and in the French drive on the Aisne front that the line by no means was a bar to prog ress and ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-11-23",
    "paper": "The Daily Missoulian (Missoula, Mont.)",
    "place": "Missoula, Montana",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025316/1917-11-23/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "9,000 Prisoners Taken in Advance on [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] Hand of I. W. W. Seen British Fonces Encircling Important Railroad Center; Last jHun Trenches Crossed Tapks and Cavalry Become Prominent Factors in Open Field Fight. GERMAN CASUALTIES REACH GREAT TOTAL Brityns is Rapidly Consolidat ing Positions Won in Bril* liant Attack. BULLETIN. London, Nov. 22.—The prie oners taken in the [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] ad vance now number more than 9,000, Reuter's cerreapondent at headquarters reports. The «British official commu nication issued this evening an nounces the successful consoli dation of all the captured area in the region of [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]], ex cept the village of Fontaine Notre Dame, which has been re captured by the Germans in a counter attack. British ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-11-23",
    "paper": "Atlanta semi-weekly journal (Atlanta, Ga.;Atlanta, Ga)",
    "place": "Atlanta, Georgia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86090947/1917-11-23/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... of Byng’s troops west of [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]], where they had anvanced north of Fontaine and Anneux, and a similar German success southwest of [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]], where the British were forced to give ground south of Rumilly. Rumilly it self, however, is within 3 1-2 miles of [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] and the German mention of a “starting position” here evidently means the line from which the British yesterday began resumption of their attack after their original advance, which reached nearly five miles at this point. Tanks, Cavalry and Infantry Closing Steadily on [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] BY WILLIAM PHILIP SIMMS WITH THE BRITISH ARMIES BE YOND THE HINDENBURG LINE, Nov. 22.—Victorious Britain \"carried on\" to day w.’th her triumphant smashing of the Hindenburg ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-11-27",
    "paper": "The Abbeville press and banner (Abbeville, S.C.)",
    "place": "Abbeville, South Carolina",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026853/1917-11-27/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... wooded heights their tenure o [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] would be seriously men aced. Several times previously th British had gained footholds in botl tne town and the wood, but eacl 1 r? 4-f-o r*\\r time' under vicious tuunrei-akWK.^ were compelled to relinquish them. The northeastern portion of th wood apparently now is the sole re maining part of it that is still ii German hands and, being onl; about 3 1-2 miles distance fron [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]], the Germans are doinj their utmost to hold it, and even t drive back the British who hav gaine da footing there. Since the beginning of the battii of [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] the British war offici reports have been extremely meagri with details of ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-11-29",
    "paper": "The Brookings register (Brookings, Brookings County, S.D.)",
    "place": "Brookings, South Dakota",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85042792/1917-11-29/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "At various points west of [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] British made progress yesterday. More than 100 guns have been cap tured in this area. General Byng today fought back to within two miles of [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]]. Ger mans were hurled upon Fontains Notre Dame. Town is now' in flames. Germans are falling back on Pro ville, a suburb of [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] proper. Today British lines menaced entire German salient between [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] and the Sensee valley. Withdrawal of British forces from Fontaine Notre Dame was a case of pure bad luck. Companies defending position were short of ammunition when attacked by three battalions. Battle upon which fate of Venetian plains may depend developing in a fury of concentrated fire today, be ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-12-02",
    "paper": "Evening star (Washington, D.C.)",
    "place": "Washington, District Of Columbia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1917-12-02/ed-1/?sp=27",
    "snippet": "... taken Canlalng. four mUe? from [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]]. on a local road, and were j In Fontaine Notre Dame, on the main Bapaume-[[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] road, less than thr? miles from [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]]. But they were enduring: counter attacks whjch in next twenty-four hours turned them of Fontaine. West of Fontaine they fighting in the Bourlorv woods, m cover Hill 104. a spur which domln [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] at a distance of four mllea. sesMon of this eminence would their western flank, but until It wa_ the danger in a further direct thrueta* [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] was obvious. Meantime the Ger man counter attacks were developing, might have been expected, not south from [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] at the point of the British wedg* but southwest along ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-12-07",
    "paper": "The Ocala banner (Ocala, Marion County, Fla.)",
    "place": "Ocala, Florida",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn88074815/1917-12-07/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... to Re new Attacks at [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] IBTILLERY BBBKS 6ERWAN TROOP GONGENTRAIION After four day* of effort which brought them hut small gains of ter rain at a great cost in casualties, the Germans have not renewed ther ef forts in the [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] sector. The Brit ish salient there, however, is still a menace to the aecurity of the German lines north and south of [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]] and the German axtillerly bombardment is probably but the prelude to further desperate efforts to wipe out the gains made by General Byng's troops. British artillery yesterday broke up enemy troop concentrations east of Gauzeacourt and near Moeuvres, on the southern and northern legs of the salient, respectively, and the ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-12-21",
    "paper": "The Glasgow courier (Glasgow, Mont.)",
    "place": "Glasgow, Montana",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85042379/1917-12-21/ed-1/?sp=16",
    "snippet": "... pie and the blazing pudding. [[tag]]CAMBRAI[[/tag]] When one speaks of cambric one speaks the Flemish name of [[tag]]Cambrai[[/tag]], that beautiful and prosperous city of the upper Scheldt, ancient seat of the shadowy King Raguacharius, where fine linen fabrics have been woven for centuries. Still earlier, it was the Camaracum of the Nervi i, the indom itable tribe of the Belgae that Julius Caesar overthrew in his famous bat tle on the Sambre. Now the Ger mans, who have occupied it for three years, hold it with fire and steel against the charging British. Fortified by Charlemagne, it suf fered in succeeding centuries the at tacks of many hostile armies, French, Burgundian, Hungarian, Spanish, Au strain, ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}