{
 "slug": "camden",
 "title": "Battle of Camden",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1775–1815",
 "date_text": "16 August 1780",
 "start": "1780-08-16",
 "end": "1780-08-16",
 "war": "American Revolutionary War",
 "cdb90_war": "AMERICAN REVOLUTION",
 "place": {
  "name": "North of Camden, Kershaw County, South Carolina (Camden Battlefield and Longleaf Pine Preserve, about 5.5 miles north of the town)",
  "lat": 34.3646,
  "lon": -80.6139,
  "wikidata": "Q1539513"
 },
 "lede": "Marching by night on half-rations, Horatio Gates's southern army stumbled into Cornwallis north of Camden. At dawn the militia fled before British bayonets, de Kalb's Continentals were overwhelmed, and the American army in the South all but ceased to exist.",
 "result": "Decisive British victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "British army in South Carolina: 23rd, 33rd and two battalions of the 71st Foot, light infantry, Volunteers of Ireland, British Legion, Royal North Carolina Regiment, North Carolina Loyalist volunteers and Royal Artillery",
   "commanders": [
    "Lieutenant-General Charles, Earl Cornwallis",
    "Colonel Francis, Lord Rawdon",
    "Lieutenant-Colonel James Webster",
    "Lieutenant-Colonel Banastre Tarleton"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 2239,
    "low": 2100,
    "high": 2300,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 324,
    "low": 306,
    "high": 331,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "American Southern Army: Maryland and Delaware Continentals, Continental artillery, Armand's Legion, North Carolina and Virginia militia and a few South Carolina volunteers",
   "commanders": [
    "Major-General Horatio Gates",
    "Major-General Johann de Kalb",
    "Brigadier-General William Smallwood",
    "Brigadier-General Mordecai Gist",
    "Major-General Richard Caswell",
    "Brigadier-General Edward Stevens",
    "Colonel Charles Armand (Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouërie)",
    "Colonel Otho Holland Williams"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 3052,
    "low": 3052,
    "high": 4100,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 1900,
    "low": 1050,
    "high": 1900,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "Charleston fell on 12 May 1780, and with it Benjamin Lincoln's southern army. Sir Henry Clinton went back to New York in June and left Cornwallis to pacify South Carolina, with a chain of posts inland and a supply depot and garrison at Camden. It proved harder than winning a battle. Few Loyalists turned out, and Patriot partisans under Sumter, Marion and Pickens struck at the outposts in a summer of civil war.\n\nWashington had already sent south the Maryland and Delaware Continentals under Johann de Kalb, a German veteran of French service. Washington wanted Nathanael Greene for the command, but Congress gave it to Horatio Gates, the victor of Saratoga. Gates joined de Kalb on the Deep River in North Carolina on 25 July and two days later marched for Camden. He took the direct road through thinly inhabited, Loyalist country against the advice of several officers, Otho Williams among them. No supplies or recruits came in, and the hungry men went down with diarrhoea.\n\nRichard Caswell's 2,100 North Carolina militia joined on 7 August and Edward Stevens's 700 Virginians at Rugeley's Mill, about twelve miles from Camden. Gates believed he had over 7,000 men; Williams counted 3,052 fit for duty, and Gates replied that there were 'enough for our purposes'. Meanwhile Lord Rawdon held Camden with about 1,000 men, many of them sick. Cornwallis heard of Gates's advance on 9 August and rode in on the 13th to take command. Rather than wait to be attacked, he decided to strike first. On the evening of 15 August both armies set out at about 10 p.m., each meaning to surprise the other.",
  "forces": "Cornwallis had about 2,100 to 2,300 men fit to march. His best were the British regulars: the 23rd (Royal Welch Fusiliers) and 33rd Foot under James Webster, two battalions of the 71st (Fraser's) Highlanders and some light infantry. Rawdon's wing was Provincial: his own Volunteers of Ireland, the infantry of Tarleton's British Legion, the Royal North Carolina Regiment and some North Carolina Loyalist militia. Tarleton's Legion dragoons, about 180 strong, were the only real cavalry on either side. There were four guns in the centre.\n\nGates's army was larger, about 3,050 effectives, but two-thirds militia who had never drilled together. The core was de Kalb's Continentals: two Maryland brigades under Gist and Smallwood and the Delaware Regiment, about 900 infantry on the day, with seven or eight guns and about 100 gunners. Caswell's North Carolinians were about 1,800 and Stevens's Virginians 700; neither had ever used the bayonet. Armand's Legion had about 120 men, horse and foot. Both armies were sick: Cornwallis had perhaps a third of his men on the rolls unfit, and Gates's men had been purged by a meal of half-baked bread, beef and molasses on the 15th.",
  "course": "**The night march, 10 p.m.** Gates meant to seize a strong position, scouted by his engineer Johann Christian Senf, on the north bank of Saunders Creek. His column left Rugeley's Mill with Armand's Legion in front. The molasses, issued because no rum had arrived, worked on the men all night, and many broke ranks.\n\n**The collision, about 2 a.m.** The advance guards met in the dark on the road roughly midway between the camps. Sources place it from near midnight to about 2.30 a.m. Armand's horsemen recoiled onto the 1st Maryland Brigade and disordered it; after a brief exchange both sides drew back to wait for light. A prisoner told the Americans that Cornwallis was there with about 3,000 regulars. Gates called a council: 'Gentlemen, what is best to be done?' Stevens answered that it was too late to do anything but fight, and no one argued.\n\n**The lines at dawn.** The armies stood about 200 to 250 yards apart in open longleaf pine woods. Gates put de Kalb with Gist's brigade and the Delawares on the right, Caswell's North Carolinians in the centre and Stevens's Virginians on the left, with Armand behind them and Smallwood's 1st Maryland Brigade in reserve about 200 yards back. Gates and his staff stood behind the reserve. Cornwallis put Webster's regulars on his right, facing the militia, and Rawdon's Provincials on his left, facing the Continentals, with the 71st and Tarleton in reserve. Each general had set his weakest troops against the enemy's best.\n\n**The left breaks.** Williams opened with the guns when the British were about 200 yards off and urged an attack on the British right while it was still deploying. Gates ordered Stevens forward. Instead Webster's brigade, about 530 men, came on firing, cheering and with the bayonet. The Virginians fled almost at once, some without firing, losing only three wounded. The panic spread to the North Carolinians, who streamed away through the woods. Only one North Carolina brigade, next to the Delawares, held its ground.\n\n**De Kalb's fight.** On the right Rawdon's men charged twice and were driven back by heavy fire, and a Continental counter-attack nearly broke them until Cornwallis rallied the line. De Kalb sent the 1st Maryland Brigade forward from reserve, but it could not close the gap to Gist. Webster, instead of chasing the militia, wheeled his regulars left into the Continentals' flank and rear. For about an hour the Marylanders and Delawares fought on, charging with the bayonet. De Kalb's horse was killed and he fought on foot until he fell with eleven wounds.\n\n**Tarleton and the rout.** Tarleton's dragoons charged the Continentals' rear and the line broke at last. About 100 men under Gist escaped through a swamp, and 50 or 60 Marylanders under Anderson, Howard and Kirkwood got away in order. About half of de Kalb's Continentals escaped. Tarleton's pursuit ran some 22 miles up the road, cutting down and taking the fugitives and capturing the wagon train.\n\n**Gates's ride.** Swept up in the militia's flight, Gates tried and failed to rally them near Rugeley's Mill, then rode on. By evening he was at Charlotte, about 60 miles away, and by 19 August at Hillsborough.",
  "aftermath": "The American southern army was destroyed. Perhaps 1,900 were killed, wounded or taken, among them some 1,000 prisoners; the returns were never complete. All the artillery, more than 200 wagons and most of the baggage were lost. Of 48 Continental officers present, nine died and 35 were wounded or taken. De Kalb died of his wounds in Camden as a prisoner on 19 August. Cornwallis lost about 324 men.\n\nHamilton jeered at Gates's flight, 'one hundred and eighty miles in three days and a half', and Washington called the blow severe. Congress removed Gates in October, and Greene took command on 3 December; Greene declined to court-martial him. The disaster was felt as far as the Netherlands, where a loan John Adams had nearly concluded was set aside. Camden was the British high-water mark in the South: within months came Kings Mountain and Cowpens, and Cornwallis's march north ended at Yorktown.\n\nThe argument is about Gates: the night march, the meal, and the placing of raw militia against the best British regulars. The field, a National Historic Landmark since 1961, lies in pinewoods north of Camden. Archaeologists Steven Smith and James Legg of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology have mapped it with metal detectors since about 2000. In 2022 they excavated seven shallow graves holding 14 men, mostly Maryland or Delaware Continentals, one of the 71st Highlanders and one Loyalist, and reburied them with military honours.",
  "wargaming": "Camden is a short, sharp battle of about 5,300 men: an hour or so of fighting on a front of several hundred yards in open pine woods. It works well at battalion or company level, with turns of five to ten minutes, and on a small table. The night clash at about 2 a.m. can be a separate scenario with blind movement and confused cavalry.\n\nThe interest is in morale. The American player has the larger army, but most of it is untried militia who have never faced a bayonet, and are sick. Rules need militia that can break before contact and spread panic to their neighbours, Continentals who will fight on when isolated, and regulars who can be reined in from pursuit to wheel on a flank, as Webster did. Tarleton's dragoons, the only real cavalry on the field, should be decisive if held back for the right moment.\n\nThe what-ifs are many. Gates could have waited behind Saunders Creek, put his Continentals on the left against Webster, or attacked while the British right was deploying as Williams urged. Cornwallis could have waited in Camden. Victory conditions should reward the Americans for getting the Continentals and guns away intact, which is all a skilled player can hope for."
 },
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 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of Camden (Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camden",
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   "id": "s2",
   "title": "Camden (American Battlefield Trust)",
   "url": "https://www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/camden",
   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "10 Facts: The Battle of Camden (American Battlefield Trust)",
   "url": "https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/10-facts-battle-camden",
   "kind": "article"
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  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "Lost and Found: the Camden battlefield graves (American Battlefield Trust, Hallowed Ground)",
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   "kind": "article"
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  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Harrison W. Mark, 'Battle of Camden', World History Encyclopedia, 16 April 2024",
   "url": "https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2428/battle-of-camden/",
   "kind": "article"
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  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "Rob Orrison, '\"Gentlemen, what is best to be done?\" Gates Moves Towards Camden and Makes a Fateful Decision', Emerging Revolutionary War Era, 16 August 2019 (quotes Otho Williams's narrative)",
   "url": "https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/2019/08/16/gentlemen-what-is-best-to-be-done-gates-moves-towards-camden-and-makes-a-fateful-decision/",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "J. D. Lewis, 'The Battle of Camden', The American Revolution in South Carolina (carolana.com)",
   "url": "https://www.carolana.com/SC/Revolution/revolution_battle_of_camden.html",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Excavation of Camden battlefield graves, University of South Carolina news, December 2022",
   "url": "https://sc.edu/uofsc/posts/2022/12/camden_battlefield.php",
   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Jim Piecuch, The Battle of Camden: A Documentary History (The History Press, 2006)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
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   "id": "s10",
   "title": "John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas (John Wiley & Sons, 1997)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
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   "id": "s11",
   "title": "Steven D. Smith, James B. Legg and Tamara S. Wilson, The Archaeology of the Camden Battlefield: History, Private Collections, and Field Investigations (South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2009)",
   "url": "https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/anth_facpub/56",
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