{
 "slug": "friedland",
 "title": "Battle of Friedland",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1775–1815",
 "date_text": "14 June 1807 (2 June Old Style)",
 "start": "1807-06-14",
 "end": "1807-06-14",
 "war": "Napoleonic Wars",
 "cdb90_war": "THE NAPOLEONIC WARS",
 "place": {
  "name": "Friedland, East Prussia (now Pravdinsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)",
  "lat": 54.45,
  "lon": 21.0167,
  "wikidata": "Q241108"
 },
 "lede": "Bennigsen crossed the Alle to crush Lannes's isolated corps, was held until Napoleon arrived, and was then driven back into the river and the burning town of Friedland. The defeat broke Russia's will to fight on and led straight to Tilsit.",
 "result": "Decisive French victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "French Grande Armée, with Polish, Dutch and Saxon contingents",
   "commanders": [
    "Napoleon I",
    "Marshal Lannes",
    "Marshal Ney",
    "Marshal Mortier",
    "General Victor",
    "General Grouchy",
    "General Sénarmont"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 80000,
    "low": 65000,
    "high": 85000,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 8000,
    "low": 7000,
    "high": 10400,
    "source": "s3"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Russian army",
   "commanders": [
    "General Levin August von Bennigsen",
    "Prince Pyotr Bagration",
    "Prince Andrei Gorchakov",
    "General Fyodor Uvarov",
    "Prince Dmitry Golitsyn",
    "General Andrei Kologribov",
    "Ataman Matvei Platov"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 60000,
    "low": 46000,
    "high": 61000,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 20000,
    "low": 18000,
    "high": 40000,
    "source": "s3"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "Eylau in February 1807 had left both armies wrecked, and neither moved seriously until the summer. The Grande Armée rested in cantonments behind the Passarge while Danzig was besieged and taken. Bennigsen struck first, in early June, at Ney's exposed corps around Guttstadt; Ney fell back skilfully, the offensive collapsed, and when Napoleon advanced Bennigsen retired up the Alle to his entrenched camp at Heilsberg. There, on 10 June, Napoleon attacked what he took to be a rearguard and met the whole Russian army, losing about 10,000 men to some 6,000 Russian.\n\nBennigsen abandoned Heilsberg on the night of 11–12 June and marched north down the right bank of the Alle towards Wehlau and the Pregel, hoping to cover Königsberg, the last Prussian stronghold and his link with L'Estocq. Napoleon, moving on the chord of the arc the Russians were following, was now nearer to Königsberg than Bennigsen. He sent Murat, Soult and Davout directly at the city and directed Lannes's reserve corps through Domnau on Friedland, a small town on the left bank of the Alle with a permanent bridge.\n\nBennigsen's leading troops under Golitsyn reached Friedland at about 18:00 on 13 June, threw out the French hussars, and found only Lannes within reach. Bennigsen arrived at about 20:00 and ordered his army over the river on three pontoon bridges beside the permanent one. He later admitted that false reports had convinced him Napoleon had taken most of his army towards Königsberg. He meant to crush Lannes en passant and then continue to Wehlau. His troops had marched some 34 miles in 48 hours in oppressive heat.",
  "forces": "Napoleon had about 80,000 men within reach: Lannes's reserve corps (Oudinot's grenadiers and Verdier's division), Mortier's VIII Corps (one weak French division under Dupas and Dąbrowski's Poles), Ney's VI Corps, Victor's I Corps (taken over from the wounded Bernadotte only on 10 June), the Imperial Guard, and the reserve cavalry under Grouchy, with Nansouty's cuirassiers and Latour-Maubourg's and Lahoussaye's dragoons, plus Dutch and Saxon horse. Murat, Soult and Davout were away towards Königsberg and took no part. The army was confident after its spring rest, and the long June daylight gave Napoleon time to concentrate.\n\nBennigsen brought about 46,000 men across the Alle: Bagration's advanced guard, six infantry divisions, part of the Guard and most of the cavalry; the 14th Division stayed on the right bank. They fought in two lines, the first with two battalions of each regiment deployed and one in column. They were brave and stubborn but exhausted by days of marching and fighting. Their position was poor: a curve of open, gently rolling cornfield with the Alle behind them, split by the steep-banked Millstream, which ran into a pond on the north side of Friedland. Bennigsen threw four small bridges over it, but they were of little use. The Russian artillery was numerous, and some of it fired from the high right bank of the Alle.",
  "course": "CDB90 records Friedland as a single engagement, number 121 (FRIEDLAND), from 17:30 to 23:00: the evening battle only. The morning fight is not coded. Times are approximate.\n\n**Lannes holds (03:00–noon).** The cannonade began at about 03:00. Lannes had pushed Ruffin's brigade and part of Oudinot's grenadiers towards Friedland, and Grouchy came up with French and Saxon dragoons, giving Lannes about 9,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry. The grenadiers held the line in front of Posthenen and fought for the great Sortlack wood, which changed hands repeatedly against some 3,000 Russian jägers. Between 05:00 and 06:00 the French cavalry south of the Millstream was being driven back by Kologribov's horse until Mortier's Dutch cavalry arrived and restored the position. To the north, Grouchy and Nansouty won a race for Heinrichsdorf, which would have opened the road into the French rear. Lannes used a dense skirmish screen, the crops and the folds of ground to hide how few men he had. By 09:00 Bennigsen had 46,000 men across and the whole Russian line moved forward; Cossacks got round Heinrichsdorf towards Schwonau and were driven off. Dupas's division of Mortier's corps reached Heinrichsdorf just in time to stop the Russian infantry. By 10:00, with Verdier's division up, the French had about 40,000 men on the field. Bennigsen had missed his chance to destroy Lannes alone.\n\n**Napoleon arrives (noon–17:00).** Napoleon reached the height behind Posthenen at about noon and saw at once that the Russian left, south of the Millstream, was trapped in a narrowing peninsula with Friedland and the river behind it. He told his staff it was the anniversary of Marengo. By 14:00 his orders were out: Ney to take the right between Posthenen and Sortlack and open the attack, Lannes the centre, Mortier the left at Heinrichsdorf with orders never to advance, Victor and the Guard in reserve. Until 17:00 the fighting was mainly an artillery duel. Victor and the Guard arrived at about 16:00; Bennigsen, seeing the columns forming, ordered a retreat and then cancelled it.\n\n**Ney's attack (17:00–19:00).** At 17:00 (17:30 per Wilson) three salvoes from 20 guns gave the signal. Ney's corps, formed in the clearings of Sortlack wood, cleared it by 18:00. Marchand's division drove the Russians at Sortlack into the bend of the Alle, and Latour-Maubourg's dragoons beat off Kologribov's cavalry as it charged into the gap that opened between Marchand and Bisson. As Ney pressed on towards the town, fire from Russian batteries across the river and a charge by Bennigsen's reserve cavalry from beyond the Millstream threw his corps back in disorder. Dupont's division of Victor's corps came up at the double on Ney's left and checked the rout.\n\n**Sénarmont's guns.** Victor's artillery commander, Sénarmont, massed his guns, 38 by Petre's count or two batteries of 15 by Rickard's, and moved them steadily forward ahead of the infantry. He opened at 600 paces (1,600 yards in s3 and Chandler's account), then fired at 300, 150 and finally 60 paces, using case shot at the end. A Russian cavalry charge on the guns was shot down. The Russian left collapsed into Friedland.\n\n**The town and the bridges (19:30–23:00).** At about 19:30 Russian guns across the river set fire to the houses nearest the bridges, and the flames spread to the bridges themselves. Ney held the town by 20:00. Gorchakov, north of the Millstream, sent two divisions to retake it; they cleared part of the town only to find the bridge burning. Many Russians drowned trying to swim the Alle. Others escaped by a deep ford at Kloschenen, found by chance that evening, and with them many guns. Lannes and Mortier then advanced as the French guns tore into the retreating masses. The Russian right escaped down the left bank towards Allenburg because the 40 French squadrons beyond Heinrichsdorf, facing only 22 Russian, did nothing. The fighting died away at about 23:00.",
  "aftermath": "The French lost about 8,000 men; the Russians perhaps 20,000 killed, wounded and drowned, some estimates running to 40,000, with about 80 guns. Few prisoners were taken. On the morning of the 15th the plain north of the Millstream was lined with the bodies of men who had stood for hours under artillery fire, and the dead lay thickest where Sénarmont's and Ney's batteries had fired into the crowded peninsula. Bennigsen rallied his army at Wehlau by noon on the 15th and got it behind the Pregel. There was little pursuit. A French general reportedly called Friedland 'a battle gained and a victory lost'.\n\nIt was still decisive. Königsberg fell on 16 June. Alexander sent an envoy on the 19th and an armistice took effect on the 23rd. The two emperors met on a raft on the Niemen, and the peace made at Tilsit divided Europe into French and Russian spheres. Russia joined the Continental System; Prussia lost about half its territory to the new Kingdom of Westphalia and the Duchy of Warsaw. Victor received his marshal's baton for the day.\n\nHistorians argue over how good a victory it was. Petre blamed Bennigsen's choice of ground and his failure to overwhelm Lannes early; Rickard calls it a great victory but not one of Napoleon's best, owing much to the Russian position. Sénarmont's bold advance, which worried even Napoleon before he allowed it, became the most celebrated episode of the day.",
  "wargaming": "Friedland suits a grand-tactical game with brigades or divisions as units, or two linked scenarios: Lannes's holding action from 03:00 to noon, and Napoleon's attack from 17:00. Sénarmont's advance or the fight for Sortlack wood would also work at battalion level.\n\nThe terrain is simple and decisive. The plain is open and gently rolling, but high standing crops gave cover from view, and Lannes's delaying action depends on hiding his weakness; hidden units or dummy counters capture it well. The Millstream should be impassable except at a few bridges, splitting the Russian army in two. The Alle behind the Russians is the real enemy: the Russian player needs exit points at the bridges, with a rising chance they burn after the town comes under fire, and perhaps a hidden ford at Kloschenen.\n\nTiming drives the morning game. French reinforcements arrive in a steady stream (Grouchy, Mortier, Verdier, then Ney, Victor and the Guard), and the Russian player must decide how hard to press Lannes before the odds turn, or whether to retreat over the river while he can. The what-ifs are good ones. Could Bennigsen have overwhelmed Lannes before 10:00? What if Murat and the 40 idle squadrons beyond Heinrichsdorf had cut off the Russian right? What if Davout and Murat had been recalled in time? Victory conditions should reward the French for trapping Russians against the river and the Russians for getting their army back across it intact."
 },
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  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of Friedland",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "F. Loraine Petre, Napoleon's Campaign in Poland, 1806–7 (Sampson Low, Marston, 1901), Part IV, chapter III, 'The Battle of Friedland'",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/napoleonscampaig00petruoft",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "J. Rickard, 'Battle of Friedland, 14 June 1807', History of War (2015)",
   "url": "https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_friedland.html",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "Stephen Millar, 'French Order of Battle for Friedland, 14 June 1807', The Napoleon Series (2007)",
   "url": "https://www.napoleon-series.org/military-info/battles/Friedland/c_FriedlandFrenchOOB.html",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Jean-Pierre Tarin, 'Friedland, or the consecration of Marshal Victor', Revue du Souvenir Napoléonien no. 469 (2007), Fondation Napoléon",
   "url": "https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/friedland-or-the-consecration-of-marshal-victor/",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "David G. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon (Macmillan, 1966)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  }
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 "cdb90": [
  121
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   "caption": "Napoleon at the en:Battle of Friedland ( de:Schlacht bei Friedland ) (1807). The Emperor is depicted giving instructions to general Nicolas Oudinot. Between them is depicted general Etienne de Nansouty and behind the Emperor, on his right is marshal Michel Ney, duke of Elchingen",
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   "caption": "Bataille de Friedland (1807) Pravdinsk -- Environs Échelle(s) : [ca 1:33 600], échelle de 1000 toises [= 5,8 cm] Couverture : Russie E 21°1' / N 54°27' Langue : français Éditeur : Carles (Paris)",
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   "caption": "Paris (France) -- Arrondissement (08e) Paysages urbains -- 19e siècle Langue : français",
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   "file": "File:Walker James Alexander Napoleon Watching The Battle Of Friedland 1807.jpg",
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   "file": "File:Friedland, 1807 (1875) Ernest Meissonier.jpg",
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   "caption": "Friedland, 1807 (1861-1875). Oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art",
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   "artist": "Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier",
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   "file": "File:Detaille 4th French hussar at Friedland.jpg",
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   "caption": "Charge of the 4th Hussars at the battle of Friedland, 14 June 1807",
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   "artist": "Édouard Detaille",
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   "file": "File:Le 63e régiment d'infanterie soutient la charge des dragons à Friedland.jpg",
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   "caption": "[voir image d'origine pour la légende complète]",
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   "caption": "Battle of Friedland, 1807",
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   "file": "File:20-11-12, chapelle espagnole, avenue de Friedland (messe anniversaire de Canalejas), arrivée de Mr. Poincaré et de Mr. Paléologue - btv1b69221649.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/20-11-12%2C_chapelle_espagnole%2C_avenue_de_Friedland_%28messe_anniversaire_de_Canalejas%29%2C_arriv%C3%A9e_de_Mr._Poincar%C3%A9_et_de_Mr._Pal%C3%A9ologue_-_btv1b69221649.jpg/500px-20-11-12%2C_chapelle_espagnole%2C_avenue_de_Friedland_%28messe_anniversaire_de_Canalejas%29%2C_arriv%C3%A9e_de_Mr._Poincar%C3%A9_et_de_Mr._Pal%C3%A9ologue_-_btv1b69221649.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "Paléologue, Maurice (1859-1944) Canalejas, José (1854-1912) -- Anniversaires Poincaré, Raymond (1860-1934) Commémorations -- Paris (France) Paris (France) -- Avenue de Friedland Photographie de presse -- 1900-1945 Référence bibliographique : Rol, 24602 Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Rol",
   "year": 1912,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Agence Rol. Agence photographique (commanditaire)",
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   "file": "File:Napoleon at the Battle of Friedland.jpg",
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   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Napoleon_at_the_Battle_of_Friedland.jpg",
   "caption": "Battle of Friedland Identifier : onehundredyearso00morr ( find matches ) Title : One hundred years of conflict between the nations of Europe, the causes and issues of the great war",
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   "licence": "No restrictions",
   "artist": "Morris, Charles, 1833-1922",
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 "photos_kind": "paintings",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "friedland",
  "query": "Friedland",
  "from": "1807-06-14",
  "to": "1807-09-12",
  "total": 17,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1807-08-21",
    "paper": "The enquirer (Richmond, Va.)",
    "place": "Richmond, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024736/1807-08-21/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... this month, was gained at [[tag]]Friedland[[/tag]] [about 20 miles S. of KonigfburgJ by the Grand Army, commanded by the Emperor in perfon. The following particulars were given at Head-quarters, and which we are authnrifed to re peat, while we are waiting for the official bulletin :_ French army has worthily celebrated the Mth June, the anniverfary of the battle of Marengo. The battle of [[tag]]Friedland[[/tag]] will be celebrated inliifiory. i he Ruffian army, out-manceuvr*d, its centre pene trated, cut off from its magazines, has been com* pletely beaten. Eighty pieces of cannon taken, 25 to „(),(K)O Ruffians taken, killed or drowned in the Alle, are the relults of this memorable day. Thirty Ruffian Generals have ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1807-09-07",
    "paper": "Portland gazette, and Maine advertiser (Portland, Me.)",
    "place": "Portland, Maine",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016082/1807-09-07/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... the field of buttle ia [[tag]]Friedland[[/tag]], the Grand Duke of Brrg arrived be fore Konigsbcrg, and attacked in flank the corps of the army com manded by Gen. Lefloeq. On the 13th, the divjlion of Milhaud’s dra goons made a fine change, defeated j the Fruflian cavalry, at Creutzbcrg, a mi took fever ai pieces of cannon. On the 14th the enemy was com pel.ed to Ihut himfelf up in Konigs berg abiut noon two of the cue my s columns, which had bien tut off appeared before that place, with a view of cn ering it j fix pieces of cannon, and from three 10 four thou fand men who compofed this troop were ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1807-09-08",
    "paper": "The New Hampshire gazette (Portsmouth [N.H.])",
    "place": "Portsmouth, New Hampshire",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025588/1807-09-08/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... the field of battle at [[tag]]Friedland[[/tag]], the Grand Duke of Bere arrived before Konigfburgh, and took in flank the Corps of the Army com manded by General Leftoco. On the 13th, Marshal Soult found at Creutzburgh the Prussian Rear guard. The division of Milhaud’s Dragoons made a fine charge, defeat ed the Prussian Cavalry, and took se veral pieces of cannon. On the 14th the enemy was com pelled to thut himfelf up in Konigf burgh. About noon too of the Ene my’s colums, which had been cut off, appeared before that place, with a view of entering it. Six pieces of can non, and from three to four thousand men, who composed this troop, ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1807-09-08",
    "paper": "Alexandria daily advertiser (Alexandria [Va.])",
    "place": "Alexandria, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024012/1807-09-08/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "Hetisburg We went to [[tag]]Friedland[[/tag]], ekitmloh 'lssng all the way continually. Thetsielhe French'annihilated ue. The DE!!!\" i! dllsisi gracesul to us. lo the morning wetsvetss'e. victnssrioue. One single fault was the caute ctolsithe misfortune that happened to unto the evening ?,fld' also of our totaldeleat, that-of not hadidgaufieiently forttfiesid 0!\" eelv'ee on the lpf; wing. All those. who could not-get over the. bjttdge were obliged 10. throw themselves into the Alle- lsswssas taken prisoner. Our left ving was to drive ct the enemy out'ql tbssect woods, We kFPsil brielt' fire all day, siwithout being able to effect it. till regimensit of chasuureran up tosithe enemy with a {rightful/townes and sidsitove them frptpctthe wood. but ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1807-09-09",
    "paper": "The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser (Washington City [D.C.])",
    "place": "Washington, District Of Columbia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045242/1807-09-09/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "j BATTLE OF [[tag]]FRIEDLAND[[/tag]], Bc-. The Frenc'r, Bui I«tins do nt g ve the parti* ill irs of Mo- battle of [[tag]]Friedland[[/tag]] the following Is the account of the Frein it geueri! K.rwcinski i the euemy was Compelled to ac-| sept battle nn the 14th. The columns tii'i\" Grand Dujte of fierg, mar shals S adt r.od Davou'st, had m .rched i tew;.r Is Konjngsberg, At two o'clock in th morning pf'the l'4th, marshal I Lshn* h at; ick d the nem/, who w* re at lertjt eight times stronger than his column. Tie m irshal m detained the j battle, till four o'clock, when marsh il Mertier, with his corps of the ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1807-09-12",
    "paper": "Virginia Argus (Richmond, Va.)",
    "place": "Richmond, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024710/1807-09-12/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... From i Hetisburp we werttto [[tag]]Friedland[[/tag]], skirmish ing all the way continually. There the French annihilated us. |'lie affair is dis graceful to us. In thr morning we were victorious. One single fault was the cause of the misfortune lln.t happened to us in the evening, and also of our total defeat, that of not having sufficiently fortified ourselves on the left v. mg. All those who could not get over the bridge were obliged to throw thernselvas into the Ado. j whs taken pri soner. Our left wing was to drive the *-n emy out of the woods. Wc kept up a brisk fire all day, without being able to effect it, till a ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}