{
 "slug": "cantigny",
 "title": "Battle of Cantigny",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "28–31 May 1918",
 "start": "1918-05-28",
 "end": "1918-05-31",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I (WESTERN FRONT 1918)",
 "place": {
  "name": "Cantigny, Somme, France (west of Montdidier)",
  "lat": 49.6639,
  "lon": 2.4911,
  "wikidata": "Q2221265"
 },
 "lede": "On 28 May 1918 the US 1st Division's 28th Infantry, lent French tanks, flamethrowers and guns, took the Picardy village of Cantigny in under an hour, then held it through three days of shelling and counterattacks: the first American offensive of the war.",
 "result": "American victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "US 1st Division (28th Infantry reinforced), with French tanks, flamethrowers, artillery and aircraft",
   "commanders": [
    "Maj Gen Robert L. Bullard",
    "Brig Gen Buck",
    "Col Hanson E. Ely",
    "Lt Col George C. Marshall"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 28000,
    "low": 3564,
    "high": 28000,
    "source": "s6"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 1067,
    "low": 1067,
    "high": 1603,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "German Eighteenth Army: 82nd Reserve Division (270th, 271st and 272nd Reserve Infantry Regiments), with the 83rd Reserve Infantry Regiment of the 25th Reserve Division",
   "commanders": [
    "Gen Oskar von Hutier",
    "Col Frederichs"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 725,
    "low": null,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 1408,
    "low": 1400,
    "high": 1663,
    "source": "s5"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "By the spring of 1918 Germany had beaten Russia and was gambling on a run of great offensives in the west before the American army arrived in strength. The first, on 21 March, drove the British back towards Amiens. In the emergency General John J. Pershing placed all American combat troops then in France at Foch's disposal, and on 5 April the 1st Division was moved north of Paris. On 27 April it took over a sector west of Montdidier under the French VI Corps of the First Army, the first American division to hold an active battle front.\n\nThe sector was anything but quiet. German guns shelled it constantly, and on 3 May some 10,000 mustard-gas shells fell on the 18th Infantry at Villers-Tournelle, costing about 800 casualties. Opposite the Americans the line bulged round the village of Cantigny, on a rise that gave the Germans observation over the American positions and screened their own rear. It had already changed hands twice. The Allied command was planning a counteroffensive from the Montdidier front, and Cantigny had to be taken first to straighten the line and give it a jumping-off position.\n\nLate in May, now under the French X Corps, the division was told to take it. It would also be the first offensive by an American division, and the Allies would read it as a test of what the newly arriving American troops could do. It went in on 28 May, the day after the third German offensive broke the French line on the Chemin des Dames, some fifty miles away.",
  "forces": "The 1st Division under Major General Robert L. Bullard was a square division of more than 28,000 men, twice the size of a French or German division. Its operations officer, Lieutenant Colonel George C. Marshall, largely wrote the attack order, Field Order No. 18 of 20 May. The assault went to Colonel Hanson Ely's 28th Infantry of Brigadier General Buck's 2nd Brigade, with machine-gun, Stokes mortar, 37-mm gun and engineer detachments and two companies of the 18th Infantry in reserve.\n\nThe French supplied what an American division of 1918 lacked. Twelve Schneider tanks were to deal with machine-gun nests, a detachment of flamethrowers was to clear dugouts, and French aircraft spotted for the guns. The division history counts 386 pieces for the operation: 132 75-mm guns, 36 155-mm howitzers, 178 heavier guns and howitzers up to 280-mm, and 40 trench mortars, some 200,000 rounds in all. The 28th rehearsed for days behind the lines on ground laid out like the German trenches from air photographs, down to platoon level, with the tanks.\n\nThe village was held by the German 82nd Reserve Division, which had relieved the 30th Reserve Division on 16 May. It was a weaker formation, said to be full of over-age veterans and teenage recruits. On 28 May the 1st Battalion of its 272nd Reserve Infantry held Cantigny itself; the 83rd Reserve Infantry of the neighbouring 25th Reserve Division lay to the south.",
  "course": "**27 May: a German raid.** The 28th Infantry came back into the line on the nights of 26/27 and 27/28 May, taking over from the 18th. At 0430 on the 27th German guns opened on the whole divisional front and at 0600 boxed in a raid against the 26th and 28th Infantry. It was beaten off, but the shelling caused serious losses, and Company D, 1st Engineers, lost two officers killed and some thirty men before the attack began. Men captured in the days before gave nothing away; the German prisoners later said the attack came as a complete surprise.\n\n**28 May, 0445–0720: the assault.** At 0445 every gun fired a few registration rounds. At 0545 the preparation began: at least two heavy guns on each German battery position, the heavy howitzers and mortars on the village, gas on the support areas. At 0645 the 75s lifted into a rolling barrage moving 100 metres every two minutes and the infantry followed in three waves, the tanks moving up with the leading wave. The three battalions went in abreast on a front of 2,200 metres: the 3rd on the left, in touch with the French 152nd Division, the 2nd in the centre, from 600 metres west of the village, and the 1st on the right. The centre battalion took Cantigny from the west and north; its commander, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Maxey, was mortally wounded and Captain Clarence Huebner took over. Resistance was slight. By 0720, on schedule, the whole objective line, some 500 metres beyond the village, was reached, an advance of 1,600 metres in the centre.\n\n**Mopping up and consolidation.** Fighting in the village was at close quarters, and the French flamethrowers drove the garrison out of its dugouts. About 230 prisoners were sent back. The tanks were withdrawn about 0800. The leading wave covered the front from shell holes, the second dug trenches and wired them, and the third built three strongpoints: east of the château, in the wood on the northern edge of the village and at the cemetery to the north.\n\n**28 May, afternoon: the French guns leave.** Almost as soon as the objective was reached the French began pulling out the counter-battery artillery to meet the German drive from the Aisne. The German batteries, freed, hammered the new line; by noon the fire was intense and it went on for two to three days. Small counterattacks at 0730 and 0900 were shot down. At 1710 another was broken by the barrage, and after a heavy bombardment several waves came out of the Bois de Framicourt against the right. Battalions of the 83rd and 272nd Reserve Infantry attacked in sequence and were stopped by artillery, machine guns and rifles; the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry, on the flank, suffered heavily. Ely asked for his regiment to be relieved; Bullard and Buck sent reinforcements instead, and on the night of 28/29 May they went into the line: two companies of the 18th Infantry, a company of the 26th and the engineers of Company D, fighting as infantry.\n\n**29–30 May: holding on.** Two small attacks between 0600 and 0700 on the 29th failed under the barrage. At 1745, after another heavy bombardment, a strong assault hit the left; it was beaten back, though the advanced posts on the extreme left fell back to the old line. At 0530 on the 30th the Germans tried once more, two waves from the Bois de Lalval behind a rolling barrage, and were driven off before they reached the position. On the night of 30/31 May the 16th Infantry relieved the 28th and the 18th.",
  "aftermath": "The 28th Infantry and its reinforcements lost 1,067 officers and men in three days, 199 of them killed and 200 gassed; Davenport's later count is higher, about 1,600. The division history says the losses made a profound impression on the division, and the 2nd Brigade called them 'very near the limit of endurance for seasoned veterans'. The 82nd Reserve Division lost about 1,400 men and some 230 to 255 prisoners. The 1st Division stayed in the sector until 8 July, losing almost 5,200 men in 73 days in line, and ten days later attacked at Soissons.\n\nMilitarily Cantigny was a small, local success; the HERO study calls it 'only a minor success' and its significance 'much overstated in the press'. Its value was in its timing. Coming the day after the Chemin des Dames breakthrough, it showed the French and British that American divisions could attack and hold, days before the 2nd and 3rd Divisions went into action at Château-Thierry and Belleau Wood. Pershing wrote to Bullard that the engagement, 'though relatively small, marks a distinct step forward in American participation in the war.'\n\nIt is remembered out of proportion to its size. The American monument in the village square, dedicated in 1937, commemorates 'the first attack by an American division'. Colonel Robert McCormick, who spoke at its dedication, renamed his estate outside Chicago Cantigny; the First Division's museum there opened in 1960.",
  "wargaming": "Cantigny is a near-perfect set-piece for a battalion- or regiment-level game: one village, a 2,200-metre front, three American battalions abreast and a clock that matters. Played at platoon or company scale on a table a mile or so across, the assault itself is a test of the 1918 attack system, the rolling barrage, tanks for the machine-gun nests and flamethrowers for the dugouts, against a second-rate German division caught by surprise. The interest is less whether the village falls than what it costs and how fast.\n\nThe better game is the defence that follows. Give the American player the newly won line, the three strongpoints at the château, the northern wood and the cemetery, and a dwindling artillery park as the French guns leave, and let the German player feed in counterattacks from the Bois de Framicourt and the Bois de Lalval over three days. Reinforcement timing, ammunition and the morale of a regiment taking heavy casualties under shellfire it cannot answer are the real decisions.\n\nWhat ifs: the French counter-battery guns stay; the German raid of 27 May finds the jumping-off trenches; the 82nd Reserve Division is the crack 30th instead; Ely is given leave to withdraw."
 },
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   "caption": "American infantry going over the top at Cantigny, 28 May 1918.",
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   "caption": "Air photograph of the battle at Cantigny, 28 May 1918, from 800 metres.",
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  {
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   "caption": "Robert Lee Bullard, commander of the 1st Division at Cantigny.",
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   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "George C. Marshall in France; as the 1st Division's operations officer he largely wrote the Cantigny attack order.",
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   "credit": "National Archives",
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  },
  {
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   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "The American monument at Cantigny, dedicated in 1937.",
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 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "HERO for US Army Concepts Analysis Agency, CAA-SR-84-6, Analysis of Factors That Have Influenced Outcomes of Battles and Wars, Vol. V (1984), engagement narrative p. 227 (Cantigny)",
   "url": "https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADB087720",
   "kind": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "Society of the First Division, History of the First Division during the World War, 1917–1919 (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1922), ch. IV, 'The Cantigny Sector'",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyfirstdiv00aegoog",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "American Battle Monuments Commission, American Armies and Battlefields in Europe (Washington: GPO, 1938), '1st Division at Cantigny', pp. 414–416",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/americanarmiesba00wash",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "Paul Herbert, 'The Battle of Cantigny', Army Historical Foundation",
   "url": "https://armyhistory.org/the-battle-of-cantigny/",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Thomas Fleming, 'Colonel McCormick's War', American Heritage 51, no. 2 (April 2000), as reposted by Roads to the Great War, 28 May 2018",
   "url": "https://roadstothegreatwar-ww1.blogspot.com/2018/05/100-years-ago-us-1st-division-attacks.html",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "First Division Museum at Cantigny, 'World War 1' (online exhibit)",
   "url": "https://www.fdmuseum.org/collection/online-exhibits/world-war-1/",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "Wikipedia, Battle of Cantigny (used only for figures it cites from works not read here: Davenport, First Over There, 2015; Trout, Memorial Fictions, 2002; Zabecki, Germany at War, 2014; and the 3,564 assault strength)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cantigny",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "1st Division (AEF) intelligence map, 'Probable Order of Battle, May 28, 1918, 6 A.M.' (NARA 6997158)",
   "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cantigny_Probable_Order_of_Battle_-_NARA_-_6997158_(page_1).jpg",
   "kind": "primary"
  }
 ],
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 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "cantigny",
  "query": "Cantigny",
  "from": "1918-05-28",
  "to": "1918-06-14",
  "total": 904,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
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   {
    "date": "1918-05-29",
    "paper": "The topeka state journal (topeka, kansas)",
    "place": "Topeka, Kansas",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82016014/1918-05-29/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... field telephone: \"Hello! This is [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]]!\" and headquarters knew that Americans had taken one of the most important towns on the Amiens front and had won their biggest victory of the war to date The report came from a signal corps captain. Wire carriers, ignoring the German counter-barrage, followed American infantry and French tanks in tine attack. When [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]] fell the field telephone station was ready for business. The attack took place over a front of more than a mile. Within 45 min utes after the infantry had gone over, [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]], the chateau and several hundred yards of German second line trenches were American territory. The regiment sent back 182 prisoners. In cluding five orricers. ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-05-29",
    "paper": "Evening journal (Wilmington, Del.)",
    "place": "Wilmington, Delaware",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85042354/1918-05-29/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... the newly captured town of [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]], ths French War Office announced today. BY FRED S. FERGUSON United Press Staff Correspondent WITH THE AMERICANS IN PICARDY. May 28— (Even ing)—The final count of German prisoners taken in the capture of [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]] by the Americans this morning was 182 including fiv# officers. AMERICANS DEFEAT WENS, ENTER FOE'S SECOND LINE TRENCHES BY HENRY WOOD United Press Staff Correspondent V WITH THE FRENCH ARMIES IN THE FIELD, May 28— (Night)—An American regiment attacking German positions west of Montdidier this morning, captured the village of [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]], pene trated to the enemy's second line and occupied Boche positions on a front of two kilometers (1.242 miles), all in 45 minutes. (An ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-05-29",
    "paper": "Imperial Valley press (El Centro, Calif.)",
    "place": "El Centro, California",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn92070146/1918-05-29/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... miles, captured the village .of [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]], took 200 prisoners and! -inflicted severe losses in killed and I wounded on the enemy,” said an of-, 1 ficial communique from General Per shing tonight. The communique con tinued: “Our casualties were relatively small. Hostile counter attacks broke, down under our- fire. In the Lor-I raine and the Woevre artillery on, both sides continued active. Early l in the day’ our aviators shot down a; hostile machine.” Americans Attack to Relieve Pressure! The village of [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]] is approx-! imately four miles northwest of Mont-! didier and about 17 miles southwest of Amiens. It was in this region that the peak of the German March drive was reached and ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-05-30",
    "paper": "New-York tribune (New York [N.Y.])",
    "place": "New York, New York",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1918-05-30/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... to fight.\" American Dash Wins [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]] From Germans Continued from paite 1 demonstrated by the increasing bass roar of the heavies nearby and the angry growl of those shooting at long range from the rear. Only the heavies took part in the preliminary preparation. An hour of this and the cracking \"75's\" were added to the indescriba? ble medley of noise. This combina? tion of concentrated fire told us that the hour of attack was approaching. Hastening to an observation point overlooking [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]], we saw the \"over-thc-top\" moment come on our watches, and knew that the men were crawling over the parapets. [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]] was hictaen by a pall of smoke from the bursting shells, j ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-05-31",
    "paper": "The Democratic banner (Mt. Vernon, Ohio)",
    "place": "Mount Vernon, Ohio",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn88078751/1918-05-31/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... positions of the Americans at [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]], west of Mont dfdler. They fired as many as 4,000 high explosive shells in a brief space of time. Enomy airmen wero active last night and this morning bombing vil lages behind our lines without regard to military observers. Four German counter-attacks today against the American troops at [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]], west of Moutdldlcr, were repulsod aftbr sharp lighting. A wounded German captain was captured. American aviators shot down another German airplane today on tho front northwest of Toul. TO BE CALLED BY TIN JUNE Illy Absoclutcil Prfis to Tlio lJunncr WASHINGTON, May 31 Official an nouncement wu.8 made today that 280, 000 men will bo called to tho colors during ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-01",
    "paper": "The Prescott daily news (Prescott, Ark.)",
    "place": "Prescott, Arkansas",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn90050307/1918-06-01/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... in the fight ing at [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]], is commanded by Gen. von Lome und Stauge. This officer served on both the Russian and western fronts and came to [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]] between May 12 and 15. His division participated in the German offensive on the San river in May, 1915, which pierced the Russian front in Galicia. In one of the counter attacks launched against the Americans in [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]] the Germans tried to use tanks. American artillery opened a heavy fire, driving both the foot sol diers and the tanks back in disorder. The new American positions in [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]] are being improved con stantly. The Americans have not budged an inch since they gained the town. Every time ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-06",
    "paper": "The Republican (Oakland, Md.)",
    "place": "Oakland, Maryland",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn88065202/1918-06-06/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "AMERICAS BEAT SUPERIOR FORCE' Capture of [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]] Grows in Importance With Detailed Account. FOUGHT HAND TO HAND. Our Troops Routed Enemy From Cel lars With Grenades—All Gains Are Held—Toll of Prisoners Is Increased to 242. With the American Army in France. —Front the prisoners taken in the American capture of [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]] it has been established that our advance was opposed by two German regiments, which puts tlie superiority in numbers on the side of the troops tinder cover, i file enemy was amazed at tiie sight of tanks operating in conjunction with tin- American troops. The capture of the town and* 242 German prisoners was about as dash ing and complete it coup do main as ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-13",
    "paper": "The citizen-Republican (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.)",
    "place": "Scotland, South Dakota",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn99062010/1918-06-13/ed-1/?sp=7",
    "snippet": "... Borhbe. American Infantrymen en tered [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]] they opend, a grenade attack on the\" enemy and quickly 5!?ar®d 'f1® -Village. Within [[tag]]Cantigny[[/tag]] •L* natural cave capable, of holding 400 ^persons. Forty Americans carry ing name throwers were\" detailed to take^eare ot that spot and places HKe It. American machine gunners fol lowed the Infantry closely and the newly won lines were quickly consoli uftt6u« J^fter'the capture of the village, car rier pigeons carried by men In-the first company which went over the top were released and carried back to head quarters the reports of the battle's progress. Men of the signal corps rapidly strung wires?, to all points of the. occupied territory and soon all of ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}