{
 "slug": "leipzig-1813",
 "title": "Battle of Leipzig",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1775–1815",
 "date_text": "16–19 October 1813",
 "start": "1813-10-16",
 "end": "1813-10-19",
 "war": "Napoleonic Wars",
 "cdb90_war": "THE NAPOLEONIC WARS",
 "place": {
  "name": "Leipzig and its surrounding villages, Kingdom of Saxony (now Saxony, Germany)",
  "lat": 51.3122,
  "lon": 12.4133,
  "wikidata": "Q151005"
 },
 "lede": "Over four days in October 1813 the armies of Austria, Russia, Prussia and Sweden closed on Napoleon around Leipzig and drove him back across the Elster. The largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars ended French power east of the Rhine.",
 "result": "Decisive Coalition victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Allied armies of the Sixth Coalition (Austria, Russia, Prussia, Sweden)",
   "commanders": [
    "Prince Karl Philipp zu Schwarzenberg",
    "Tsar Alexander I",
    "Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher",
    "Crown Prince Charles John (Bernadotte)",
    "Levin August von Bennigsen"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 360000,
    "low": 359000,
    "high": 394000,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 54000,
    "low": 53804,
    "high": 80000,
    "source": "s3"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "French Grande Armée and allied contingents (Poland, Italy, Naples, Confederation of the Rhine)",
   "commanders": [
    "Napoleon I",
    "Marshal Ney",
    "Marshal Marmont",
    "Marshal Macdonald",
    "Marshal Murat",
    "Prince Józef Poniatowski"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 191500,
    "low": 191500,
    "high": 200000,
    "source": "s3"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 68000,
    "low": 60000,
    "high": 79000,
    "source": "s3"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 ended with the Grande Armée all but destroyed. In 1813 Prussia joined Russia in the Sixth Coalition, with Sweden and Britain alongside, and Napoleon raised a new army made up largely of young conscripts. With it he won hard-fought victories at Lützen on 2 May and Bautzen on 20–21 May, and an armistice followed.\n\nDuring the armistice the Allies agreed the Trachenberg Plan, drafted largely by Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden, the former French marshal Bernadotte. Three Allied armies would avoid battle with Napoleon himself and strike at his marshals instead: Schwarzenberg's Army of Bohemia, Blücher's Army of Silesia and Bernadotte's Army of the North, joined later by Bennigsen's Army of Poland. Austria entered the war on 12 August. Napoleon beat the Army of Bohemia at Dresden on 26–27 August, but his subordinates were defeated at Grossbeeren, the Katzbach, Kulm and Dennewitz, and two drives on Berlin failed.\n\nHis allies were also deserting him. Saxon and Westphalian troops showed signs of mutiny, and Bavaria changed sides just eight days before Leipzig. With Bernadotte threatening from the north and Blücher crossing the Elbe, Napoleon pulled his army back across the river and concentrated it around Leipzig to protect his lines of supply. Leipzig's rivers, the Pleisse, the White Elster and the Parthe, divided the ground into separate sectors, and holding the city and its bridges let him shift troops between them faster than the Allies could. On 14 October the cavalry of both sides clashed at Liebertwolkwitz as the Allied armies closed in from south, north and west.",
  "forces": "Napoleon had about 177,000 men on 16 October, rising towards 191,500–200,000 once Reynier's VII Corps arrived, with 700 to 900 guns. Around 160,000 were French; the rest were Poles under Poniatowski, Italians and Neapolitans, and Germans from the Confederation of the Rhine, chiefly Saxons, Badeners, Hessians, Westphalians and Württembergers. Most of the infantry were raw conscripts, and the cavalry was too weak to scout properly. Ney and Marmont held the north, Macdonald the east, and Poniatowski and Augereau the southern villages, with the Guard in reserve and Drouot's massed artillery ready for the heights near Wachau.\n\nThe Allies started with about 257,000 men, Schwarzenberg's Army of Bohemia south of the city and Blücher's Army of Silesia to the north-west. By 18 October Bernadotte and Bennigsen had raised that to about 360,000–394,000, with some 1,500 guns: roughly 145,000–150,000 Russians, 115,000 Austrians, 75,000–90,000 Prussians and up to 30,000 Swedes. Schwarzenberg was commander-in-chief, but the Tsar, the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia were all present, and Alexander forced changes to his plan. Bernadotte's army included a company of the British Rocket Brigade with Congreve rockets under Captain Richard Bogue.",
  "course": "CDB90 records the whole battle as a single engagement, number 138 (LEIPZIG), from 08:30 on 16 October to 14:00 on 19 October. Its fact sheet therefore covers all four days, including the arrival of Bernadotte and Bennigsen and the final retreat. Times below are approximate and come mostly from one source.\n\n**16 October: the south.** Schwarzenberg attacked the French arc from Markkleeberg to Liebertwolkwitz. Prince Eugen of Württemberg took Wachau at about 09:30, but it was back in French hands by about 11:00. Klenau's Austrian IV Corps drove Lauriston and Macdonald out of Liebertwolkwitz, and the French counter-attack threw them out again. Along the Pleisse, Kleist and the Austrians fought Poniatowski and Augereau for Markkleeberg and Dölitz, and Merveldt was wounded and captured. Napoleon had Drouot form a grand battery of about 150 guns, which battered the Russian II Corps. In the early afternoon he launched Murat with about 10,000 cavalry against the centre, followed by the Young Guard. The cavalry were driven back by smaller Allied formations, and the Russian Guard, Austrian grenadiers and Russian cuirassiers held the line at Güldengossa. Napoleon gained ground but did not break through.\n\n**16 October: north and west.** From about 14:00 Blücher attacked the villages north of the city. Langeron took the Wiederitzsch villages from Dąbrowski's Poles, and Yorck's Prussians fought Marmont's VI Corps for the walled village of Möckern into the night, about 9,000 Allied and 7,000 French casualties, mostly from artillery. In the west Gyulay's Austrian III Corps attacked Lindenau and was held, but it tied down Bertrand's IV Corps, which Napoleon had wanted for the southern attack.\n\n**17 October.** A Sunday of near-lull. Sacken drove the Poles from Gohlis, and Russian hussars beat Arrighi's cavalry. Napoleon released Merveldt with an offer of an armistice, which the monarchs rejected. Reynier brought Napoleon some 14,000–18,000 men; Bennigsen and Bernadotte brought the Allies far more.\n\n**18 October.** The Allies attacked from every side, and the French were pushed slowly back on the city over more than nine hours. Bennigsen's columns moved off from about 03:00. South-east of the city, Barclay's attacks on the walled village of Probstheida in the afternoon produced the bloodiest fighting of the battle; Prussian and then Russian assaults were thrown back by French artillery, Murat's cuirassiers and the Guard. In the north-east Bernadotte's army was in place by early afternoon. At Paunsdorf, Bogue's rockets helped break the Franco-Saxon defenders before Bogue was killed, and Langeron's Russians finally took the burning village of Schönefeld. Late in the afternoon, at about 16:30–17:00 by one account, most of the Saxon division of Reynier's corps went over to the Allies, and Württemberg cavalry also changed sides. In the west Bertrand drove Gyulay off and kept the Lindenau road open. That night the French began withdrawing through the city over its single bridge across the Elster, leaving Macdonald, Poniatowski and Reynier to hold Leipzig.\n\n**19 October.** The Allies discovered the withdrawal at about 07:00 and attacked between 08:00 and 09:00, fighting street by street through the suburbs against the rearguard. At about 13:00 the corporal left in charge of the charges blew the Elster bridge while it was still crowded and the rearguard was still in the city. Some 20,000–30,000 men were cut off. Macdonald swam to safety; Poniatowski, wounded and made a marshal only the night before, drowned. Lauriston and Reynier were captured.",
  "aftermath": "Leipzig was the largest and bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic Wars. The Allies lost about 54,000 men. The French lost about 38,000 killed and wounded and some 30,000 prisoners, along with 325 guns and most of their supply trains; estimates of their total loss run from 60,000 to almost 80,000. Thirty-six French generals were captured, Lauriston and Reynier among them.\n\nNapoleon fell back towards the Rhine and brushed aside the Bavarians who tried to block him at Hanau. Some 100,000 French troops left in garrisons across Germany and Poland eventually surrendered. The Confederation of the Rhine collapsed, its states went over to the Allies, and France lost everything east of the Rhine. The Allies invaded France early in 1814, Paris fell on 31 March, and Napoleon abdicated on 6 April.\n\nThe memory of the battle has been contested ever since. German nationalists celebrated the 'Battle of the Nations' as a birth of the nation, while others saw it as a victory over Napoleon and the Revolution. When the monarchs delivered neither liberal freedoms nor a united Germany, its anniversaries became political demonstrations, as at the Wartburg Festival of 18 October 1817. Napoleon blamed the Saxon defectors for his defeat; the German Historical Museum argues that the defectors mostly wanted to survive. The 91-metre Völkerschlachtdenkmal, begun in 1894 and inaugurated for the centenary in 1913 and designed by Bruno Schmitz, played down those liberal hopes.",
  "wargaming": "Leipzig is the biggest battle of the period, and it is hard to game whole. At corps or division level, with turns of an hour or more, the four days make a campaign-style game. The individual sectors stand alone well at brigade or battalion level: Wachau and Liebertwolkwitz on 16 October, Möckern, Lindenau, Probstheida, or Paunsdorf and Schönefeld on the 18th.\n\nThe rivers are the key to the map. The Pleisse, Elster and Parthe split the ground into sectors that Napoleon could reinforce from the centre while the Allies struggled to coordinate between them. Walled villages such as Möckern and Probstheida, the heights where Drouot massed his guns, and the single bridge and causeway behind the city all need careful rules.\n\nTiming drives every scenario. On 16 October Napoleon has a short window to beat Schwarzenberg before Bernadotte and Bennigsen arrive, so the designer has to fix or randomise their entry times and Reynier's. The Saxon defection on the 18th is an obvious event card. The what-ifs follow from the sources: Bertrand's IV Corps freed for the southern attack instead of being tied down at Lindenau; Murat's cavalry better supported; Napoleon retreating on 17 October while the road west was still open; more bridges built over the Elster, or the bridge blown on time. Victory conditions should reward the French for getting the army out, not for holding Leipzig."
 },
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   "title": "Battle of Leipzig (Wikipedia)",
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   "title": "Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig (LeMO, Deutsches Historisches Museum, 2013)",
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   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "Robert M. Epstein, 'Leipzig, Battle of', Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe 1789–1914 (Gale, 2006), via Encyclopedia.com",
   "url": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leipzig-battle-0",
   "kind": "article"
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  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "J. Rickard, 'Second day of the battle of Leipzig, 16 October 1813' (History of War, 2017)",
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   "kind": "web"
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   "id": "s5",
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   "kind": "web"
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   "id": "s6",
   "title": "T. Dugdale-Pointon, 'Battle of Leipzig, 16-18 October 1813' (History of War, 2001)",
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   "kind": "web"
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   "id": "s7",
   "title": "David G. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon (Macmillan, 1966)",
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   "kind": "book"
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   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Digby Smith, The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book (Greenhill, 1998/2001)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
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  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Michael V. Leggiere, Napoleon and Berlin: The Franco-Prussian War in North Germany, 1813 (University of Oklahoma Press, 2002)",
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   "caption": "Die Flucht der französischen Truppen nach der Völkerschlacht durch Richters Garten am 19. Oktober 1813",
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   "artist": "Christian Gottfried Heinrich Geißler",
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   "caption": "1 Kt. : teilw. kolor. (21 x 20 cm). Koordinaten E 12°15'41\"-E 12°33'27\"/N 51°25'46\"-N 51°14'12\". Aus: Atlas Portatif Pour L'Intelligence Des Relations Des Dernières Guerres / Publiées Sans Plans; Notamment Pour La Vie De Napoléon, Par le Général Baron de Jomini ; 20. - Maßstab in graph. Form (lieues",
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   "artist": "by Carl Rechlin (1802–1875)",
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   "year": 1863,
   "licence": "CC0",
   "artist": "Jahn, F. O., graveur en médailles - Médailleur",
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   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stra%C3%9Fberger_-_Auf_dem_Johannis-Friedhof.jpg/500px-Stra%C3%9Fberger_-_Auf_dem_Johannis-Friedhof.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "year": 1866,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Ernst Wilhelm Straßberger",
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   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meyers_b10_s0670_b1.png",
   "caption": "Karte zur Schlacht bei Leipzig am 16. Oktober 1813",
   "year": 1885,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
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   "file": "File:Prince Eugen von Württemberg in the battle of Wachau. October 16, 1813.png",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Prince_Eugen_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg_in_the_battle_of_Wachau._October_16%2C_1813.png/500px-Prince_Eugen_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg_in_the_battle_of_Wachau._October_16%2C_1813.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "Prince Eugen von Württemberg in the battle of Wachau. October 16, 1813",
   "year": 1901,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Richard Knötel",
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   "file": "File:01914 Die Unterscheidungsmerkmale der k.u.k. Infanterie Regimenter 40.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/01914_Die_Unterscheidungsmerkmale_der_k.u.k._Infanterie_Regimenter_40.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
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   "caption": "Die Unterscheidungsmerkmale der k.u.k. Infanterie Regimenter 40",
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 "photos_kind": "paintings",
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  "slug": "leipzig-1813",
  "query": "Leipsic",
  "from": "1813-10-16",
  "to": "1814-01-17",
  "total": 34,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
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   {
    "date": "1813-11-04",
    "paper": "Martinsburgh gazette (Martinsburgh, Va. [W. Va.])",
    "place": "Martinsburg, West Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84038455/1813-11-04/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... Elbe there, and inarch upon [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]]. intelligence arrived that the enemy’s army, coming from Wittenberg, was pushing forward on Zohna, with a view^ as it appeared, to stop hia Royal Highness’s further operations, by a movement against Berlin As the enemy had .meccoded on the 5th inst notwithstand ing the heroic resistance opposed by the Prussian army, posted between Zohna and Juterbock, in penetrating as far as Juter book, his Royal Highness, early on the morning of the 6th, hastened, with seventy, battalions of Swedish and Russian infantry, 10,000 cavalry, and 150 Held pieces to as sist the Prussian army, which, consisting of about 10,000 men, had held out without yielding, against the repeated attacks ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1813-11-11",
    "paper": "Alexandria gazette, commercial and political (Alexandria [Va.])",
    "place": "Alexandria, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024014/1813-11-11/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... retreated in the direction of [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]], and that the Allies entered Dresden, on the 13th. It is addc« that a part of the Crown Prince o! Sweden’s army was on the left bank of the Elko, and had been very sue cewful. No military Mcoonts were permitted to he published in the H amburg Papers, nor any foreign Gazettes circulated. The above intelligente exactly co incides with the accounts previous ly received. Heligoland, Sept. 25. Our accounts from the opposite eoast continue to be most satisfacto ry AH the favorable reports are in some measure confirmed by the si lence of the newspapers under French control. Near Daaneborg in the neighborhood of Lunebourg a corps ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1813-11-13",
    "paper": "The telescope (Warren, R.I.)",
    "place": "Warren, Rhode Island",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83021531/1813-11-13/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... in the direc tion. of [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]]. FRANCE, pahs, sept, rj, iBij. In the Name of the Emperor, THE EMPRESS QJJ EE N AND REGENT. TO THE BISHOP OF— M, Bishop of The victo- under the walls of Dresden, on the 26th and 27th of August, by His Majesty rhe Emperor and King, our dear hus band and sovereign, are signal marks of the Divine protection. We desire that, upon the re ceipt of the present, you will cause Te Demn to be sung, and address thanks-givings to the God of Armies, and that you will add the most proper prayers to beg the preservation cf the sacred person of His Majesty the Emperor and King."
   },
   {
    "date": "1813-11-29",
    "paper": "Portland gazette, and Maine advertiser (Portland, Me.)",
    "place": "Portland, Maine",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016082/1813-11-29/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... interrupted the communica tion between [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]] *itid Fiankfort. If Frankfort on the Maine is intended, this is an important fact as it is f*r In the rear of the French head-quarter,. Ala re bud- of French tom, have been tnsrehed into Wettphalia. From hiscirrum stance it m o b niter, e l, either that there are man rCc’i ms in tuai kingdom against Jerome 11 mioarle, o- th t Bernadntte ha, urn-d one wing of die French army, and ar rived on the -stphahan frontier*, or in i s territories. Our previous accounts rela'ed the revolt of several leg menta of esttiha lian Hus-isrs. Gen r'm-lrn n, the Sason General, who hi* des -rted U ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1813-12-06",
    "paper": "The Alexandria herald (Alexandria [Va.])",
    "place": "Alexandria, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024513/1813-12-06/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... the Elbe, t^ Dres den, [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]], Targau, Wirtcmburg, and along the whole course of the Elbe to Ham burg, nearly the samo positions they held a month heforo, and the communications no way interrupted. 20.000 quintals of grain had passed up the Elbe and arrived sale at Dresden. Tho French papers contain a new order for the raising of 280,000 men and an ad ditional force of 30,000 troops was march ing for Spain. I lie extreme inricmciicy of the weather is assigned as the reasons why active ope rations has not taken place. It appears that on the 22d Sept. Napoleon offered a battle to the enemy, which they refused, and retreated in all ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1814-01-06",
    "paper": "Virginia Argus (Richmond, Va.)",
    "place": "Richmond, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024710/1814-01-06/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... ly 200 pieces f cannon. [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]] was stormed, without giving the enemy a day’s respite. The allies advan ced to [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]] the day after their glorious victory, and alter a most bloody resi'tancv took it by storm with SO,000 prisoners, a great number of c-nnon, ammunition, &c. Thus in four days, Bonaparte’s army was reduced o»ie half. ir re raoid and enor.. metis loss than he sustained in the same space of time even in his calamitous cam paign in Russia. Men. Loss on the 16th, by Ney, 12,000 do. 18ih, by Bonaparte, 40 000 do. 19ih, storming [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]], 30,000 Total 82,000 Driven from [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]], Bonaparte attempt* ed to retreat by ErturtH, the direct rt ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1814-01-11",
    "paper": "Constitutionalist and weekly magazine (Exeter, N.H.)",
    "place": "Exeter, New Hampshire",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025520/1814-01-11/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... nearly 200 pieces of cannon. [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]] was stormed, without giving the enemy a day's respite. The alite advanced to Leip&fe the day after their glorious Victory, and .after a most bloody resistance took it by storm, with 30,000 i+risonerg, a great num ber of cannon, ammunition, &e. &c. Thus in four days, Bonaparte's ar my was reduced one half, a more rapid and enormous loss than be sustained in the same space of time ev*h in his cal amitous campaign in Russia. Loss on the 15th, by Ney, 12,000 do. 18th, by Bonaparte, 40,0(10 do. 19th' storming [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]] 30,0 0 Total, 82000 Drivel from [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]], B maparte at tempted to retreat by Efur'h, the di ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1814-01-17",
    "paper": "Kentucky gazette ([Lexington, Ky.])",
    "place": "Lexington, Kentucky",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014783/1814-01-17/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... respite The allies advanced to [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]] the day after their giorious victory ad after a most bloody resistance took it by storm with 30000 prisoners a great number of cannon am munition kc -1 Thus in four days Bonaparte’s army was reduced one half— a more rapid and enormous loss than he sustained in the same space of time in his calamitous campaign in Russia Loss on the 1 6th by Ney 1 2000 men do 18th by Bonaparte 40)00 do ISth storming [[tag]]Leipsic[[/tag]] 30000 Total 82000 Driven from Leinsir Bonaparte at tempted to retreat by Erfurth the direct road to he Rhine He bailed the road was already occupied by his conquerors His retreat ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}