{
 "slug": "first-marne",
 "title": "First Battle of the Marne",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "5–12 September 1914",
 "start": "1914-09-05",
 "end": "1914-09-12",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I (WESTERN FRONT 1914)",
 "place": {
  "name": "Between the Ourcq north-east of Paris and the Meuse near Verdun, along the Marne valley, France",
  "lat": 49.0167,
  "lon": 3.3833,
  "wikidata": "Q190712"
 },
 "lede": "Between 5 and 12 September 1914 French and British armies turned on the German right wing east of Paris and drove it back to the Aisne. The German plan for a quick victory in the west was finished.",
 "result": "Decisive Allied strategic victory: the German right wing retreated to the Aisne and the Schlieffen Plan failed",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "France and the British Empire (French Sixth, Fifth, Ninth, Fourth and Third Armies; British Expeditionary Force)",
   "commanders": [
    "General Joseph Joffre",
    "General Joseph Gallieni",
    "General Michel-Joseph Maunoury",
    "General Louis Franchet d'Espèrey",
    "General Ferdinand Foch",
    "General Fernand de Langle de Cary",
    "General Maurice Sarrail",
    "Field Marshal Sir John French"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 1080000,
    "low": 1080000,
    "high": 1082000,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 262733,
    "low": 86700,
    "high": 268500,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "German Empire (First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Armies)",
   "commanders": [
    "Colonel General Helmuth von Moltke",
    "General Alexander von Kluck",
    "General Karl von Bülow",
    "General Max von Hausen",
    "Duke Albrecht of Württemberg",
    "Crown Prince Wilhelm"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 750000,
    "low": 750000,
    "high": 900000,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 298000,
    "low": 67700,
    "high": 298000,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "Germany went to war in August 1914 with a plan to beat France in about six weeks: a great wheel of its right-wing armies through Belgium and round Paris. France's own Plan XVII sent its armies into Alsace and Lorraine, and the Battles of the Frontiers went badly for them. Joffre, the French commander-in-chief, abandoned the offensive, swung his centre and left back with Verdun as the pivot, and began forming a new Sixth Army on his left, drawing troops from his right. The French and British armies fell back in the Great Retreat.\n\nThe German right was weakening as it advanced. Moltke, the chief of the General Staff, detached seven regular divisions to invest Maubeuge and Givet and to watch Antwerp, and on 25 August sent four more to East Prussia. The armies outran their supplies, and Moltke's headquarters lost touch with them. After Lanrezac's counter-attack at Guise on 29 August, Bülow's Second Army asked Kluck's First Army to wheel inward, and Moltke approved. Instead of sweeping round the far side of Paris, Kluck now passed east of it and crossed the Marne on 3 September, about 60 km east of the capital. On 4 September Moltke formally gave up the wide sweep.\n\nGallieni, the military governor of Paris, saw on 3 September what Kluck's turn meant: an open flank on the Ourcq. He readied Maunoury's Sixth Army to strike it and on 4 September won Joffre's agreement. Joffre ordered his whole left to turn about and attack on 6 September.",
  "forces": "Herwig's figures, as English Wikipedia gives them, are about 980,000 French and 100,000 British troops with some 3,000 guns, against about 750,000 Germans with 3,300. French Wikipedia counts 64 French and 6 British divisions against 51 German. Either way the Allies had more men, and in the gap between the German First and Second Armies the BEF outnumbered the Germans roughly ten to one.\n\nFrom west to east the French had Maunoury's Sixth Army, about 150,000 men and mostly reservists, north-east of Paris; then Sir John French's BEF; Franchet d'Espèrey's Fifth Army; Foch's new Ninth Army by the Marshes of St Gond; de Langle de Cary's Fourth Army around Vitry-le-François; and Sarrail's Third Army west of Verdun. Facing them were Kluck's First, Bülow's Second, Hausen's Third, Duke Albrecht of Württemberg's Fourth and the Crown Prince's Fifth Armies.\n\nCommand was the real difference. Joffre kept close watch on his armies, sacked commanders who failed, and his grip tightened as he fell back towards Paris. Moltke stayed far back at Luxembourg with poor communications, and the further his armies advanced the less he controlled them; DiNardo's review of Herwig puts it as each army commander fighting his own war. The German troops were tired from a month of marching: Kluck's men had covered 25 miles a day and more, outrun their convoys and were short of bread and artillery ammunition.",
  "course": "**The Ourcq (5–9 September).** On 5 September, a day before Joffre's general offensive, part of Maunoury's Sixth Army moved east from Paris and ran into Gronau's IV Reserve Corps, guarding Kluck's flank, around Monthyon from about midday. This is CDB90's **Ourcq I** (270). Gronau held for a day and then fell back, and his warning made Kluck turn. Over the next days Kluck drew off first part and then the rest of his army to his threatened flank, winning a temporary advantage over Maunoury: CDB90's **Ourcq II** (271), coded a draw. Gallieni fed Maunoury what Paris had. On the night of 7–8 September about 600 requisitioned Paris taxis carried part of the 7th Division, newly arrived by rail, towards Nanteuil-le-Haudouin, on the French left. On 8 September the German IV Corps attacked that wing and the French left was bent back between Bouillancy and Nanteuil; that evening Kluck told Moltke the decision would come next day.\n\n**The gap and the Morins (6–9 September).** Kluck's shift opened a gap of 30 to 50 km between the First and Second Armies, covered only by cavalry. Into it came the BEF and the left of Franchet d'Espèrey's Fifth Army. The BEF was slow: on 6 September it finished 12 km short of its objectives. On 7 September Bülow drew his right back 15 km to the Petit Morin, and on 8 September the Fifth Army's surprise night attack widened the gap: CDB90's **Petit Morin** (272). The BEF crossed the Petit Morin on 8 September, taking its first large haul of prisoners, though broken bridges held it at La Ferté-sous-Jouarre; on the morning of 9 September its 1st and 2nd Corps crossed the Marne at Charly, Nanteuil and other points. CDB90 treats the BEF's advance against Kluck's screen as **Two Morins** (273).\n\n**St Gond (6–9 September).** Bülow's left and Hausen's Saxons struck Foch's Ninth Army along the marshes near Sézanne. On 8 September Hausen attacked at night without a bombardment, pushing Foch back 13 km at a cost of about 11,000 men before stalling. On 9 September the château of Mondement was lost and retaken that evening by the 77th Infantry Regiment. This is CDB90's **Marshes of St Gond** (274), a German attack that failed.\n\n**Vitry and Revigny (6–11 September).** Further east the Germans attacked too. Around Vitry-le-François, CDB90's **Vitry-le-François** (275), the German Fourth Army took the town and drove the French right back past Sermaize, but de Langle held with corps brought from Lorraine and the Vosges; Duke Albrecht left Vitry at noon on 11 September. At **the Gap of Revigny** (276) the Crown Prince aimed for Bar-le-Duc and the gap between the Fourth and Third Armies, and took Revigny on 6 September. Sarrail held, while behind him Fort Troyon on the Meuse, about 450 men under heavy bombardment from 7 September, kept the river closed.\n\n**The decision (8–9 September).** Moltke sent Lieutenant-Colonel Hentsch round the armies. On the evening of 8 September Bülow told him the Second Army could not attack. On 9 September, with British columns reported in the gap, Bülow ordered a retreat, and at 11:30 Hentsch told Kluck's chief of staff that the First Army must go back too. On 11 September Moltke ordered the Third, Fourth and Fifth Armies back to the Aisne.",
  "aftermath": "The Germans fell back about 65 km and dug in north of the Aisne. The Allied pursuit was slow, averaging about 19 km a day; the French took 11,717 prisoners, 30 field guns and 100 machine guns, and the British 3,500 prisoners. Losses are hard to separate from the fighting that followed. Herwig counts about 67,700 German, 85,000 French and 1,701 British casualties for the battle itself; broader counts that run on into the rest of September exceed 250,000 for each side.\n\nMoltke was replaced by Falkenhayn on 14 September. The First Battle of the Aisne followed from 13 September, and then the Race to the Sea, at the end of which the Western Front became a trench line. Britannica calls the Marne a strategic but not a tactical German defeat, and blames the Allied failure to exploit it on Maunoury's weak flank attack and the slow advance of the BEF and Fifth Army through the gap. Herwig called it the most important land battle of the twentieth century.\n\nTwo stories dominate its memory. The French call it the miracle of the Marne, and the taxis are its emblem; one stands in the Musée de l'Armée. They were real, and the Treasury paid 70,012 francs in fares, but they carried a few thousand men, and Herwig called them militarily insignificant. The other is Hentsch, the staff officer whose order many German officers resented. Herwig's reconstruction of his mission shows that Bülow, not Hentsch, gave the order to retreat.",
  "wargaming": "The Marne is a battle about a gap and a clock. The whole front, from the Ourcq to Verdun, suits an operational game with divisions or corps as units and half-day turns over 5–12 September. The western half alone, from the Ourcq to the Marshes of St Gond, is a manageable two-player game in which every German move on one flank opens a hole in the other.\n\nThe German player's problem is Kluck's: beating Maunoury on the Ourcq means stripping the line facing the BEF. The Allied player's problem is speed. The BEF and the Fifth Army had a 30–50 km gap held only by cavalry and still crept forward. Rivers (the Ourcq, Grand and Petit Morin and the Marne) and their bridges should cost time, and broken bridges more.\n\nCommand rules matter more than firepower here. Moltke was out of touch at Luxembourg, and his army commanders acted on their own; a game should make German co-ordination slow and uncertain, perhaps with a random Hentsch event that can force a withdrawal. Reinforcements from Paris, by rail and taxi, should trickle in on the Allied left.\n\nFor a tactical scenario, Mondement on 9 September or the IV Reserve Corps' fight around Monthyon on 5 September work at battalion level. For what-ifs: Kluck pressing his attack on 9 September, as he told Moltke he would; Gallieni's preferred blow at Kluck's rear rather than his front; or Fort Troyon falling and opening the Meuse behind Sarrail."
 },
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "File:Battle of the Marne, west flank 1914.jpg",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "The western flank on 9 September 1914: the BEF and French Fifth Army push into the gap between the German First and Second Armies.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Battle_of_the_Marne%2C_west_flank_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Battle_of_the_Marne%2C_west_flank_1914.jpg/960px-Battle_of_the_Marne%2C_west_flank_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Marne,_west_flank_1914.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Whitton, F. E.",
   "credit": "Author: Whitton, F. E. (Frederick Ernest), 1872-1940 Subject: Marne, 1st Battle of the, France, 1914 Publisher: Boston : Houghton Mifflin Language: English Call number: ADU-3079 Digitizing sponsor: University of Toronto Book contributor: Robarts - University of Toronto Collection: robarts; toronto Notes: No copyright page found. 1917 Full catalog record: MARCXML",
   "width": 1160
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Marne 1914, positions 5 September (dashed), 13 September (solid).jpg",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "The whole front: positions on 5 September (dashed) and 13 September (solid).",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Marne_1914%2C_positions_5_September_%28dashed%29%2C_13_September_%28solid%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marne_1914%2C_positions_5_September_%28dashed%29%2C_13_September_%28solid%29.jpg/960px-Marne_1914%2C_positions_5_September_%28dashed%29%2C_13_September_%28solid%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marne_1914,_positions_5_September_(dashed),_13_September_(solid).jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Michelin",
   "credit": "Subject: Marne, 1st Battle of the, France, 1914 Publisher: [Paris] Michelin & comp Language: English Digitizing sponsor: Brigham Young University Book contributor: Harold B. Lee Library Collection: brigham_young_university; americana Notes: Copyright found on the same page as the title. Full catalog record: MARCXML",
   "width": 982
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Alexander von Kluck (ca. 1914).jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "General Alexander von Kluck, commander of the German First Army.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Alexander_von_Kluck_%28ca._1914%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Alexander_von_Kluck_%28ca._1914%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_von_Kluck_(ca._1914).jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Mayer, Dresden Published as a postcard in the Kingdom of Prussia by Gustav Liersch, Berlin, card#95.",
   "credit": "Private collection - Wartenberg Trust",
   "width": 467
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Gen. Gallieni LCCN2014697689 (cropped).jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "General Joseph Gallieni, military governor of Paris, who saw the chance to strike Kluck's flank.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Gen._Gallieni_LCCN2014697689_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gen._Gallieni_LCCN2014697689_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Gen._Gallieni_LCCN2014697689_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Bain News Service, publisher",
   "credit": "Library of Congress Catalog: https://lccn.loc.gov/2014697689 Image download: https://cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/ggbain/17400/17427v.jpg Original url: https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2014697689/",
   "width": 3700
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Guerre 14-18-Généraux Joffre et de Castelnau-1914.JPG",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "Joffre (centre) with General de Castelnau (left) in the summer of 1914.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Guerre_14-18-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_Joffre_et_de_Castelnau-1914.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Guerre_14-18-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_Joffre_et_de_Castelnau-1914.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
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   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
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   "width": 570
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Taxi de la Marne, Musée de l'Armée-IMG 0987.jpg",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "A taxi of the Marne, preserved at the Musée de l'Armée in Paris.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Taxi_de_la_Marne%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e-IMG_0987.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Taxi_de_la_Marne%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e-IMG_0987.jpg/960px-Taxi_de_la_Marne%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e-IMG_0987.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taxi_de_la_Marne,_Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e-IMG_0987.jpg",
   "licence": "CC BY-SA 2.0 fr",
   "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/fr/deed.en",
   "artist": "Rama .",
   "credit": "Self-creation.",
   "width": 2121
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Fotografie-ersten-weltkrieg4.jpg",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "French soldiers rest in a forest during the Marne campaign: an early colour autochrome.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Fotografie-ersten-weltkrieg4.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Fotografie-ersten-weltkrieg4.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fotografie-ersten-weltkrieg4.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Jules Gervais-Courtellemont",
   "credit": "http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/fotografie-im-ersten-weltkrieg-weltenbrand-in-farbe-1.1583330-3",
   "width": 860
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "First Battle of the Marne (Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "First Battle of the Marne (Encyclopaedia Britannica)",
   "url": "https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Battle-of-the-Marne",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "Bataille de la Marne (1914) (Wikipédia, French)",
   "url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_la_Marne_(1914)",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "G. H. Perris, The Battle of the Marne (1920), Project Gutenberg",
   "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55221",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Richard L. DiNardo, review of Holger H. Herwig, The Marne, 1914 (StrategyPage)",
   "url": "https://www.strategypage.com/bookreviews/543",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "Holger H. Herwig, The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle That Changed the World (Random House, 2009); not read by me: figures taken via s1 and s5",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "Micheal Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. (McFarland, 2017); not read by me: figures taken via s1",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Ian Sumner, The First Battle of the Marne 1914 (Osprey, 2010); not read by me: figures taken via s1",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Richard Hentsch (Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hentsch",
   "kind": "web"
  }
 ],
 "cdb90": [
  270,
  271,
  272,
  273,
  274,
  275,
  276
 ],
 "order": 124,
 "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/first-marne/",
 "oob": [],
 "oob_lwtv": [],
 "scenarios": [],
 "orbat": null,
 "orbat_lwtv": null,
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    "work_id": "gutenberg:11947",
    "title": "On the Edge of the War Zone",
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   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:24538",
    "title": "1914",
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    "author": "John Denton Pinkstone French",
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    "title": "My diary of the Great War",
    "in": null,
    "author": "William Rothwell Plewman",
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 "photos": [
  {
   "file": "File:18pdrsAtSigny-Signets8September1914.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/18pdrsAtSigny-Signets8September1914.jpg/500px-18pdrsAtSigny-Signets8September1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:18pdrsAtSigny-Signets8September1914.jpg",
   "caption": "BATTLE OF THE MARNE , 7 - 10 SEPTEMBER 1914 British 18-pounder field guns come into action at Signy-Signets during the Battle of the Marne, 8 September 1914. On the left of the photograph are men of the 1st Battalion, The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Photographer: Money R C (Lt)",
   "collection": "IWM"
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  {
   "file": "File:GermandeadPeronne.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/GermandeadPeronne.jpg/500px-GermandeadPeronne.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GermandeadPeronne.jpg",
   "caption": "Bodies of dead German soldiers on a battlefield at Fère Champenoise, departement Marne, France, in 1914",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "George Grantham Bain Collection",
   "collection": "Library of Congress"
  },
  {
   "file": "File:75 mm battaglia della Marna.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/75_mm_battaglia_della_Marna.jpg/500px-75_mm_battaglia_della_Marna.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:75_mm_battaglia_della_Marna.jpg",
   "caption": "Batteria di cannoni da 75 mm francesi in zione durante la battaglia della Marna (immagine tratta da cartolina postale del 1914-1915)",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Bataille de la Marne (6 au 12 septembre 1914). Huiron, près Vitry-le-François (Marne) - les ruines d P-FG-CP-00681.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bataille_de_la_Marne_%286_au_12_septembre_1914%29._Huiron%2C_pr%C3%A8s_Vitry-le-Fran%C3%A7ois_%28Marne%29_-_les_ruines_d_P-FG-CP-00681.jpg/500px-Bataille_de_la_Marne_%286_au_12_septembre_1914%29._Huiron%2C_pr%C3%A8s_Vitry-le-Fran%C3%A7ois_%28Marne%29_-_les_ruines_d_P-FG-CP-00681.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bataille_de_la_Marne_(6_au_12_septembre_1914)._Huiron,_pr%C3%A8s_Vitry-le-Fran%C3%A7ois_(Marne)_-_les_ruines_d_P-FG-CP-00681.jpg",
   "caption": "Une inscription imprimée au recto : \"visa 31\". Numéro dans la série : 31",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": null,
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Bataille de la marne Louppy 05252.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bataille_de_la_marne_Louppy_05252.jpg/500px-Bataille_de_la_marne_Louppy_05252.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bataille_de_la_marne_Louppy_05252.jpg",
   "caption": "sur une carte postale du début du XXe siècle",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "inconnu ; versement et modifications : G.Garitan",
   "collection": null
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  {
   "file": "File:Chauconin près de Meaux, artillerie traversant le village en 1914.jpg",
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   "caption": "Référence bibliographique : Meurisse, 55010 Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Meu Image de presse Couverture : 4 septembre 1914 Éditeur : diff. par l'Agence Meurisse (Paris)",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Agence de presse Meurisse",
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   "file": "File:Deux cartes sur les journées de la bataille de la Marne (entre Meaux et le Multien), 6, 7, 8 et 9 septembre 1914.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Deux_cartes_sur_les_journ%C3%A9es_de_la_bataille_de_la_Marne_%28entre_Meaux_et_le_Multien%29%2C_6%2C_7%2C_8_et_9_septembre_1914.jpg/500px-Deux_cartes_sur_les_journ%C3%A9es_de_la_bataille_de_la_Marne_%28entre_Meaux_et_le_Multien%29%2C_6%2C_7%2C_8_et_9_septembre_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "Deux cartes sur les journées de la bataille de la Marne, 6, 7, 8 et 9 septembre 1914",
   "year": 1915,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Service géographique de l'armée",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Frankrijk, SFA006011640.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Frankrijk%2C_SFA006011640.jpg/500px-Frankrijk%2C_SFA006011640.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frankrijk,_SFA006011640.jpg",
   "caption": "Omschrijving: Frankrijk. Eerste Wereldoorlog. De slag bij de Marne. De Engelse militairen van de artillerie in actie in de slag aan de Marne. september 1914",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:La Marne, Thiéblemont.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/La_Marne%2C_Thi%C3%A9blemont.jpg/500px-La_Marne%2C_Thi%C3%A9blemont.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Marne,_Thi%C3%A9blemont.jpg",
   "caption": "Gilbert de Guingand exécute un paysage crépusculaire ponctué d'obstacles qui s'apparente au front de la Première Guerre mondiale. Il construit une perspective grâce à un chemin comme ligne de fuite et le soleil couchant comme point de fuite. Au premier plan, un soldat français, reconnaissable grâce ",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Gilbert de Guingand",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Lectures pour tous, 1914 (page 10 crop).jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lectures_pour_tous%2C_1914_%28page_10_crop%29.jpg/500px-Lectures_pour_tous%2C_1914_%28page_10_crop%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lectures_pour_tous,_1914_(page_10_crop).jpg",
   "caption": "Ce chaos de ferraille, c’est tout ce qu’il reste d’un convoi d’automobiles allemand « reçu » par notre artillerie dans la forêt de Villers-Cotterêts…",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Agence de presse Meurisse",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:No 3784 11 Septembre 1915 scan29, page 281 (Aÿ).jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/No_3784_11_Septembre_1915_scan29%2C_page_281_%28A%C3%BF%29.jpg/500px-No_3784_11_Septembre_1915_scan29%2C_page_281_%28A%C3%BF%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:No_3784_11_Septembre_1915_scan29,_page_281_(A%C3%BF).jpg",
   "caption": "Scan of L'Illustration No 3784 11 Septembre 1915",
   "year": 1915,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Réquisition des autos 1914.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/R%C3%A9quisition_des_autos_1914.jpg/500px-R%C3%A9quisition_des_autos_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%A9quisition_des_autos_1914.jpg",
   "caption": "Réquisition des automobiles sur l'Esplanade des Invalides, Paris le 5 août 1914",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Agence Rol",
   "collection": null
  }
 ],
 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "first-marne",
  "query": "Marne",
  "from": "1914-09-05",
  "to": "1914-09-26",
  "total": 2418,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1914-09-10",
    "paper": "The Seattle star (Seattle, Wash.)",
    "place": "Seattle, Washington",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87093407/1914-09-10/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... and the Germans in the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] river valley. Swim During Battle Lull Part of the main battle. It Is Stat- J ed. was fought 1 urine a thunder storm, which whs so violent as t compel a suspension of hostilities Taking advantage of the lull, many of the British and French soldiers disrobed and enjoyed n plunge in the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]]. It was admitted that the (iermanr fought magnificently. but the French and Hrltlah cavalry finally charged unitedly and overwhelmed them. The bayonet was declared to have figured extensively In the engagement. Britlah Bear Brunt Reports from Oen. French, th# Rrltlsh commander on the conti nent, showed that the nrltons have borne the heaviest burden of ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-12",
    "paper": "The Birmingham age-herald (Birmingham, Ala.)",
    "place": "Birmingham, Alabama",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85038485/1914-09-12/ed-1/?sp=9",
    "snippet": "... had been cleared from the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] district. GERMANS VAINLY HURL BIG ARMIES AGAINST ALLIES TO STOP ADVANCE (Continued from Pact One) offensive to press forward and at pres ent on that side the enemy is in re treat toward Aisne and the Oise. “He has thus fallen back 37 to 46 miles in four days. In the meantime, the Anglo-French forces which had been operating to the south of the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] have not ceased to pursue their offensive. Starting, some of them from the district south of the Cirey and others from the region north of Brovins and south of Esternay, they opened out from the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] on the left, tho army of General Von ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-14",
    "paper": "Las vegas optic (east las vegas, n.m.)",
    "place": "Las Vegas, New Mexico",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn92070417/1914-09-14/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... advance parties cros wiA ibe, [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] southward at Trllport. 'ommeron, La Frfta Sous Juarre, anrl Chateau Theirry. There was consid erable fighting with the French fifth aimy on the French left, which fell back from Its position south of the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] towards the Seine. \"On Sunday large hostile forces crossed the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] and pushed on through Couiomlers and past the Brit ish right further to the east. They were attacked at night by the French Fifth army \"corps, which captured three villages at the point of the ba yonet. \"On Monday, September 7, there was a general advance on the part of the aliies. In this quarter of the field our forces, which had now ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-14",
    "paper": "Valdez daily prospector (Valdez, Alaska)",
    "place": "Valdez, Alaska",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn98060264/1914-09-14/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... place. Germans Lost Battle of [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]]. The Germans lost the battle now officially called the “Battle of [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]],” fought about the city of Vitry, and were forced to retire, leaving their wounded upon the battlefield. Their losses were terrible and the British war office has received word that the losses to the French center was also very heavy because of the desperate charges made to capture the heights which commanded the key to the po sitions, and which the troops com manded by General Pau were forced to assault many times before they gained the heights. General Pau Idol of the Army. The French and English troops have gone wild over General Pau, the hero ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-17",
    "paper": "Springfield weekly Republican (Springfield, Mass.)",
    "place": "Springfield, Massachusetts",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83020847/1914-09-17/ed-1/?sp=9",
    "snippet": "... large advance parties crossed the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] southward at Trilport, Sammeren, La Ferte-sous-Jouarre and Chateau-Thierry There was considerable fighting with the French fifth army on the French left, which fell back from its position south of the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] toward the Seine. “On Sunday large hostile forces crossed the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] and pushed on through Coulom miers and past the British right further to the east. They were attacked at night by the French fifth army, which captured three villages at the point of bayonets. General Advance by the Allie*. “On Monday. September 7, there was a general advance on the part of the al lies. In this quarter of the field our forces, which had now been ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-18",
    "paper": "The Holly chieftain (Holly, Colo.)",
    "place": "Holly, Colorado",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn90051185/1914-09-18/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... tried desperately to cross the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] near Meaux. French engineers had blown up the bridges and when the Germans threw pontoons across, the famous 3-inch guns of the French demolished the structures be fore they could be used. Sixteen times the Germans repeated the ef fort under a raking fire of shot and shell. 2 Austrians Cut Off. Petrograd.—lt is announced that the Russian troops have succeeded in separating the left wing of the Austrian army from the troops which were operating around Tomaszow and Rawa, in Russian Poland. Tomaszow has been taken after a desperate fight. The German troops near Myszinec and Chorzele, Russian Poland, have been repulsed with heavy losses. (Chorzele is sixty ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-24",
    "paper": "Cheyenne record (Cheyenne Wells, Cheyenne County, Colo.)",
    "place": "Cheyenne Wells, Colorado",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn89052329/1914-09-24/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... large advance parties crossed the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] southward at Tril port, Sammeron, La Ferte-Sous-Jou arre and Chateau Thierry. There was considerable fighting with the French fifth army on the French left, which fell back from its position south of the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] towards the Seine. \"On Sunday large hostile forces crossed the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] and pushed on through Coulommlers and past the British right farther to the east. They were attacked at night by the French fifth army, which captured three vil lages at the point of bayonets. Advance of Allies Begun. \"On Monday, September 7, there was a general advance on the part of the allies. In this quarter of the field our forces, which had now ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-25",
    "paper": "The citizen (Frederick City, Md.)",
    "place": "Frederick, Maryland",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn89060092/1914-09-25/ed-1/?sp=7",
    "snippet": "... large advance parties crossed the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] southward at Tril port, Sammeron, La Ferte-Sous-Jou arre and Chateau Thierry. There was considerable fighting with the French fifth army on the French left, which fell back from its position south of the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] towards the Seine. “On Sunday large hostile forces crossed the [[tag]]Marne[[/tag]] and pushed on through Coulommters and past the British right farther to the east. They were attacked at night by the French fifth army, which captured three vil lages at the point of bayonets. Advance of Allies Begun. “On Monday, September 7, there was a general advance on the part of the allies. In this quarter of the field our forces, which had now ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}