{
 "slug": "cer",
 "title": "Battle of Cer",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "15–24 August 1914",
 "start": "1914-08-15",
 "end": "1914-08-24",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I (SERBIAN FRONT 1914)",
 "place": {
  "name": "Cer mountain and the Jadar valley, between Loznica and Šabac, western Serbia",
  "lat": 44.555,
  "lon": 19.528,
  "wikidata": "Q697748"
 },
 "lede": "In August 1914 Putnik's Serbian army caught Potiorek's invading Austro-Hungarians on the Cer ridge and the Jadar, and drove them back across the Drina and the Sava within ten days. It was the first Allied victory of the First World War.",
 "result": "Serbian victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army and part of the Second Army",
   "commanders": [
    "Oskar Potiorek",
    "Liborius von Frank (Fifth Army)",
    "Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli (Second Army)",
    "Arthur Giesl von Gieslingen (VIII Corps)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 200000,
    "low": 200000,
    "high": 200000,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 22600,
    "low": 22600,
    "high": 44500,
    "source": "s3"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Serbian army (Second and Third Armies, with parts of the First Army)",
   "commanders": [
    "Radomir Putnik",
    "Stepa Stepanović (Second Army)",
    "Pavle Jurišić Šturm (Third Army)",
    "Petar Bojović (First Army)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 180000,
    "low": 180000,
    "high": 180000,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 16304,
    "low": 16304,
    "high": 20000,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914, a month after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. The Habsburg general staff under Conrad wanted a quick war of punishment in the Balkans, but Russia's mobilisation forced it to send most of the army north to Galicia. Oskar Potiorek, governor of Bosnia and commander of the Balkan forces, was left with the Fifth and Sixth Armies. The Second Army, the northern army along the Sava and Danube, was his only until 18 August, when it was due to leave for the Russian front. Without it Potiorek had about 280,000–290,000 men to cover some 900 km of frontier.\n\nPotiorek wanted a fast victory anyway, ideally by the Emperor's birthday on 18 August. Rather than strike at Belgrade from the north, where the Serbs expected him, he chose to attack from the west. The Fifth Army would cross the Drina and the Sava into the Mačva plain and the Jadar valley and drive on Valjevo. The Sixth Army would come over the upper Drina further south, and the Second Army would make a demonstration across the Sava at Šabac. General Frank of the Fifth Army asked for a two-day delay to finish concentrating, and Potiorek refused. The attack opened on 12 August.\n\nThe Serbian chief of staff, Vojvoda Radomir Putnik, had been caught by the war at a spa in Austria and allowed home. He kept the bulk of his army back in Šumadija, from where it could turn north or west once he knew where the main blow was falling.",
  "forces": "Potiorek's striking force was Frank's Fifth Army: VIII Corps from Prague under Arthur Giesl von Gieslingen (9th Infantry and 21st Landwehr Divisions) and XIII Corps from Zagreb (36th Infantry and 42nd Home Guard Divisions). From the Second Army, IV Corps from Budapest crossed at Šabac, and the 29th Division was also drawn in. Many units came straight off long train journeys and hard marches in great heat, before their supply, ammunition and medical trains had arrived, and VIII Corps had bridging for only one of its two Drina crossings. Up to half the men of the Fifth and Sixth Armies were Croats and Serbs from the Monarchy's southern districts. Giesl's 21st Landwehr Division was largely Czech.\n\nPutnik had four armies: the First (Bojović), Second (Stepa Stepanović), Third (Pavle Jurišić Šturm) and the Užice Army. The Second and Third bore the battle. Their best formations were first-levy divisions such as the Combined, Morava and Šumadija Divisions, with the Cavalry Division and second-levy troops such as the Timok Division. About 185,000 Serbs were veterans of the Balkan Wars of 1912–13. Equipment was thin: one estimate gives the field army about 180,000 modern rifles, 200 machine guns and three aircraft. The Serbs were experienced, tough and clever in defence, and they were fighting on their own ground.",
  "course": "**The invasion, 12–15 August.** This is CDB90's engagement *The Jadar*, which runs from the first crossings on 12 August to 20 August. On 12 August the Fifth Army crossed the Drina at Loznica and Lešnica, with XIII Corps on the southern crossings. VIII Corps met heavy fire from the far bank. To the north, the Second Army's IV Corps crossed the Sava and took Šabac. The columns pushed east at right angles to the rivers and ridges, through scrub, forest and maize two metres high. By 14 August the invaders were across on a front of about 160 km, converging on Valjevo. Putnik had expected the main attack from the north, but by 15 August he had read it. He ordered a counter-attack, and Stepanović's Second Army made a forced march through the night of 15–16 August to join the hard-pressed Third Army.\n\n**The night battle on the Cer, 15–16 August.** The Cer is a wooded ridge between the Jadar valley and the Mačva plain. Its slopes had been occupied only lightly by the 21st Landwehr Division. At about 23:00 on 15 August the leading troops of the Combined Division ran into its outposts near Tekeriš. By midnight a confused hand-to-hand fight was raging in the dark. By morning the Serbs held the Divač range and had driven the Austro-Hungarians out of Borino Selo. Around 13:00 on 16 August, near Tekeriš, a Serbian battalion ambushed the 57th Brigade, and the 21st Division was pushed off the Cer.\n\n**Šabac and the Jadar, 17–18 August.** On 17 August a Serbian attempt to retake Šabac failed. The Combined Division attacked Trojan and Parlog and turned towards Kosanin Grad, the high point of the ridge. In the Jadar valley the Third Army was pushed back and had to shift a division to cover Valjevo against the 42nd Home Guard Division. On 18 August an Austro-Hungarian attack out of the Šabac bridgehead was beaten on the Dobrava stream. That day the Serbian Second Army opened its counter-offensive along the Cer and the Iverak ridge.\n\n**Collapse, 19–20 August.** At dawn on 19 August the Serbs took Kosanin Grad. The Morava Division drove off the 9th Division. IV Corps could not break the Šumadija Division to reach the Cer. Rašulijača was retaken at noon, then Velika Glava, and the Rajin Grob ridge by late afternoon. The 21st Landwehr Division was in disarray, and the Fifth Army began to withdraw. On 20 August its troops were streaming back across the Drina, many drowning in the crossing. Potiorek had meant his Sixth Army to fall on the Serbian flank from the south, but its offensive was held up by the terrain and the blow never came.\n\n**Šabac retaken, 21–24 August.** IV Corps still held Šabac. After two days of hard fighting on its western approaches, the Serbs closed round the town on 23 August and brought up siege guns that evening. The garrison left in the night. The Serbs entered Šabac on 24 August and reached the Sava by 16:00. No invader remained in Serbia except prisoners.",
  "aftermath": "Austro-Hungarian losses in less than two weeks were about 600 officers and over 22,000 men killed, wounded and captured, including some 4,500 prisoners. Other works put them much higher, at up to 44,500. Serbian losses were about 16,300 by one count and 18,000–20,000 by others. The Serbs also took guns, machine guns and ammunition wagons. Stepanović was promoted vojvoda, field marshal, for the battle.\n\nIt was the first Allied victory of the war. Potiorek kept his command and was allowed a second invasion in September, but only on condition that he took no risks. In Vienna the defeat was blamed on Czech disloyalty in the 21st Landwehr Division. There was an inquiry, martial law was imposed, and Giesl was relieved about two weeks later. Rauchensteiner argues that Giesl and his men were the least to blame.\n\nThe fighting also brought a wave of violence against Serbian civilians. In the Mačva, Austro-Hungarian troops killed an estimated 3,500–4,000 Serbs in executions and random violence during the brief occupation. At Šabac on 17 August about 120 townspeople, mostly women, children and old men, were shot and buried in a churchyard. At Lešnica a pit was later found holding 109 bound and shot peasants. The Swiss criminologist R. A. Reiss documented the killings for the Serbian government.\n\nCer is remembered in Binički's March on the Drina and the 1964 film of the same name, and in the 1928 ossuary at Tekeriš.",
  "wargaming": "Cer is a meeting engagement fought along a single ridge, and it suits games at brigade or division level. Use turns of half a day and hexes or squares of 1–2 km. A board from the Drina at Loznica east to Šabac and the Dobrava, with the Cer and Iverak ridges across the middle, holds the whole battle. The night of 15–16 August makes a good stand-alone tactical game at battalion level: a Serbian division marching blind into thinly held outposts on wooded slopes, with a need for night-fighting rules for confusion, friendly fire and lost units.\n\nThe key terrain is the Cer crest, Kosanin Grad and Rajin Grob, which dominate the Jadar valley to the south and the Mačva to the north. Whoever holds them sees and shells both. Rivers matter too. The Austro-Hungarians fight with the Drina and Sava at their backs, on too few bridges, which makes retreat a disaster.\n\nThe interesting rules concern logistics and command. The invaders should start tired, short of food, ammunition and bridging, with columns moving across the grain of the country through maize and scrub. Potiorek's player must also manage the Second Army as a wasting asset, with IV Corps liable to be withdrawn. What ifs: Frank gets his 48-hour delay; the Second Army stays and attacks in strength from Šabac; the Sixth Army attacks on 15 August rather than 20 August; Putnik guesses wrong and waits in the north."
 },
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "File:Bitka na Ceru 12-15 avgust 1914.jpg",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "The Austro-Hungarian invasion of western Serbia, 12–15 August 1914.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Bitka_na_Ceru_12-15_avgust_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bitka_na_Ceru_12-15_avgust_1914.jpg/960px-Bitka_na_Ceru_12-15_avgust_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bitka_na_Ceru_12-15_avgust_1914.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Petar Tomac, Radomir Đurašinović",
   "credit": "book \"Prvi svetski rat 1914-1918, skice operacija i bitaka\"",
   "width": 3624
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Bitka na Ceru 16-20 avgust 1914.jpg",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "The Serbian counter-offensive on the Cer and the Jadar, 16–20 August 1914.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Bitka_na_Ceru_16-20_avgust_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bitka_na_Ceru_16-20_avgust_1914.jpg/960px-Bitka_na_Ceru_16-20_avgust_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bitka_na_Ceru_16-20_avgust_1914.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Petar Tomac, Radomir Đurašinović",
   "credit": "book \"Prvi svetski rat 1914-1918, skice operacija i bitaka\"",
   "width": 3041
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Vojvoda Stepa Stepanović 1915.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Stepa Stepanović, commander of the Serbian Second Army, promoted vojvoda for Cer; photographed in 1915.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Vojvoda_Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87_1915.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Vojvoda_Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87_1915.jpg/960px-Vojvoda_Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87_1915.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vojvoda_Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87_1915.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Coaorao",
   "credit": "https://istorijausportskoj.wordpress.com/%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5-%D1%83-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83/",
   "width": 1565
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Armee-Inspektor FZM Oskar Potiorek 1914 Pietzner.png",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Oskar Potiorek, commander of the Austro-Hungarian Balkan forces, in 1914.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Armee-Inspektor_FZM_Oskar_Potiorek_1914_Pietzner.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Armee-Inspektor_FZM_Oskar_Potiorek_1914_Pietzner.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Armee-Inspektor_FZM_Oskar_Potiorek_1914_Pietzner.png",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Carl Pietzner",
   "credit": "Sport & Salon , vol. 17, nr. 32 (8 August 1914), p. 5 http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=sus&datum=19140808&seite=5",
   "width": 943
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Gen. Putnik LCCN2014701347.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Vojvoda Radomir Putnik, chief of the Serbian general staff.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Gen._Putnik_LCCN2014701347.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gen._Putnik_LCCN2014701347.jpg/960px-Gen._Putnik_LCCN2014701347.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gen._Putnik_LCCN2014701347.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Bain News Service, publisher",
   "credit": "Library of Congress Catalog: https://lccn.loc.gov/2014701347 Image download: https://cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/ggbain/21400/21409v.jpg Original url: https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2014701347/",
   "width": 4154
  },
  {
   "file": "File:After the battle of Cer, captured Austro-Hungarian munition park at Tekeriš (Front Morava Division 1).png",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "Captured Austro-Hungarian ammunition park at Tekeriš after the battle.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/After_the_battle_of_Cer%2C_captured_Austro-Hungarian_munition_park_at_Tekeri%C5%A1_%28Front_Morava_Division_1%29.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/After_the_battle_of_Cer%2C_captured_Austro-Hungarian_munition_park_at_Tekeri%C5%A1_%28Front_Morava_Division_1%29.png/960px-After_the_battle_of_Cer%2C_captured_Austro-Hungarian_munition_park_at_Tekeri%C5%A1_%28Front_Morava_Division_1%29.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:After_the_battle_of_Cer,_captured_Austro-Hungarian_munition_park_at_Tekeri%C5%A1_(Front_Morava_Division_1).png",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "credit": "POPOVIĆ, Andra. Ratni album 1914-1918. Bělehrad (Srbsko): Ratni Album, 1926, s. [1a]. Online: https://digitalnistudovna.army.cz/uuid/uuid:d652e4cf-1591-11eb-a3b5-001b63bd97ba",
   "width": 2742
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Spomen-kosturnica na Ceru 1.jpg",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "The 1928 memorial ossuary at Tekeriš, at the foot of the Cer.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Spomen-kosturnica_na_Ceru_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Spomen-kosturnica_na_Ceru_1.jpg/960px-Spomen-kosturnica_na_Ceru_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spomen-kosturnica_na_Ceru_1.jpg",
   "licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
   "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
   "artist": "Djordje Stakić",
   "credit": "Own work",
   "width": 1944
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of Cer",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cer",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "Церска битка (Cerska bitka), Serbian Wikipedia",
   "url": "https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/Cerska_bitka",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "Manfried Rauchensteiner, The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918 (Böhlau, Vienna, 2014), pp. 184–188",
   "url": "https://austria-forum.org/web-books/en/firstworldwar01en2014isds/000187",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "J. Rickard, 'Battle of the Jadar, 12–21 August 1914 (Serbia)', HistoryOfWar.org (2001)",
   "url": "https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_jadar.html",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Serbian campaign (1914)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_campaign_(1914)",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "Balkanstreitkräfte",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanstreitkr%C3%A4fte",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "War crimes in World War I",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Embassy of the Czech Republic in Belgrade, 'Tekeriš' (military graves in Serbia)",
   "url": "https://mzv.gov.cz/belgrade/sr/informacije/vojna_groblja_u_republici_srbiji/tekeris.html",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "James Lyon, Serbia and the Balkan Front, 1914: The Outbreak of the Great War (Bloomsbury, 2015)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s10",
   "title": "Geoffrey Wawro, A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire (Basic Books, 2014)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s11",
   "title": "R. A. Reiss, The Kingdom of Serbia: Report upon the Atrocities Committed by the Austro-Hungarian Army during the First Invasion of Serbia (London, 1916)",
   "url": "https://collections.unil.ch/resources/images/Exhibitions/Images%20expo%20Reiss/4_Bibliographie/Reiss_1916_The_Kingdom_of_Serbia_Report.pdf",
   "kind": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "s12",
   "title": "David Jordan, The Balkans, Italy & Africa 1914–1918 (Amber Books, 2008)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s13",
   "title": "David Stevenson, Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy (Basic Books, 2004)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  }
 ],
 "cdb90": [
  287
 ],
 "order": 120,
 "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/cer/",
 "oob": [],
 "oob_lwtv": [],
 "scenarios": [],
 "orbat": null,
 "orbat_lwtv": null,
 "reading": {
  "prose": [
   {
    "work_id": "ia:greatwar1914191800fletuoft",
    "title": "The great war, 1914-1918, a brief sketch",
    "in": null,
    "author": "C. R. L. Fletcher",
    "life": "1857–1934",
    "year": 1920,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/greatwar1914191800fletuoft",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-great-war-1914-1918-a-brief-sketch-4abc7f/"
   }
  ],
  "history": [
   {
    "work_id": "ia:military-operations-macedonia-vol-1",
    "title": "Military Operations, Macedonia, vol. 1",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Cyril Falls",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1933,
    "kind": "official history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/military-operations-macedonia-vol-1",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "official": true,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/military-operations-macedonia-vol-1-a4e1ac/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:militaryhistoryo00howl",
    "title": "A military history of the world war, (Vol. 2)",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Charles Roscoe Howland",
    "life": "1871–1946",
    "year": 1923,
    "kind": "history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00howl",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/a-military-history-of-the-world-war-vol-2-c1b5a9/"
   }
  ],
  "fiction": [],
  "poetry": [
   {
    "work_id": "ia:gatesofjanus00cartrich",
    "title": "The gates of Janus",
    "in": null,
    "author": "William Carter",
    "life": "1868–",
    "year": 1919,
    "kind": "poem",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/gatesofjanus00cartrich",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-gates-of-janus-b7468e/"
   }
  ]
 },
 "reading_lwtv": {
  "prose": [],
  "poetry": []
 },
 "photos": [
  {
   "file": "File:Austro-Hungarian military plane shot down by Serbians in the battle of Cer.png",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Austro-Hungarian_military_plane_shot_down_by_Serbians_in_the_battle_of_Cer.png/500px-Austro-Hungarian_military_plane_shot_down_by_Serbians_in_the_battle_of_Cer.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Austro-Hungarian_military_plane_shot_down_by_Serbians_in_the_battle_of_Cer.png",
   "caption": "Austro-Hungarian military plane shot down by Serbians in the battle of Cer",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:His Majesty King Petar on the position during the battle of Cer watches development of the battle on the front of the 2nd Army.png",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/His_Majesty_King_Petar_on_the_position_during_the_battle_of_Cer_watches_development_of_the_battle_on_the_front_of_the_2nd_Army.png/500px-His_Majesty_King_Petar_on_the_position_during_the_battle_of_Cer_watches_development_of_the_battle_on_the_front_of_the_2nd_Army.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:His_Majesty_King_Petar_on_the_position_during_the_battle_of_Cer_watches_development_of_the_battle_on_the_front_of_the_2nd_Army.png",
   "caption": "His Majesty King Petar on the position during the battle of Cer watches development of the battle on the front of the 2nd Army",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Le Miroir n°41 - 06091914 page 5.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Le_Miroir_n%C2%B041_-_06091914_page_5.jpg/500px-Le_Miroir_n%C2%B041_-_06091914_page_5.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Miroir_n%C2%B041_-_06091914_page_5.jpg",
   "caption": "Photographic document reproduced in Le Miroir issue 41, Septembre 6th, 1914 : First death bodies to appear in this periodical [Serbian soldiers during the battle of Tzer]",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Bibliothèque nationale de France",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:M 41 4 les troupes serbes Drina.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/M_41_4_les_troupes_serbes_Drina.jpg/500px-M_41_4_les_troupes_serbes_Drina.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M_41_4_les_troupes_serbes_Drina.jpg",
   "caption": "Alexandre de Serbie en visite sur le front de la Drina",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:The boats overloaded with dead bodies pushed off unceasingly from the coast of the \"Island of Dead\".png",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_boats_overloaded_with_dead_bodies_pushed_off_unceasingly_from_the_coast_of_the_%22Island_of_Dead%22.png/500px-The_boats_overloaded_with_dead_bodies_pushed_off_unceasingly_from_the_coast_of_the_%22Island_of_Dead%22.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_boats_overloaded_with_dead_bodies_pushed_off_unceasingly_from_the_coast_of_the_%22Island_of_Dead%22.png",
   "caption": "The boats overloaded with dead bodies pushed off unceasingly from the coast of the \"Island of Dead\" (after the battle of Cer)",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  }
 ],
 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "cer",
  "query": "Jadar",
  "from": "1914-08-15",
  "to": "1914-09-07",
  "total": 91,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1914-08-24",
    "paper": "The Ocala evening star (Ocala, Fla.)",
    "place": "Ocala, Florida",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84027621/1914-08-24/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... big army of Austrians in [[tag]]Jadar[[/tag]] river valley, and will invade Hungary. t Japanese fleet bombarding Tsing Tau. War sentiment strong in Japan. German cavalry rode thru to Ostend, but finding no opposition re tired on main body at Ghent. Persistent report that Crown Prince William of Prussia, who was wounded at Liege, is dead. French claim their artillery cut down six German Zeppelins and four aeroplanes yesterday and this morning. French embassy at London says fighting is going on all along the line, but no decisive results have yet been attained. Three Bavarian army corps have penetrated France, gaining ter ritory along the Yezouve river. Germans have taken Luneville and are overrunning department of ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-03",
    "paper": "Atlanta georgian (atlanta, ga.)",
    "place": "Atlanta, Georgia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn89053729/1914-09-03/ed-5/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... men by 180,000 Servians at [[tag]]Jadar[[/tag]]. The dispatch says that 140,000 of the Austrians were killed, wounded, taken prisoners or dispersed. (Thig dispatch is unofficial and is published by The Georgilan with res ervation. It is not confirmed from Paris, London or Berlin.) German Prisoners at Edinburgh in I\\?lutiny Special Cable to The Atlanta Georglan. LONDON, SBept. B.—Liertenant:Von Tirpitz, son of the German High Ad miral, who was captured in the recent naval battle of Heligoland, led a mu tiny at Redford Barracks, near Edin burgh, early to-day, in an attempt to escape. With about twenty of his fellow German captives, he rushed the guard. After a sharp fight the mutiny was quelled. The lieutenant ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-04",
    "paper": "Imperial Valley press (El Centro, Calif.)",
    "place": "El Centro, California",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn92070146/1914-09-04/ed-1/?sp=4",
    "snippet": "... over the Aus trians at [[tag]]Jadar[[/tag]] and the intended in vasion of Austria by the Serbs. With the Russians beating their way ever the eastern frontier it is believed the Servians will seek to do as much damage as possible to the dual monarchy before the Turks have time to act in case they make a move as it threatened. Belgian troops began a spirit attack on the Germans in a new battle near Malines today in an effort to sever the German lines of communication. The attack is believed to have been made by a large force sent from Ant werp. The result of the battle is not given in the dispatch from Amster ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-04",
    "paper": "Perth amboy evening news (perth amboy, n.j.)",
    "place": "Perth Amboy, New Jersey",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85035720/1914-09-04/ed-2/?sp=13",
    "snippet": "... that in a battle at [[tag]]Jadar[[/tag]] between 200,000 Austrian* and 190,000 Servians, the latter put 140.000 Austrlans hors de combat. The first oftlclal report of tho Ser vians regarding Jedar declared 40,000 Austrlans were rendered bore de com bat. Tho first report said that of the 200,000 engaged the Austrlans left on the field 10,000 dead and 2,600 wound ed. Continuing this report said: \"We have «ont Into the Interior 4,000 men whom we took prisoners and have cap tured sixty guns, much ammunition and the material for the construction of a bridge 000 meters long, together with a train. The battle was of greut importance, because It was decisive. The enemy ret-eated to Rantzek.\" ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-05",
    "paper": "The topeka state journal (topeka, kansas)",
    "place": "Topeka, Kansas",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82016014/1914-09-05/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... Servians in the battle of [[tag]]Jadar[[/tag]]: One hundred cannon, of which .92 were field guns, and 8 siege guns; 2,500 horses, 8 hospitals and 3,000 beds; 37 mitrailleuses;--37,000 Mauser rifles; 114 full caissons containing 500' shells for each cannon, ammunition and 4,600 prisoners, including a large number of officers and one military band with its conductor. Three regimental cash boxes full of money and one aeroplane also were taken. The Austrian dead are estimated' to number between 30,000 and 32,000. General Tovanovitch reports, that he alone had ten thousand of the enemy's bodies burled. \"Other Servian generals' reports of their successes have not yet been received.! PREPARE FOR BATTLE (Continued From Page 1) ently assuming\" ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-05",
    "paper": "Evening star (Washington, D.C.)",
    "place": "Washington, District Of Columbia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1914-09-05/ed-1/?sp=4",
    "snippet": "... in the i battle of [[tag]]Jadar[[/tag]]: A hundred cannon, of which 92 were field guns. 8 siege guns, j 2.5oo horses. 3 hospitals of It,0(H) beds, I .\"{7 mitralleuses. ;;7.?'k*i Mauser ritles, 14 full caissons containing 500 shells I for each cannon, ammunition and 4,600 prisoners, including a large number of officers, and one military band with l .s conductor. Three regimental cash boxes full of money and one aeroplane i also were taken. The Austrian dead are estimated to number between 3o,000 and .VJ.OOO. Gen. Yovanovitch reports that he alone had lo.oOO of the enemies' bodies buried. Other Servian generals' re ports of their successes have not yet been received. RUSSIAN ADVANCE IN GALICIA ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-06",
    "paper": "Pine bluff daily graphic (pine bluff, ark.)",
    "place": "Pine Bluff, Arkansas",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn89051168/1914-09-06/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... Populace. AUSTRIANS LOST 32,000 AT [[tag]]JADAR[[/tag]] Servians Kcport, Capture id1 100 Can non, Great Quantity of Aiiifiiuni tion anil Hospital Supplies. linrj 1(1,11110. l.oniion, Sept. ti (\"i a. m.) Wiring from Homo, E. .M. Underwood of the l.oniion Standard sends the following: \"The trend toward intervention in the war increases daily. It was re ported and widely circulated today that Italians had been arrested in the provinces of Gerz and Ispra and shot on charges of stirring up a com motion in Austria. “The particular Austrian provinces are inhabited to I lie extent of 90 per cent by a population oT Italians 'I hose arrested and shot were not tried or give many chance of ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-07",
    "paper": "The Bemidji daily pioneer (Bemidji, Minn.)",
    "place": "Bemidji, Minnesota",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86063381/1914-09-07/ed-1/?sp=4",
    "snippet": "... prize. 4* AUSTRIAN DEAD AT [[tag]]JADAR[[/tag]] ABOUT 32,000 Nish, Sept. 7.According to the of ficial organ Srpski Novine the follow ing spoil was captured by the Ser vians in the battle of Jada: A hundred cannon, of which ninety two were field guns, eight siege guns, 8,500 horses, three hospitals of 3,000 beds thirty-seven mitralleuses, 37,-j 0'JO Mauser rifles 114 full cassions containing 500 shells for each cannon, ammunition and 4,600 prisoners, in-! eluding a large number of officers and one military band, with its conductor.' Three regimental cash boxes full of: money and one aeroplane also were taken. The Austrian dead are estimated at nearly 32,000. General Yovanovitch reports that he alone ordfed 10,000 ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}