{
 "slug": "hohenlinden",
 "title": "Battle of Hohenlinden",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1775–1815",
 "date_text": "3 December 1800",
 "start": "1800-12-03",
 "end": "1800-12-03",
 "war": "French Revolutionary Wars",
 "cdb90_war": "WAR OF THE SECOND COALITION",
 "place": {
  "name": "Hohenlinden and the forest of Haag towards Maitenbeth, east of Munich, Bavaria, Germany",
  "lat": 48.15972,
  "lon": 11.99806,
  "wikidata": "Q705813"
 },
 "lede": "On 3 December 1800, in falling snow, Moreau's Army of the Rhine trapped Archduke John's Austro-Bavarian army in the forest east of Hohenlinden while Richepanse's division fell on its rear. The rout forced Austria into an armistice and the Treaty of Lunéville.",
 "result": "Decisive French victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Austro-Bavarian army in Germany",
   "commanders": [
    "Archduke John of Austria",
    "Feldzeugmeister Franz von Lauer",
    "Colonel Franz von Weyrother",
    "Feldzeugmeister Johann Kollowrat",
    "Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michael von Kienmayer",
    "Feldmarschall-Leutnant Ludwig Baillet de Latour",
    "Feldmarschall-Leutnant Johann Sigismund Riesch"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 60000,
    "low": 57000,
    "high": 64000,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 13700,
    "low": 13550,
    "high": 15500,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "French Army of the Rhine",
   "commanders": [
    "General Jean Victor Moreau",
    "General Paul Grenier",
    "General Antoine Richepanse",
    "General Michel Ney",
    "General Emmanuel Grouchy",
    "General Charles Decaen"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 56000,
    "low": 53595,
    "high": 56000,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 2500,
    "low": 1700,
    "high": 3000,
    "source": "s3"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "In spring and summer 1800, while Bonaparte won Italy at Marengo, Moreau's Army of the Rhine drove Feldzeugmeister Pál Kray's Austrians from the Rhine to the Inn, winning at Stockach, Messkirch and Höchstädt. An armistice, signed at Parsdorf in July, halted the fighting. Emperor Francis II removed Kray. His brother Archduke Charles refused the command, as did two other archdukes, and it went to the 18-year-old Archduke John. Feldzeugmeister Franz von Lauer was appointed to guide him, and John was told to follow his advice; the aggressive Colonel Franz von Weyrother became chief of staff.\n\nWhen the armistice ran out in late November, Weyrother persuaded John and Lauer to attack. His plan was to crush the French left near Landshut and swing south to cut Moreau's communications west of Munich. The army proved too slow for it, and the scheme was reduced to a direct advance on Munich. On 1 December at Ampfing the Austrians drove back part of Grenier's wing, losing about 3,000 men to the French 1,700. When Grenier abandoned Haag the next day, John and Weyrother overrode Lauer's caution and ordered a headlong pursuit of an enemy they believed to be in retreat.\n\nMoreau was not retreating. He drew his army together in the clearing around Hohenlinden, 33 km east of Munich, ground he had already studied. To reach him the Austrians had to cross the forest of Haag, part of the woods around Ebersberg, by one paved highway and a few woodcutters' tracks that were barely passable in winter.",
  "forces": "Moreau had about 56,000 men and some 99 guns. Grenier's wing held the line north of Hohenlinden towards Harthofen: Legrand's division on the left, Bastoul's in a refused echelon behind it, Ney's between Hohenlinden and Preisendorf. Grouchy's division stood astride the highway at the forest's exit, and d'Hautpoul's heavy cavalry, about 1,600 sabres, waited west of the village. Away to the south, around Ebersberg and Zorneding, were Richepanse's and Decaen's divisions, each of roughly 8,000–10,000 men; Decaen's included the Polish Danube Legion. Every French division carried its own cavalry regiments. Moreau's chief of staff was Dessolle.\n\nArchduke John's army, about 60,000 men including a Bavarian contingent, was stronger in cavalry and had about twice the guns. It moved in four columns. Kienmayer's 16,000 on the right came down the Isen valley; Latour's 10,800 used tracks north of the highway; Kollowrat's 20,000 or more, with the Archduke, the bulk of the artillery and the trains, took the highway itself; Riesch's 13,300 followed tracks to the south. Kollowrat's column marched with its infantry first, then a long train of guns and wagons, and its cavalry last. The columns could not support each other in the forest, and their commanders expected no fight before the plain beyond it.",
  "course": "CDB90 records the battle as a single engagement, number 116 (HOHENLINDEN), from 08:00 to 17:30, with the Austrians as attacker. Times below come mostly from Picard's French staff history; Arnold's differ by up to half an hour.\n\n**Into the forest (dawn–08:00).** All four Austrian columns set out at dawn. Overnight the rain had turned to snow falling in large flakes, and an eyewitness said one could hardly see a hundred paces. Kollowrat, on the paved road, made good time; the flank columns floundered. Riesch took five hours to cover 6 km to Albaching, arriving around 10:00.\n\n**Grouchy holds the exit (07:30–12:00).** At about 07:00–07:30 Löpper's advance guard struck Grouchy's 108th Line in the woods near Kreith. A grenadier flank attack under Spannochi drove it back, and Kollowrat fed in Deroy's Bavarian brigade. As the Austrians came out of the trees Grouchy counter-attacked with infantry and cavalry: the 11th Chasseurs broke a grenadier square and the 4th Hussars overran a battery. Spannochi was captured. Kollowrat halted to wait for his flank columns and sent two grenadier battalions back south to find Riesch. The front stood still until noon.\n\n**Grenier's front (morning).** To the north Kienmayer pushed French outposts out of Isen, and Schwarzenberg's division attacked Bastoul and Ney. Forstern changed hands, d'Hautpoul's cavalry helping retake it, and the hamlets from Tading to Kronacker were fought over. Latour, late, broke his column into small detachments to find his neighbours, leaving himself with three battalions.\n\n**Richepanse's march on Mattenpöt (07:15–10:00).** Richepanse left St Christoph at 07:15 for Maitenbeth, the Mattenpoet of older English accounts, at the eastern edge of the forest behind the Austrian column. At about 08:00 Austrian troops cut his column in two. Leaving Drouet's brigade to hold them, he pressed on with the 8th and 48th Line, the 1st Chasseurs and six guns, and by about 09:00 his grenadiers had taken Maitenbeth, catching Nassau cuirassiers half dismounted. Leaving the 8th and the chasseurs under Walther to face Liechtenstein's cavalry, he turned the 48th west down the highway into the forest.\n\n**The column destroyed (10:00–14:30).** At about 10:00 the Archduke heard of French troops behind him; his staff took them for a stray fragment. Weyrother rode back with Bavarian battalions. The 48th took a Bavarian horse battery at the bayonet through canister fire, and Weyrother was wounded by the first French round shot. Wrede's two Bavarian battalions, struggling up through the jammed artillery park, were overrun. At about 11:00 Decaen came up, freed Drouet and pushed Riesch's small columns back towards Albaching.\n\nAround noon Moreau saw the Austrians wavering at Birkach and Kreith and ordered a general attack. Ney drove down the highway into the woods, taking eight to ten guns and more than 1,000 prisoners; Grouchy's 57th and 46th went through the forest south of the road by Schützen; Decaen's Poles burst onto the highway at the Schimmelberg among the artillery park. Attacked from front, flank and rear on a road choked with guns and wagons, Kollowrat's column dissolved. Thousands surrendered in the woods, Deroy among them, and the Archduke barely escaped. By about 14:30 Ney's men had met Richepanse's near Maitenbeth, where the 8th had survived repeated charges by Liechtenstein's cavalry.\n\n**The wings withdraw (afternoon).** Latour fell back to Isen when fugitives poured into the woods, and Kienmayer ordered a retreat; Schwarzenberg disengaged without losing a gun. Riesch held the heights at Albaching until about 15:30. Dessolle reckoned the battle won by 16:00; darkness ended the pursuit.",
  "aftermath": "The Austrians reported 978 killed, 3,687 wounded and 7,195 captured, with 50 guns; the Bavarians 24 killed, 90 wounded and 1,754 captured, with 26 guns. That is about 13,700 men and 76 guns; French claims ran to 11,000 prisoners and 100 guns. French losses were perhaps 1,700–3,000. Bastoul was mortally wounded.\n\nMoreau pursued slowly at first, but his army then pushed across the Inn and into Austria. Lecourbe beat Riesch at Rosenheim on 9 December; the Archduke fought a successful rearguard at Salzburg on the 14th; on the 17th Archduke Charles took over what was left of the army. With the French at Steyr, he signed an armistice there on 25 December, giving up Würzburg, Braunau and the Tyrol forts. The Treaty of Lunéville followed on 9 February 1801, ending the War of the Second Coalition on the Continent.\n\nVienna made Lauer the scapegoat; Weyrother escaped blame and planned Austerlitz five years later. Napoleon called Hohenlinden a triumph of chance obtained without a plan. Furse, writing from the French archives, rejected that, and the opposite view that the march on Mattenpöt was Richepanse's improvisation: the move was in Moreau's orders. The victory made Moreau a rival to the First Consul, who left him unemployed. English readers know it best through Thomas Campbell's poem 'Hohenlinden'.",
  "wargaming": "Hohenlinden is a classic ambush in a forest, best gamed at brigade or regiment level with turns of 20–30 minutes. The whole battle needs a long table: the open Hohenlinden clearing at one end, some 5 km of forest highway, and Maitenbeth and St Christoph beyond. Many groups will prefer the centre alone: Kollowrat's column, Grouchy and Ney in front, Richepanse and Decaen arriving from the south.\n\nTerrain and weather are the game. Woods should be passable to infantry but slow and blind, the highway the only fast route, and the Austrian column a long target of guns and wagons that blocks its own reinforcements. Falling snow can cut visibility to a hundred paces and should limit spotting and long-range fire.\n\nTiming matters for both sides. The Austrian flank columns should arrive late and on variable schedules; Richepanse's march needs a hidden-movement or variable-entry rule, including the chance of being cut in half at St Christoph. The French player's main decision is when to launch the general attack; the Austrian player's is whether to halt the column or turn it round.\n\nThe what-ifs: Riesch marches straight for the guns; Latour keeps his column together; the Archduke believes the first reports and turns the column back in time. Ampfing two days earlier makes a good opening game for a mini-campaign."
 },
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 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of Hohenlinden (Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden",
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  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "Ernest Picard, Hohenlinden (Paris: H. Charles-Lavauzelle, for the Section historique de l'État-major de l'armée, 1909)",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/hohenlinden00pica",
   "kind": "book"
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  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "Gaston Bodart, Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) (Vienna and Leipzig, 1908), p. 357",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Eo4DAAAAYAAJ/page/357/mode/1up",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "George Armand Furse, 1800: Marengo and Hohenlinden (London: William Clowes, 1903)",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/180001furs",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "James R. Arnold, Marengo & Hohenlinden: Napoleon's Rise to Power (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2005)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  }
 ],
 "cdb90": [
  116
 ],
 "order": 57,
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    "in": null,
    "author": "Karol Fryderyk Wojda",
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    "work_id": "ia:picard-la-campagne-de-1800-en-allemagne-v-1",
    "title": "La campagne de 1800 en Allemagne, vol. 1",
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    "year": 1904,
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    "title": "Life of Napoleon, vol. 1",
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    "year": null,
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    "title": "Literary remains of the United Irishmen of 1798",
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    "author": "Richard Robert Madden",
    "life": "1798–1886",
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    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
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    "work_id": "wikisource:en:Poems That Every Child Should Know/Hohenlinden",
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    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
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   "caption": "Le 11e chasseurs à la bataille de Hohenlinden, le 3 décembre 1800",
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   "caption": "Это изо было использовано в статье « Гогенлинден » опубликованной в восьмом томе « Военной энциклопедии », который был издан книгоиздательским товариществом И. Д. Сытина в 1912 году в столице Российской империи городе Санкт-Петербурге",
   "year": 1913,
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   "caption": "Это изо было использовано в статье « Гогенлинден » опубликованной в восьмом томе « Военной энциклопедии », который был издан книгоиздательским товариществом И. Д. Сытина в 1912 году в столице Российской империи городе Санкт-Петербурге",
   "year": 1913,
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   "artist": "« Военная энциклопедия » Ивана Дмитриевича Сытина . ( Санкт-Петербург ; 1912 год ).",
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   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg/500px-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "Данная картинка была использована в статье « Гогенлинден » опубликованной в восьмом томе « Военной энциклопедии », который был издан книгоиздательским товариществом И. Д. Сытина в 1912 году в столице Российской империи городе Санкт-Петербурге",
   "year": 1913,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "« Военная энциклопедия » Ивана Дмитриевича Сытина . ( Санкт-Петербург ; 1912 год ).",
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 "photos_kind": "paintings",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "hohenlinden",
  "query": "Hohenlinden",
  "from": "1800-12-03",
  "to": "1801-03-03",
  "total": 13,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1800-12-08",
    "paper": "The Kentucky gazette (Lexington [Ky.])",
    "place": "Lexington, Kentucky",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014782/1800-12-08/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... duplicates being inter changed at [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]] the 26th of September (third complementary day of the vear 8) Signed COUNT DE LEHRIi ACH LAUER Gen of his Imperial Majefty A true copy VICTOR F LAHORIK The commander in chief MOREAU Lex inn on December 8 Wednefday laft the eleflors of Prefi dent and Vice-Prefident affembled at Frankfort and gave an unanimous vote for Jefferfon and Burr There has been a dreadful fire at Wap ping England the property confurned is eftimated at 200000 pounds The gentleman who called a few days fince and took two packets of News Papers for Georgetown will pleafe to de liver them agreably to the direction We requeft gentlemen in future ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1801-02-26",
    "paper": "Alexandria advertiser and commercial intelligencer (Alexandria [Va.])",
    "place": "Alexandria, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024011/1801-02-26/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "lage of [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]], and the divisions of Richepanse and Decaen to Ebersherg.—— Expec'ting to be attacked by the enemy at [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]], l gave orders to general Ri chepanse and Decacn to advance by St. Christopher upon Matenpoet; and to fall upon the tear of the enemy. 'I'his move ment was executed with the greatest intre pidity and talent. The enemy commenc ed this attack upon [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]], at half past seven in the morning. It was at this moment I judged it expedient that the at tack should be commenced by general Ri chepanse. I ordered general Grenier .to commence his general Ney marched with vigor into the defiless, and'met general Ri-ct chepanse ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1801-02-27",
    "paper": "The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser (Washington City [D.C.])",
    "place": "Washington, District Of Columbia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045242/1801-02-27/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... to the vil lage of [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]], and the divifions oi Richcpa?s and Decaeft to Eberfbjrg.— ExpcAing to be attacked by the enemy at [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]], I gave orders to general Ri ■rliepatlfe and Djcae.i to advance by St. Ohridopher upon Matenpoet, and to fall upon the rev of the eliemy. Fhi-s move ment was executed with the greateft intre pidity and tal-nt. The enemy commenc ed this attack upon Hohinlinden, at halt jrad feveft in the morning. It was at this moment I judged it expedient that the at-, ♦jck fhotild be commenced by general Ri hepanfe. I ordered general Grenier to commence his General Ney marched with vigor into the defile, and met General Ri ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1801-02-28",
    "paper": "The united states oracle of the day (portsmouth, n.h.)",
    "place": "Portsmouth, New Hampshire",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025544/1801-02-28/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... General Gre nier colle&ed between [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]], and Hartofen. The division under Gen. Grandjean, of which Gen. Grou chy took the command, supported the left of the village of [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]] the divisions of Richepanfe and Decan at Eberfberg. I expelled to be attacked by the ene my at [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]]; and had given orders to Gens b Richepanfe and Decan to proceed by St. Christophe, upon the Matenpat, and to fall with vigor on the rear of the attack. This movement was executed with as much audacity as intelligence. The enemy commenced their attack upon [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]], at half past seven in the morning :—We fatisfied ourselves with checking them, until by a moment of hesitancy, I was ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1801-03-02",
    "paper": "Jenks's Portland gazette (Portland [Me.])",
    "place": "Portland, Maine",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016063/1801-03-02/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... attacked by the enemy at [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]] and had given orders to Gens. Richepanis.and Decau to proceed by Si* Chrf tophe, upon the Matenpset, and to fail with vig or on the rear of the attack. The movement was executed with as much audacity as in telligence. The enemy commenced their attack upon j Hohenlioden, atTialf pill (even in the morning i —We fatisaed onrfelves with checking them, j until a moment of hefttaocy I was led t« judge i the attack of Gea Rich pan e h -d commenced and gave orders to Gen. Grenter to commence his attack. Gen. Ney marched with vigor through the defiles, and met Gen. Richepanfe about mi j.way on ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1801-03-03",
    "paper": "The Republican ledger (Portsmouth, N.H.)",
    "place": "Portsmouth, New Hampshire",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84023378/1801-03-03/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... Gen. Grenier col le&ed between [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]], and Hariofen. The division under Gen. Grandjean, of which Gen. Grouchy took the command, supported the left of the village of Hohen linden the divisions of Rhichepanfe and Decan at Eberfberg. I expected to be attacked by the enemy at [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]] and had given orders to Gen. Richepanfe and Decan to proceed by Sr. Chriftophe,'upon the Matenpoet, and to fail with vigor on the rear of the attack.— This movement was executed with as much audacity as intelligence. The enemy commenced their attack up on [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]], at half pad seven in the morning We fatisfied ourselves with check ing them, until by a moment of hesitancy, l was led ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1801-03-03",
    "paper": "The New Hampshire gazette (Portsmouth [N.H.])",
    "place": "Portsmouth, New Hampshire",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025588/1801-03-03/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... attacked by the enemy at [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]] and had giv en orders to Gens. Richepanfe and Decan to proceed by St. Chriltophe, upon the Matenpcet, and to fall with vigor on the rear of the attack. This movement was executed with as much audacity as intelligence. The enemy commenced their at tack upon [[tag]]Hohenlinden[[/tag]], at half palt seven in the morning :—We fatisfied ourselves with checking them, unul by a moment of hesitancy, 1 was led to judge the attack of Gen. Riche panfe had commenced and gave or ders to Gen. Grenter to commence his attack. Gen. Ney marched with vigor through the defiles, and met Gen. Richepanfe about mid-way on the road of Matenpeet."
   }
  ]
 }
}