{
 "slug": "chickamauga",
 "title": "Battle of Chickamauga",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1850–1900",
 "date_text": "18–20 September 1863",
 "start": "1863-09-18",
 "end": "1863-09-20",
 "war": "American Civil War",
 "cdb90_war": "AMERICAN CIVIL WAR",
 "place": {
  "name": "Chickamauga, Catoosa and Walker counties, Georgia, United States",
  "lat": 34.918,
  "lon": -85.261,
  "wikidata": "Q1327790"
 },
 "lede": "In the woods of north-west Georgia Bragg's Confederates, reinforced by Longstreet's corps from Virginia, broke Rosecrans's army through a gap opened by a misread order. Thomas's stand on Snodgrass Hill saved it, and the costliest Confederate victory of the war won back nothing.",
 "result": "Confederate victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Confederate Army of Tennessee",
   "commanders": [
    "General Braxton Bragg",
    "Lt. Gen. James Longstreet",
    "Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk",
    "Lt. Gen. D. H. Hill",
    "Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 66326,
    "low": 62000,
    "high": 71500,
    "source": "s3"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 18454,
    "low": 17000,
    "high": 18454,
    "source": "s3"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Union Army of the Cumberland",
   "commanders": [
    "Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans",
    "Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas",
    "Maj. Gen. Alexander McCook",
    "Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden",
    "Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 58222,
    "low": 57840,
    "high": 64500,
    "source": "s3"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 16170,
    "low": 16000,
    "high": 16170,
    "source": "s3"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "In the summer of 1863 William S. Rosecrans's Union Army of the Cumberland manoeuvred Braxton Bragg's Confederate Army of Tennessee out of Middle Tennessee in the Tullahoma campaign, at a cost of about 569 Union casualties. Washington then pressed Rosecrans to take Chattanooga, a small city on the Tennessee River where four railways met and the gateway to the Deep South. In late August he crossed the river downstream while Wilder's brigade and artillery fire on the city persuaded Bragg that the crossing would come above it. Outflanked, Bragg abandoned Chattanooga on 8 September, and the Federals marched in the next day.\n\nBelieving Bragg was retreating towards Rome, Georgia, Rosecrans pushed his three corps south across Lookout Mountain on widely separated roads. Bragg had in fact concentrated around LaFayette, and the Confederacy was reinforcing him: Simon Buckner's troops from East Tennessee, two divisions from Mississippi, and James Longstreet's corps from Lee's army in Virginia, sent round by rail in the first large-scale Confederate transfer of troops between theatres. Bragg twice had the chance to crush an isolated Union column, at Davis's Cross Roads in McLemore's Cove on 10–11 September and near Lee and Gordon's Mill on 13 September; both times delay and caution among his subordinates let it escape. Rosecrans, alarmed, hurried to pull his army together along the LaFayette Road, west of West Chickamauga Creek.\n\nBragg's plan for 18 September was to cross the creek at four points, from Reed's Bridge in the north to Dalton's Ford in the south, get round the Union left and drive Rosecrans south, away from Chattanooga and into the mountains.",
  "forces": "Livermore's long-standard count, used by the Park Service and by CDB90, gives Rosecrans 58,222 men and Bragg 66,326. Other estimates run from about 57,800 to 64,500 Union and 62,000 to 71,500 Confederate, and the two armies are usually rounded to 60,000 and 65,000. It was one of the few great battles of the war in which the Confederates had more men, and part of that edge arrived during the fighting: Hood with Bushrod Johnson's division by 18 September, Longstreet himself late on the 19th.\n\nThe Army of the Cumberland fought in three corps under George H. Thomas (XIV), Alexander McCook (XX) and Thomas Crittenden (XXI), with Gordon Granger's Reserve Corps covering the road back to Rossville. Some Federal units carried repeaters: John Wilder's mounted infantry, the 'Lightning Brigade', had seven-shot Spencer rifles, and the 21st Ohio five-shot Colt revolving rifles. Bragg's army was assembled from three departments, and his senior subordinates had already shown in McLemore's Cove how slow they could be to act on his orders. On the night of 19 September he reorganised it into two wings, the right under Leonidas Polk and the left under Longstreet.\n\nThe field was mostly woodland broken by small farms and clearings: the Brotherton, Dyer, Kelly, Poe, Viniard and Snodgrass fields. Commanders could rarely see more than a few hundred yards, and much of the fighting was at close range among the trees.",
  "course": "CDB90 treats the battle as a single engagement, number 200 (CHICKAMAUGA), from 05:30 on 19 September to 19:00 on 20 September; the creek crossings of 18 September fall outside it. Times are approximate.\n\n**18 September: the crossings.** Bushrod Johnson's column reached Reed's Bridge after Robert Minty's Union cavalry fell back, and Hood took it over at Jay's Mill around 16:30. At Alexander's Bridge Wilder's Spencers and Eli Lilly's battery held off Liddell's brigade, which lost 105 men. Rosecrans saw the movement and shifted troops north to meet it.\n\n**19 September: the battle in the woods.** Shortly after dawn Daniel McCook's Union brigade clashed with Forrest's cavalry near Jay's Mill, and Thomas sent Brannan's division against what he believed was a single isolated brigade. The fight grew all day as each side fed in divisions from north to south: Cheatham's attack around 11:00, Stewart's breakthrough near the Brotherton and Dyer fields at about noon, Bushrod Johnson's push against Davis around 14:00, and Hood's struggle with Wilder and Sheridan for the Viniard farm. At sunset Cleburne attacked on the northern flank and by 21:00 held the Winfrey field, amid much confusion in the dark. The Union line was battered but intact. Overnight Longstreet arrived and Bragg split his army into two wings.\n\n**20 September, morning: Polk's attack.** Bragg ordered an attack at daybreak; delays and muddled orders, chiefly in D. H. Hill's corps, put it back to about 09:30. Breckinridge's division struck the northern end of Thomas's line, now behind log breastworks; Ben Hardin Helm, Lincoln's brother-in-law, was mortally wounded, and two brigades got round towards the Kelly Field before counter-attacks drove them out. Cleburne stalled against the barricades. Thomas kept calling for reinforcements.\n\n**The Wood order, 10:45.** Around 10:00 Thomas's aide, Captain Sanford Kellogg, found Brannan's division preparing to move to Thomas and reported to Rosecrans that Brannan was out of line, leaving Reynolds's right exposed. Brannan and Reynolds had in fact decided to stay, but did not recall Kellogg. At 10:45 a staff officer, Frank Bond, wrote in Rosecrans's name, unchecked, that Thomas Wood should \"close up on Reynolds as fast as possible, and support him.\" With Brannan still between them, Wood could obey only by leaving the line and marching behind Brannan. After McCook told him to go, he pulled out.\n\n**11:10: the breakthrough.** Longstreet's attack went in as Wood left. Hood led a deep column of eight brigades, about 10,000 men; Bushrod Johnson's brigades went straight through the empty ground at the Brotherton farm and took about fifteen of twenty-six Union guns at the Dyer Field. Hood was hit in the thigh and lost his leg. To the south Hindman's division caught Davis and Sheridan moving north, killing William Lytle. The Union right dissolved into McFarland's Gap, and Rosecrans, McCook and Crittenden went with it towards Chattanooga.\n\n**Afternoon: Snodgrass Hill.** Thomas held the Kelly Field with his own corps while Brannan, Negley, Stanley and Harker rallied fragments on Horseshoe Ridge and Snodgrass Hill, roughly at right angles to it. Kershaw's attacks from about 13:00 were beaten back. A little before 14:00 Bushrod Johnson swung against the western end of the ridge just as Steedman's two brigades of Granger's Reserve Corps, sent without orders, arrived and threw him back. Hindman and Preston joined the assaults; Longstreet later claimed 25. Garfield, Rosecrans's chief of staff, reported that Thomas was \"standing like a rock\".\n\n**Dusk: withdrawal.** About 16:30, on Rosecrans's orders, Thomas began withdrawing towards Rossville, Reynolds and Palmer leaving the Kelly Field first as Polk renewed his attack. The ridge withdrawal was not co-ordinated, and the 22nd Michigan, 89th Ohio and 21st Ohio, out of ammunition, were captured by Preston at nightfall. Thomas's intact units fell back overnight to Rossville Gap.",
  "aftermath": "The battle cost the Union about 16,170 men and the Confederates about 18,454, some 28% of each army and 34,600 in all: the heaviest losses of any battle in the west and second only to Gettysburg in the whole war. Ten Confederate generals were killed or wounded; Helm, Deshler and Preston Smith died. Bragg did not pursue in force; many of his troops had come by rail without wagons, he had lost artillery horses and he had no pontoons to cross the Tennessee. D. H. Hill later called Chickamauga a \"barren victory\".\n\nThe Army of the Cumberland fell back into Chattanooga on 21–22 September and Bragg besieged it from the heights. Lincoln told John Hay that Rosecrans seemed \"confused and stunned like a duck hit on the head\". McCook and Crittenden lost their corps on 28 September, and on 19 October Rosecrans was relieved and replaced by Thomas. In November Grant, with Sherman and Hooker, broke the siege at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge.\n\nBlame for the Wood order is still argued. Henry Cist's 1883 history blamed Bond's incompetence and Wood's malevolence, and Rosecrans's partisans claimed Wood knowingly opened the gap out of spite after Rosecrans had berated him that morning. Peter Cozzens faults both men: Wood for letting bitterness cloud his judgement, Rosecrans for not checking an order written while he was exhausted. David Powell points out that Wood sought clarification from McCook, who affirmed the move. The battlefield became, in 1890, the first national military park.",
  "wargaming": "Chickamauga is a big, messy, two-day battle in the woods, and that is the attraction. At brigade level, one unit per brigade with turns of 30 minutes to an hour, the whole of 19–20 September fits a table representing about four miles north to south by two or three east to west. Each day also works alone: the confused meeting fight of 19 September, or the second day from Polk's dawn attack to Thomas's withdrawal. Regimental games suit the crossings at Alexander's Bridge, the Viniard field, the Brotherton breakthrough and the last stand on Horseshoe Ridge.\n\nThe terrain rules matter more than usual. Woods should block sight and slow formed movement, small clearings become killing grounds, and the LaFayette Road and the gaps behind the Union line decide where routed troops go. Command control is the heart of it: Confederate wing and corps commanders acting late or not at all on 20 September, Union divisions shuffled north to Thomas, and Wilder's repeaters punching above their numbers.\n\nThe Wood order is the obvious what-if. A game can make it a card or a random event, or let the Union player decide whether to move a division on bad information, and see whether Longstreet's column still breaks through without a gap. Other levers are Longstreet arriving earlier on 19 September, Polk attacking at dawn as ordered, and whether Granger marches without orders. Victory conditions should reward the Confederates for cutting the roads to Chattanooga, not just for holding the field."
 },
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   "file": "File:Chickamauga Sep20 2.png",
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   "caption": "Chickamauga, 20 September 1863: Longstreet's breakthrough at the Brotherton farm and the collapse of the Union right.",
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  {
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   "caption": "Major General George H. Thomas, the 'Rock of Chickamauga'.",
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   "credit": "This image is available from the United States Library of Congress 's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cwpbh.01069 . This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing .",
   "width": 3020
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  {
   "file": "File:William Rosecrans - Brady-Handy.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Major General William S. Rosecrans, commander of the Army of the Cumberland.",
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   "caption": "General Braxton Bragg, commander of the Army of Tennessee.",
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   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author , restoration by Adam Cuerden",
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 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of Chickamauga",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "Chickamauga (American Battlefield Trust)",
   "url": "https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/chickamauga",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "James R. Sullivan, Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields, National Park Service Historical Handbook No. 25 (1956, reprinted 1961)",
   "url": "https://www.npshistory.com/handbooks/historical/25/hh25g3.htm",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "William Glenn Robertson, The Battles for Chickamauga, National Park Civil War Series (Eastern National, 1995)",
   "url": "https://npshistory.com/publications/civil_war_series/10/index.htm",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "David A. Powell and David Friedrichs, 'Chickamauga: Georgia's River of Death', Hallowed Ground (Fall 2010), excerpted from The Maps of Chickamauga (American Battlefield Trust)",
   "url": "https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/chickamauga-0",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "Chickamauga Battlefield (National Park Service, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park)",
   "url": "https://home.nps.gov/chch/learn/historyculture/chickamauga-battlefield.htm",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "Thomas J. Wood",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Wood",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Peter Cozzens, This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga (University of Illinois Press, 1992)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–65 (Houghton Mifflin, 1900)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s10",
   "title": "Our First National Military Park (American Battlefield Trust, Hallowed Ground, Fall 2010)",
   "url": "https://battlefields.org/learn/articles/our-first-national-military-park",
   "kind": "article"
  }
 ],
 "cdb90": [
  200
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    "work_id": "ia:cu31924030908036",
    "title": "The privations of a private. The campaign under Gen. R. E. Lee",
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    "title": "Civil War Experiences, 1862-1865 Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Buzzard Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro, Bentonville",
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