{
 "slug": "chancellorsville",
 "title": "Battle of Chancellorsville",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1850–1900",
 "date_text": "30 April – 6 May 1863",
 "start": "1863-04-30",
 "end": "1863-05-06",
 "war": "American Civil War",
 "cdb90_war": "AMERICAN CIVIL WAR",
 "place": {
  "name": "Chancellorsville, Spotsylvania County, Virginia, United States",
  "lat": 38.3105,
  "lon": -77.6484,
  "wikidata": "Q745979"
 },
 "lede": "In the Virginia Wilderness in early May 1863, Lee split his outnumbered army and Jackson's flank march routed Hooker's right. Hooker retreated across the Rappahannock, but the Confederates lost about 13,000 men they could not replace, and Jackson, shot by his own troops.",
 "result": "Confederate victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Union Army of the Potomac",
   "commanders": [
    "Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker",
    "Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick",
    "Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch",
    "Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard",
    "Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 133868,
    "low": 97382,
    "high": 133868,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 17304,
    "low": 17197,
    "high": 17304,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Confederate Army of Northern Virginia",
   "commanders": [
    "General Robert E. Lee",
    "Lt. Gen. Thomas J. 'Stonewall' Jackson",
    "Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart",
    "Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 60298,
    "low": 57352,
    "high": 60892,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 13460,
    "low": 12764,
    "high": 13460,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "After the Union disaster at Fredericksburg in December 1862 and the humiliating Mud March that followed, the Army of the Potomac's morale was at a low ebb and desertion was rising. On 25 January 1863 Lincoln gave command to Major General Joseph Hooker, an aggressive corps commander. Hooker improved rations, sanitation and furloughs, abolished Burnside's unwieldy grand divisions, gathered the cavalry into one corps under George Stoneman, and set up a Bureau of Military Information that gave him better intelligence than his predecessors. He also, less happily, handed his artillery to the division commanders, removing the co-ordinating hand of his artillery chief, Henry Hunt.\n\nLee's army held the south bank of the Rappahannock around Fredericksburg, but it was short of food, and two divisions of Longstreet's corps, Hood's and Pickett's, were foraging and guarding against a threat from the coast some 130 miles away. Hooker's first plan, a deep cavalry raid to cut Lee's railway to Richmond, stalled in rain in mid-April. His second was a double envelopment. Three corps, about 42,000 men, would march upstream, cross the Rappahannock at Kelly's Ford and the Rapidan at Germanna and Ely's Fords, and come down on Lee's left from the west; two divisions of II Corps would cross at United States Ford; Sedgwick, with I and VI Corps, about 40,000 men, would cross below Fredericksburg and pin Lee there; and Stoneman would raid towards Richmond.\n\nThe march began on 27 April and by 30 April the flanking corps were concentrated around Chancellorsville, a single large brick house and former inn at a road junction in the Wilderness, a dense second-growth scrub left by charcoal cutting. Hooker needed to get out of it, eastwards, into open ground. Lee, instead of retreating, divided his army.",
  "forces": "Hooker's Army of the Potomac had about 134,000 men present for duty and 413 guns in seven infantry corps (Reynolds's I, Couch's II, Sickles's III, Meade's V, Sedgwick's VI, Howard's XI and Slocum's XII) and Stoneman's cavalry corps. It was well fed, rested after months in camp, and had more than twice Lee's numbers, the greatest imbalance of the war in Virginia. Its weak spot was XI Corps: the smallest in the army, many of its men German immigrants who faced ethnic friction with the rest of the army, with poor morale, no record of success, and a new commander, Oliver Howard, who was unpopular with the ranks. Eight of its 27 regiments had never been in battle.\n\nLee had about 60,000 men and 220 guns: McLaws's and Anderson's divisions of Longstreet's First Corps; Jackson's Second Corps, with the divisions of A. P. Hill, Rodes, Early and Colston; and only two brigades of Stuart's cavalry, under Fitzhugh Lee and Rooney Lee. The army was veteran and confident but poorly supplied.\n\nThe ground mattered as much as the numbers. The Wilderness was largely unsuitable for artillery and made it hard to control large bodies of infantry, which blunted the Union advantage. Only three roads ran east from Chancellorsville: the Orange Turnpike, the Orange Plank Road and the River Road. The few clearings, above all Hazel Grove and Fairview, became the artillery platforms on which the battle turned.",
  "course": "CDB90 treats the battle as one engagement, number 196 (CHANCELLORSVILLE), from 11:15 on 1 May to 20:30 on 4 May, with no separate entries for Second Fredericksburg or Salem Church. Times are approximate.\n\n**1 May: Hooker pulls back.** Lee left Early's division and Barksdale's brigade, about 11,000 men and 56 guns, to hold Fredericksburg and sent the rest west to Anderson's line near Zoan Church. At 11:00 Jackson advanced on the Turnpike and the Plank Road, while Hooker sent Meade's V Corps east on the River Road and Turnpike and Slocum's XII Corps on the Plank Road. The first shots came at about 11:20, when McLaws struck Sykes's division. By 14:00 Sykes was falling back, and Hooker, resolved to fight defensively, pulled his columns back to the Chancellorsville clearing, giving up more open ground. That night Lee and Jackson met at the Plank Road–Furnace Road junction. Stuart reported that Howard's XI Corps, on the Union right, was \"in the air\" west of Wilderness Church.\n\n**2 May: Jackson's flank march.** Jackson took his whole corps, about 28,000–30,000 men, on a 12-mile march, leaving Lee some 13,000–14,000 men facing about 70,000. The column left between 07:00 and 08:00 by the Furnace Road, past Catharine Furnace and up the Brock Road, screened by Stuart. Lookouts at Hazel Grove saw it; at 09:30 Hooker warned Howard, but he also thought Lee might be retreating. Sickles probed south with Birney's division and captured most of the 23rd Georgia, Jackson's rearguard, but the column had passed. At about 15:00 Jackson marched two miles further to reach the Turnpike beyond the open flank, formed 11 of his 15 brigades on a front of nearly two miles, and attacked shortly after 17:00. Only two small regiments and a couple of guns faced west. Devens's division collapsed in minutes; Schurz and Buschbeck's brigade made stands, but XI Corps was driven back about a mile and a quarter with some 2,500 casualties. At about 19:15 Jackson halted to bring Hill forward for a night attack. Returning from a moonlit reconnaissance on the Plank Road, his party was mistaken for Union cavalry by the 18th North Carolina; he was hit three times and lost his left arm. Hill was wounded by shellfire soon after; Stuart took command and called off the night attack.\n\n**3 May: the Chancellorsville clearing.** At dawn Hooker ordered Sickles off Hazel Grove, which had split Lee's wings; some 30 Confederate guns occupied it and duelled with the Union batteries on Fairview. From about 05:30 Stuart attacked astride the Plank Road with Heth, Colston and Rodes while Anderson and McLaws pressed from the south and east. The fiercest fighting, from about 06:30 to 09:30, set the woods alight around the wounded. At about 09:15 a round struck a pillar Hooker was leaning against and stunned him. Fairview was given up by 10:00, and Lee's wings met at the burning Chancellor house as the Union army fell back to cover United States Ford.\n\n**3–4 May: Second Fredericksburg and Salem Church.** Sedgwick, with VI Corps and Gibbon's division, carried Marye's Heights at the third attempt and Early withdrew. Wilcox's brigade delayed Sedgwick until he met about 10,000 Confederates on the Salem Church ridge, where Brooks's 17:30 attack was repulsed. On 4 May Lee left Stuart to watch Hooker and attacked Sedgwick with some 21,000 men at about 18:00. Sedgwick recrossed at Banks's Ford before dawn on 5 May.\n\n**5–6 May: the retreat.** Most of Hooker's corps commanders voted to fight on, but on the night of 5–6 May he withdrew across United States Ford in rain, forestalling Lee's planned assault.",
  "aftermath": "The Union army lost about 17,200–17,300 men, some 13% of its strength; the Confederates about 12,800–13,500, some 22% of theirs, and far harder to replace. The fighting on 3 May alone cost both sides more than 21,000 men. Jackson died of pneumonia on 10 May.\n\nHooker blamed Howard and Sedgwick and relieved Stoneman; Couch, disgusted, resigned. Lincoln kept Hooker until 28 June, on the eve of Gettysburg. Lee reorganised his army into three corps, and the victory gave him the confidence, and Richmond's backing, to invade Pennsylvania within six weeks.\n\nChancellorsville is often called Lee's greatest or \"perfect\" battle, chiefly for his twice dividing his army in the face of a much larger one. Historians qualify the praise. Robert Krick, whose study is titled Lee's Greatest Victory, describes a string of very risky gambles that paid off; Longstreet argued the Confederacy could not afford such costly victories; A. Wilson Greene, writing for the National Park Service, notes that some 40,000 Federals never fought and judges Hooker's retreat his worst blunder. Stephen Sears argues that Hooker's caution on 1 May had real military reasons, and dismisses his supposed \"I lost confidence in Hooker\" confession as a tale first told in 1903. The Lost Cause claim that Jackson's absence lost Gettysburg remains an argument, not a fact.",
  "wargaming": "Chancellorsville is really three battles on two fields about ten miles apart, awkward for one table but rich as a campaign. The whole battle works at brigade level, with turns of 30 minutes to an hour and an off-table link between Chancellorsville and Fredericksburg so that Sedgwick's progress (or lack of it) feeds into Lee's decisions. Jackson's flank attack on the evening of 2 May, Hazel Grove and Fairview on the morning of 3 May, and Marye's Heights or Salem Church each make a strong stand-alone game at regimental level.\n\nThe terrain is the Wilderness itself: rules should cut visibility, slow formed troops and limit artillery to the roads and the few clearings, which turns Hazel Grove and Fairview into prizes. The flank march is the great design problem. It needs hidden movement or a referee, a chance of detection from Hazel Grove, and some means of stopping the Union player from simply facing XI Corps west. Command rules that make Hooker cautious and his messages slow are almost essential to balance the numbers.\n\nThe what-ifs are plentiful: Hooker pressing on into open ground on 1 May; Reynolds's corps arriving in time to cover the right; Jackson unwounded and pushing a night attack towards United States Ford; Sedgwick marching faster on 3 May; Hooker staying to fight on 6 May; or Longstreet's two divisions present. Victory conditions should reward the Confederates for holding the Union army in the Wilderness at bearable cost, not only for driving it back."
 },
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   "title": "Battle of Chancellorsville History: The Flank Attack (National Park Service, Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania NMP)",
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   "id": "s5",
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   "title": "Stephen W. Sears, Chancellorsville (Houghton Mifflin, 1996)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
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   "id": "s8",
   "title": "David J. Eicher, The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War (Simon & Schuster, 2001)",
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   "title": "Robert K. Krick, Chancellorsville: Lee's Greatest Victory (American Heritage Publishing, 1990)",
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   "id": "s10",
   "title": "John Bigelow Jr., The Campaign of Chancellorsville: A Strategic and Tactical Study (Yale University Press, 1910)",
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