{
 "slug": "dresden-1813",
 "title": "Battle of Dresden",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1775–1815",
 "date_text": "26–27 August 1813",
 "start": "1813-08-26",
 "end": "1813-08-27",
 "war": "Napoleonic Wars",
 "cdb90_war": "THE NAPOLEONIC WARS",
 "place": {
  "name": "Dresden and the villages to its south and west, Kingdom of Saxony (now Saxony, Germany)",
  "lat": 51.03,
  "lon": 13.72,
  "wikidata": "Q17594"
 },
 "lede": "In August 1813 the Allied Army of Bohemia attacked Dresden, but Napoleon arrived from Silesia in time to save it. Next day, in pouring rain, he struck both Allied wings, destroyed the Austrian left and won his last great victory in Germany.",
 "result": "French victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Allied Army of Bohemia (Austria, Russia, Prussia)",
   "commanders": [
    "Prince Karl Philipp zu Schwarzenberg",
    "Tsar Alexander I",
    "Michael Barclay de Tolly",
    "Peter Wittgenstein",
    "Friedrich von Kleist",
    "Ignaz Gyulai"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 158000,
    "low": 150000,
    "high": 215000,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 38000,
    "low": 25000,
    "high": 40000,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "French Grande Armée, with Saxon and other allied contingents",
   "commanders": [
    "Napoleon I",
    "Marshal Gouvion Saint-Cyr",
    "Marshal Murat",
    "Marshal Ney",
    "Marshal Mortier",
    "Marshal Marmont",
    "Marshal Victor"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 120000,
    "low": 100000,
    "high": 135000,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 10000,
    "low": 10000,
    "high": 12000,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "The armistice that followed Lützen and Bautzen ended in August 1813, and Austria joined Russia and Prussia against Napoleon. Under the Trachenberg plan, the Allied armies would retreat before Napoleon himself and strike at his marshals. Napoleon went first for Blücher's Army of Silesia, but when he took Löwenberg on the Bober on 21 August, Blücher simply fell back. Meanwhile Schwarzenberg's Army of Bohemia crossed the Erzgebirge into Saxony. It first aimed at Leipzig, then turned on Dresden, the French base on the Elbe.\n\nDresden was weakly held. Marshal Gouvion Saint-Cyr's XIV Corps, about 20,000 men, had been pushed back on the city, and the Allies reached its outskirts on 25 August. The defences were incomplete. They consisted of a ring of lunettes, barricaded suburbs and garden walls, and the remains of the old city wall. On the 25th the Tsar and Moreau wanted to storm the city at once, but Schwarzenberg insisted on waiting for his Austrians.\n\nNapoleon left Macdonald to hold Blücher and turned back. He planned to cross the Elbe at Königstein with 100,000 men and fall on the Allied rear at Pirna. But late on the 25th his aide Gourgaud reached him at Stolpen with a gloomy report on Dresden's defences. At 01:00 on the 26th Napoleon ordered the Guard and Latour-Maubourg's cavalry to march straight for the city, with Victor and Marmont to follow. He left the stroke against the Allied rear to Vandamme's I Corps alone. The Guard covered about 90 miles in three days, marching across country beside the roads, which were kept for the guns and wagons.",
  "forces": "The Army of Bohemia had about 150,000–158,000 men before Dresden. It was a coalition army with a crowded headquarters. Schwarzenberg commanded, but the Tsar and the King of Prussia were on the field, and the Emperor Francis was also with the army. They took advice from the exiled French general Moreau and from Jomini, who had deserted from Ney's staff. The Russians and Prussians under Wittgenstein and Kleist formed the right, with Barclay de Tolly's reserves behind. The Austrian corps of Colloredo, Chasteler and Gyulai held the centre and left, and Klenau's corps was still marching up from Tharandt. There were roughly 430 guns in the three wings. The Allied supply columns were in confusion on the mountain roads, and the troops were short of food.\n\nThe French had about 70,000 men by the evening of the 26th and some 120,000 on the 27th, with 486 guns. Saint-Cyr's XIV Corps held the works. Napoleon brought four divisions of the Young Guard under Mortier and Ney, the Old Guard in reserve, and some 23,000 cavalry of Latour-Maubourg's I Cavalry Corps and Pajol under Murat. Victor's II and Marmont's VI Corps arrived overnight. Many of the infantry were young conscripts. All of them carried flintlocks, whose priming would not stay dry in heavy rain.",
  "course": "CDB90 records the battle as a single engagement, number 137 (DRESDEN), from 05:00 on 26 August to 16:00 on 27 August. Times below come mostly from Petre.\n\n**26 August, morning.** At 05:00 Ziethen's Prussians attacked the Grosser Garten, the walled park south-east of the city. With Roth's Russian advanced guard they had taken about three-quarters of it by noon. Between the park and the Elbe the Russians suffered from French guns firing across the river. In the south-west the Austrians advanced from about 06:00 towards Plauen and stormed the Feldschlösschen, a building only 300 yards from Redoubt IV. Beyond the Weisseritz they took Löbtau. Napoleon reached Dresden between 09:00 and 10:00 and rode the whole line. Behind the garden walls there was in places one defender to every ten paces. The Guard and Murat's cavalry began to come in over the Elbe bridges, and the Allied monarchs could see them coming from the Racknitz heights. Jomini and the Tsar now favoured retreat, but the King of Prussia did not. The general attack set for 16:00 was called off, but the signal guns were fired anyway.\n\n**26 August, afternoon.** The Allies attacked all along the line. The Russians and Prussians reached Redoubt II but could not storm it, and Kleist got within ten yards of the Dohna suburb before he was thrown back. The Austrians stormed Redoubt III when its ammunition ran out, and the defenders were nearly all killed or wounded. Other Austrian attacks on Redoubts IV and V and towards Friedrichstadt failed. Most of the Allied army stood in reserve.\n\n**26 August, evening.** At about 18:00 Napoleon counter-attacked with the Guard. Mortier drove the Russians back to Striesen and the Blasewitz wood, and the French fought their way back to the palace in the Grosser Garten by 19:00. The Young Guard retook Redoubt III, taking about 400 prisoners. Ney retook the Feldschlösschen with the bayonet, and Teste and Pajol cleared Friedrichstadt. By dark the French had regained nearly all they had lost. Towards midnight torrential rain began, and that night Victor's and Marmont's corps entered the city.\n\n**27 August.** In the rain Napoleon attacked both Allied wings and held his centre. From 06:00 Mortier, with Nansouty's Guard cavalry, drove the Russians from Blasewitz and Seidnitz. By noon he had stormed Reick, with fierce fighting among the burning houses. Saint-Cyr's attacks on Leubnitz failed. At about 13:00 a shot from a French battery struck Moreau beside the Tsar, smashing both his legs. A planned Allied counter-attack on the French left never went in.\n\nThe decisive blow came beyond the Weisseritz. The stream ran in a deep gorge at Plauen and was swollen by the rain, and the Austrian left, about 24,000 men with 34 guns, was cut off from the centre. Murat had about 35,000 men there, 12,000 of them cavalry. He attacked from about 06:00–07:00 with Victor's infantry in four columns, Teste's division and the cavalry of Latour-Maubourg and Pajol. Victor's columns used the ravines to break the Austrian line at Rossthal and Neu Nimptsch. At about noon Austrian squares whose muskets would not fire were ridden down. Teste got round behind Meszko's division at Pennrich, and Meszko surrendered with four regiments. In a story told by Marbot, Bordesoulle made one square give in by showing it a battery ready to fire. Dolzschen fell at about 14:00, and by 15:00 the Austrian left had been destroyed. Klenau never arrived. That evening the Allied council of war decided to retreat into Bohemia.",
  "aftermath": "The Allies lost about 38,000–40,000 men, among them perhaps 13,000–15,000 prisoners, with 40 guns and 15 colours. Petre puts the loss at 'probably at least 25,000'. The French lost about 10,000. Napoleon rode back into the city at 16:00, soaked through. Behind him came the Austrian prisoners, among them Meszko and two other generals. Moreau had both legs amputated on the field, and he died at Laun (Louny) in Bohemia on 2 September.\n\nThe victory was not followed up. The Allies retreated over poor mountain tracks, because Vandamme was on the Peterswalde road and Murat held the Freiberg road. Napoleon did not believe they had gone until the next morning. He fell ill, and he left the pursuit largely to Vandamme's single corps. At Kulm on 29–30 August Ostermann-Tolstoy's Russians held Vandamme, and then Kleist's Prussians came down on his rear from Nollendorf. Vandamme was captured with 8,000–10,000 of his men and 82 guns. Together with the defeats at Grossbeeren and the Katzbach, Kulm cancelled out much of what Dresden had won.\n\nHistorians still judge Dresden a brilliant tactical success. Petre ranks it among Napoleon's 'most remarkable, though almost his last, great victories', and he praises the unusual choice to attack both wings with fewer men. He also blames the Allies' indecision on the 26th, their weak left wing and their idle cavalry. The argument since has been about the days that followed, and whether illness or misjudgement stopped Napoleon reaping the fruits of victory.",
  "wargaming": "Dresden is two very different games. The 26th is an assault on a fortified city. The Allies have the numbers and a few hours to use them before the Guard arrives. Lunettes that cannot see one another, barricaded suburbs, garden walls, the Grosser Garten and the Feldschlösschen all need clear rules. A French player feeding in reinforcements by turn, from 10:00 onwards, makes a tense defence. The 27th is a set-piece of envelopment on both wings, with the weather as a player.\n\nThe Weisseritz gorge is the key terrain. It isolates the Austrian left, and a rule that rain damps the priming, cutting infantry fire sharply while leaving cavalry and artillery effective, explains the result. Low visibility and heavy going for guns matter too, since Barclay refused to commit his artillery for fear of not getting it back up the hill.\n\nBrigade-level rules with hourly or half-hourly turns suit either day. The flank action beyond the Weisseritz works on its own at battalion level. The what-ifs come straight from the sources: the Allies storming the city on the 25th, before Napoleon arrived; Klenau arriving on time; reinforcements sent across the gorge from the reserve at Gittersee; the Russo-Prussian counter-attack on Mortier going in; or Napoleon keeping to his Königstein plan and falling on the Allied rear with 100,000 men."
 },
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   "title": "F. Loraine Petre, Napoleon's Last Campaign in Germany, 1813 (John Lane, 1912), chapters XII–XIV",
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   "id": "s4",
   "title": "William Milligan Sloane, The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, vol. IV (Century, 1896), chapters I–II, via Project Gutenberg",
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   "kind": "book"
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   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Gaston Bodart, Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) (C. W. Stern, 1908)",
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   "id": "s6",
   "title": "Michael V. Leggiere, Napoleon and the Struggle for Germany: The Franco-Prussian War of 1813, vol. II (Cambridge University Press, 2015)",
   "url": null,
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  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "David G. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon (Macmillan, 1966)",
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  "slug": "dresden-1813",
  "query": "Dresden",
  "from": "1813-08-26",
  "to": "1813-11-25",
  "total": 107,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
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    "date": "1813-10-26",
    "paper": "The Rhode-Island American, and general advertiser (Providence [R.I.])",
    "place": "Providence, Rhode Island",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025442/1813-10-26/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... accounts of the battles before [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]] from a London evening paper ThO last French papers add* nothing* on tbs subject of the aff iirs near [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]]. —Oar opinions on that bead are unchang ed—the French were beaten—taken ip the flanks and in the rear by the combined armies, and driven back iato [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]] with immense lose. The plains of Plau en, where the battles of tbe fidth and 27th were fought, are situated two or three miles so the southward of [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]]. Pir na, Freyberg, and I'eterswalde, which Count Daru's letter admits to have been occupied by the ent my. are also to the southward, or, to apeak in military terms, in tbe rear of ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1813-11-02",
    "paper": "Daily national intelligencer (Washington City [D.C.])",
    "place": "Washington, District Of Columbia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83026172/1813-11-02/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... that of the occupation of [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]] by the allies, solar from being desuoy^d, is strengthened by the present accounts, s.nce the crown prince m; ntienk that on the 5h inst the allied uoops had advanced into Saxony aqd Bavaria and it is ascertained fom Berlin, that it had been notified at [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]], that the French would shortly leave t^s Elbe Extract from the twelfth bulletin of the crown fringe of Sweden, dated head quartern, Juferbock, Soft. 3D. There is an account of the death of gen. Mo reau on the th m,3t. •‘Everyday brings fregh proof that the con sequences, of the batt*e or Dennewitz are o greater weight than were at first expected it ..."
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    "date": "1813-11-04",
    "paper": "Martinsburgh gazette (Martinsburgh, Va. [W. Va.])",
    "place": "Martinsburg, West Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84038455/1813-11-04/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... accounts of the battles before [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]] from a London evening paper. “The last French papers add nothing on the subject of the affairs near [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]]— our nnmronn on that head are unchanged— the French were beaten—taken in the flanks and in the rear by the combined armies, and driven hack into [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]] with immense loss. 'Hie plains of Plauen, where the bat tles of the 26th and 27th were fought, are situated 2 or 3 miles to the southward of [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]], Pima, Freyberg, and Peterswade, which Count Dam's letter admits to have been occupied by the enemy, are also to the southward, or to speak in military terms, in the rear of Bonaparte's position at ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1813-11-08",
    "paper": "Virginia Argus (Richmond, Va.)",
    "place": "Richmond, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024710/1813-11-08/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... his Majesty set out from [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]] on the night of the 3d.*— lie attacked the enemy in the afternoon tf ’he 4th, repulsed him, and ooli£ed him to pass the \"Nicsse he slept at Bautzen, and on the 6th returned to [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]], to oppose the movements which the enemy might wish to make, in order torecall him upon the left bank of the Elbe.” Paris. Sent. 15. Her Majesty the Empress Queen and Regent, has received the following intelli gence from the army, dated 6th Sept, in the evening. On the-2d Sept, the Emperor reviewed the 1st corpa in [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]], and confirmed the command of it on Count Lobau, This cor; s has lost less ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1813-11-09",
    "paper": "Alexandria gazette, commercial and political (Alexandria [Va.])",
    "place": "Alexandria, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024014/1813-11-09/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... road from Fop jlta to [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]], 10 miles from the rotmer and 15 trom the latter place. Marienberg, 38 miles S. W. of [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]]. Topiitz, in Bohemia, 25 miles 8. of [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]], and *0 X. X. °f Prague. CaiD'iiotaa, 50 miles N. W. of Prague. Zohiitz, 15 miles X. by W. of Commotao, 30 miles S. \\V. ot Dres den. Mil Sieda, 15 miles S. of [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]]. DippolswuMe, about 10 miles S. by W. of D (vsdrn. PI,men. near the walls of [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]]. Iloliendorf, on the rend from Dres den to Prtcrswaldc. about 5 miles in advance of the latter. Ziuwalde. on the frontiers of Bo hemi'i. 20 miles 8. of [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]], in advance of ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1813-11-10",
    "paper": "The Alexandria herald (Alexandria [Va.])",
    "place": "Alexandria, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024513/1813-11-10/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... i: Silesia, nearly cast of [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]], the iattei about 125 miles. Lrijisic is forty miles, T’trgau, 61, N E. and JViitcn&ergh, 55 miles N. \\V. ol [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]]. Alagdcbiirgh is about 110 miles N. W from [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]], 75 VV. ol Bunin 125 S. L of Ilanvourgh. The general course of the Elbe is N W. From this hasty statement ;t will be seen at the line of operations from Magdc burg along the Elbe to [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]],. d thence »ng the frontiers ol Bohemia, to iires m embraced a distance ol about 2.10 miles t subjoin an abstract of tin; accounts o the different battles as they occurred in uccesston. August IS.—Macdonald (duke of Ta iito attacked ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1813-11-10",
    "paper": "Winchester gazette (Winchester, Va.)",
    "place": "Winchester, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84025997/1813-11-10/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... b ,itnn, and retreated toward [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]]. The French grand may tiicn posted itself in its entrenched camp ai l.ioben-ten, mid in [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]], where Bonaparte arrived from Si lesia on I he 2;:d of August, itn ^otli Um allied army to k positions round Drysdmi and on that d. i, two r:'r\\ niCiits of Wpstjfi iii,i.» (Jerome's) hus* *nr» desertr! from tie* French a ml j in d the dlli'Oj army. General )»lu ziiet advxuccd ia ScUau the liouer, litre he v.« attacked by Bonaparte in person, on the Uj^t August, with up \"aids of 100,000 men, and after tin mast gallant resistance. v a* obliged to! relire, first behind ihe Ivatzbach, andj iben upon Janer, ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1813-11-22",
    "paper": "Kentucky gazette ([Lexington, Ky.])",
    "place": "Lexington, Kentucky",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014783/1813-11-22/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... Bautten Lowenberr S Goldberg Breslau [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]] Bitted 8 E Prague ‘Toplitx Dehemiak Taking [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]] to calculate from WepHtx is forty miles S B and Prague 15 miles in tlie same direction both in ilot-r-miah JtoHtien is thirty miles R S B in Lusatis on the river Spree GerUtx is on foe Neissr forty-four miles E of [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]] Lewenberf Goldberg and Dreelan lie in Si lesia nearly east of [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]] the latter about 125 miles 'jMpde is forty miles Tergtm 94 ft E and Wittenberfk 55 miles N W of [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]] Magdebnrgh is about 110 miles N W from [[tag]]Dresden[[/tag]] 75 W of Berlin 125 8 E of Ham- DUtyll The gerteral course of the Elbe ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}