{
 "slug": "cold-harbor",
 "title": "Battle of Cold Harbor",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1850–1900",
 "date_text": "31 May – 12 June 1864",
 "start": "1864-05-31",
 "end": "1864-06-12",
 "war": "American Civil War",
 "cdb90_war": "AMERICAN CIVIL WAR",
 "place": {
  "name": "Old Cold Harbor, Hanover County, Virginia, United States",
  "lat": 37.59,
  "lon": -77.285,
  "wikidata": "Q497797"
 },
 "lede": "Grant's last frontal assault of the Overland Campaign: a dawn attack on Lee's entrenchments on 3 June 1864 that was beaten off with thousands of Union losses. It was Lee's last great field victory, and Grant regretted it for the rest of his life.",
 "result": "Confederate victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Union Army of the Potomac and XVIII Corps",
   "commanders": [
    "Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant",
    "Maj. Gen. George G. Meade",
    "Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock",
    "Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren",
    "Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright",
    "Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside",
    "Maj. Gen. William F. Smith",
    "Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 108000,
    "low": 108000,
    "high": 117000,
    "source": "s3"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 12737,
    "low": 12000,
    "high": 14931,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Confederate Army of Northern Virginia",
   "commanders": [
    "General Robert E. Lee",
    "Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson",
    "Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early",
    "Lt. Gen. A. P. Hill",
    "Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge",
    "Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 62000,
    "low": 59000,
    "high": 62000,
    "source": "s3"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 5287,
    "low": 3400,
    "high": 5287,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "Since crossing the Rapidan on 4 May, Grant had fought Lee in the Wilderness, at Spotsylvania and on the North Anna, and each time sidled round Lee's right towards Richmond. His aim was Lee's army; Meade had been told, \"Wherever Lee goes, there you will go also.\" At the end of May the armies faced each other across Totopotomoy Creek, a few miles north-east of the capital. Neither could find an opening there, and on 28 May the cavalry had fought at Haw's Shop and on 30 May Early's men had struck at Bethesda Church.\n\nOld Cold Harbor was a crossroads named after a tavern that offered shelter but no hot meals, about ten miles north-east of Richmond and on the ground of the battle of Gaines's Mill two years before. Its roads led towards the Chickahominy crossings and east to White House Landing on the Pamunkey, where Baldy Smith's XVIII Corps was landing from the Army of the James. Holding it would let Grant swing round Lee's right once more.\n\nLee needed it for the same reason. Reinforced at last by Hoke's division from Beauregard and by Breckinridge's men from the Shenandoah, he moved his headquarters to Shady Grove Church on 31 May, sent Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry to help Butler's brigade hold the crossroads and ordered Anderson's First Corps to shift south from the Totopotomoy line. Both armies were now hurrying to the same few square miles of farmland, swamp and second-growth pine.",
  "forces": "Grant had about 108,000 men, the figure most sources give; Kennedy says 117,000. Meade's Army of the Potomac had Hancock's II, Warren's V, Wright's VI and Burnside's IX Corps and Sheridan's cavalry, joined by Smith's XVIII Corps of about 16,000. Command was still split between Grant and Meade, and the two quarrelled over who was to blame for attacks made without reconnaissance. Four weeks of continuous fighting had cost the army many of its veterans; much of the replacement strength came from recruits and heavy artillery regiments from the Washington forts serving as infantry. Sheridan's troopers carried seven-shot Spencer carbines, which told on 1 June.\n\nLee had about 59,000–62,000 men: Anderson's First Corps, the Second under Early, Hill's Third, three cavalry divisions, and two new divisions, Hoke's and Breckinridge's. Lee's veteran infantry were fewer and tired, but they knew how to dig. By the evening of 2 June his engineers had laid out a line about seven miles long, from Bethesda Church almost to the Chickahominy, with cleared fields of fire, earth-and-log barricades and guns sited for converging fire, ranges marked with stakes.",
  "course": "CDB90 treats the battle as a single engagement, number 205 (COLD HARBOR), covering only the great assault of 3 June, 04:30–13:30. Times are approximate.\n\n**31 May: the crossroads.** At about 16:00 Torbert's cavalry division, backed by part of Gregg's, drove Butler, Fitzhugh Lee and Clingman's leading infantry brigade of Hoke's division out of Old Cold Harbor; Clingman fell back west towards New Cold Harbor and dug in. Seeing Hoke's infantry gather and hearing that Anderson was coming, Sheridan judged the odds too heavy and pulled back towards Old Church. Grant ordered him to hold the crossroads \"at all hazards\", and Torbert returned at about 01:00 to find the Confederates had not noticed he had gone.\n\n**1 June, morning.** Torbert's men barricaded the roads. At about 08:00 Anderson sent Kershaw's old brigade under Colonel Lawrence Keitt against Merritt's dismounted troopers at Beulah Church. The Spencers broke it and mortally wounded Keitt; Hoke, told not to attack until Anderson was well under way, never moved, and Anderson called it off. Wright's VI Corps, after a fifteen-mile night march, arrived from 09:00. Smith's XVIII Corps, misdirected to New Castle Ferry, came up only in the afternoon.\n\n**1 June, evening.** At 18:30 Wright and Smith attacked Hoke and Anderson. South of the road they gained almost nothing; Upton's brigade, swollen by the 1,500-man 2nd Connecticut Heavy Artillery, was repulsed and Colonel Kellogg killed. Truex's brigade found an unguarded swampy ravine between Clingman and Wofford, got behind both and brought back hundreds of Georgian prisoners before Hunton's brigade sealed the gap. The day cost the Union about 2,200 men and the Confederates about 1,800.\n\n**2 June.** Hancock's II Corps marched overnight to the Union left but arrived long after dawn, too tired to attack. Grant put the assault off to 17:00, then to 04:30 next morning. Lee used the day: Breckinridge cleared Turkey Hill at the southern end of the line, Mahone and Wilcox came down in support, and Early hit Warren and Burnside near Bethesda Church in a thunderstorm. That night, Horace Porter recalled, men in the attacking corps pinned slips with their names and addresses to their coats so their bodies could be identified.\n\n**3 June: the assault.** At 04:30 the II, VI and XVIII Corps advanced through ground fog. Barlow's division, led by Brooke's brigade, overran part of Breckinridge's line, taking several hundred prisoners and at least four guns, until Finegan's Floridians and the 2nd Maryland drove it out. Gibbon's division lost its alignment in a swamp; McKeen was killed and Tyler badly wounded. Wright's corps was pinned down, Upton judging any advance impracticable. Smith's divisions under Martindale and Brooks were funnelled into two ravines and cut down by Kershaw's and Field's men, while Warren, facing Pickett, did almost nothing. Burnside attacked Early at about 06:00 and stopped at the main works. By about 08:00 the attack had died, many Federals lying a few yards from the Confederate line and scraping cover with cups, plates and bayonets. At 07:00 Grant had urged Meade to press any success; at about 12:30, \"the opinion of the corps commanders not being sanguine of success\", he suspended the attack.\n\n**4–12 June: the trenches.** The lines settled down, in places a few yards apart, to sharpshooting and mortar fire from Union Coehorns. Thousands of wounded lay between them while Grant and Lee exchanged notes from 5 June over the form of a truce; it came only on the evening of 7 June, when few were left alive. On the night of 12 June, with Warren screening towards Riddell's Shop, the army slipped away to the James.",
  "aftermath": "Grant lost about 12,700 men at Cold Harbor and Lee about 4,600–5,300, most of the difference on 3 June. How many fell that morning, and how fast, is the argument. The traditional account, repeated by the NPS battle summary, Catton, Foote and McPherson, has about 7,000 Union soldiers shot in under half an hour, Foote saying eight minutes. Gordon Rhea's 2002 study, built on reports and casualty lists, counts about 3,500–4,000 in the main assault and roughly 6,000 for the whole day, against about 1,500 Confederates; the American Battlefield Trust now gives about 6,000. Rhea also notes that the story of the pinned names rests on Porter alone, with no letter, diary or newspaper to support it. The loss was still grievous: the 8th New York Heavy Artillery lost 505 men, the highest of any regiment in the battle.\n\nGrant wrote in his Memoirs: \"I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made... At Cold Harbor no advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained.\" The battle fed Northern war-weariness and the charge that Grant was a butcher. Yet it was Lee's last major field victory. Between 12 and 16 June Grant crossed the James, partly by a 2,100-foot pontoon bridge at Weyanoke, and threatened Petersburg, and Lee was held in a siege for nine months. Part of the field is preserved in Richmond National Battlefield Park, beside Cold Harbor National Cemetery.",
  "wargaming": "Cold Harbor is a test of how a rule set handles field fortifications, and it splits into several games. The cavalry fight for the crossroads on 31 May and Keitt's attack on 1 June are small, quick actions: dismounted troopers with repeaters behind improvised barricades against veteran infantry. The evening of 1 June is a good divisional or corps game, Wright and Smith against Hoke and Anderson, with a hidden swampy gap that a lucky Union brigade can find. The 3 June assault works at brigade level with turns of 15–20 minutes, over a three-to-four-mile frontage; the drama is in the first hour.\n\nTo be fair to history, entrenchments with cleared fields of fire, pre-registered artillery and enfilading positions should make a frontal attack almost hopeless, and attackers who go to ground short of the works should be hard to move again. Fog, swamps and ravines should disrupt alignment. Barlow's break-in gives the Union a real but brief chance if reserves can be fed in quickly.\n\nThe interesting decisions are mostly before the shooting: whether to attack on 2 June, before Lee's line is finished; whether to reconnoitre; and where to mass rather than attack all along the line. What-ifs include Hancock arriving in time on 2 June, Smith not being misdirected on 1 June, and Hoke joining Keitt's attack."
 },
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "File:ColdHarbor-June1.png",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "Cold Harbor, 1 June 1864: Keitt's morning attack and the evening assault of Wright's VI and Smith's XVIII Corps.",
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   "file": "File:ColdHarbor-June3.png",
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   "caption": "Cold Harbor, 3 June 1864: the dawn assault of the II, VI and XVIII Corps against Lee's entrenched line.",
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  {
   "file": "File:7th NY Heavy Arty in Barlows charge.jpg",
   "kind": "illustration",
   "caption": "The 7th New York Heavy Artillery, serving as infantry, preparing to leave the trenches and charge with Barlow's division, 3 June 1864: field sketch by Alfred R. Waud.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/7th_NY_Heavy_Arty_in_Barlows_charge.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "artist": "Alfred Waud",
   "credit": "This image is available from the United States Library of Congress 's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3g05970 . This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing .",
   "width": 9279
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Coehorn at Cold Harbor.jpg",
   "kind": "illustration",
   "caption": "Union Coehorn mortars in action in the trenches at Cold Harbor, after Alfred R. Waud.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Coehorn_at_Cold_Harbor.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "artist": "Alfred Waud . A list of artists and engravers can be found on p. 21 of the PDF .",
   "credit": "This file is from the Mechanical Curator collection , a set of over 1 million images scanned from out-of-copyright books and released to Flickr Commons by the British Library in London, England. View image on Flickr View all images from book View catalogue entry for book .",
   "width": 1506
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  {
   "file": "File:ColdHarborBreastworks1864.jpg",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "Confederate breastworks at Cold Harbor, photographed by John Reekie and published by Alexander Gardner.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/ColdHarborBreastworks1864.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ColdHarborBreastworks1864.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
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   "artist": "Negative: John Reekie, Positive: Alexander Gardner",
   "credit": "File from The Photographic History of The Civil War in Ten Volumes: Volume Three, The Decisive Battles . The Review of Reviews Co., New York. 1911. p. 85.",
   "width": 1750
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Grant+Lee.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "The opposing commanders: Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and General Robert E. Lee.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Grant%2BLee.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "artist": "Original uploader was Hlj at en.wikipedia ( Original text: Montage by Hal Jespersen )",
   "credit": "Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original images from the US Archives civil war photos : 32. Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant standing by a tree in front of a tent, Cold Harbor, Va., June 1864. 111-B-36. 145. Lee, Gen. Robert E.; full-length, standing, April 1865. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady. 111-B-1564.",
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  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of Cold Harbor",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor",
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   "id": "s3",
   "title": "Cold Harbor, battle summary VA062 (National Park Service, American Battlefield Protection Program)",
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   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "Gordon C. Rhea, The Battle of Cold Harbor (National Park Civil War Series, Eastern National, 2001; via npshistory.com)",
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   "kind": "web"
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   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Cold Harbor (National Park Service, Richmond National Battlefield Park)",
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   "id": "s6",
   "title": "10 Facts: Cold Harbor (American Battlefield Trust)",
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   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "Kevin M. Levin, 'Old Myths Die Hard at Cold Harbor' (History News Network, 4 June 2014, from Civil War Memory)",
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   "kind": "article"
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  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Shawn Devaney and Jason Mann Frawley, reviews of Rhea's Cold Harbor (Texas Christian University course page)",
   "url": "https://personal.tcu.edu/swoodworth/Rhea-CH.htm",
   "kind": "article"
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  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, vol. 2, ch. LV (Charles L. Webster, 1886; Project Gutenberg)",
   "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4367",
   "kind": "primary"
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   "id": "s10",
   "title": "Gordon C. Rhea, Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26–June 3, 1864 (Louisiana State University Press, 2002)",
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   "id": "s11",
   "title": "Ernest B. Furgurson, Not War but Murder: Cold Harbor 1864 (Alfred A. Knopf, 2000)",
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   "title": "Alfred C. Young III, Lee's Army during the Overland Campaign: A Numerical Study (Louisiana State University Press, 2013)",
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   "id": "s13",
   "title": "David J. Eicher, The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War (Simon & Schuster, 2001)",
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   "title": "Frances H. Kennedy (ed.), The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 2nd edn (Houghton Mifflin, 1998)",
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   "id": "s16",
   "title": "Noah Andre Trudeau, Bloody Roads South: The Wilderness to Cold Harbor, May–June 1864 (Little, Brown, 1989)",
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   "id": "s17",
   "title": "James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford University Press, 1988)",
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