{
 "slug": "lodz-1914",
 "title": "Battle of Łódź (1914)",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "11 November – 6 December 1914",
 "start": "1914-11-11",
 "end": "1914-12-06",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I (EASTERN FRONT 1914)",
 "place": {
  "name": "Łódź and the country between the Vistula and the Warta, Russian Poland (now central Poland): Włocławek, Kutno, Łódź, Brzeziny and Łowicz",
  "lat": 51.77,
  "lon": 19.46,
  "wikidata": "Q696300"
 },
 "lede": "In November 1914 Mackensen's 9th Army, switched north by rail, struck the flank of the Russian armies poised to invade Silesia and almost encircled them at Łódź, then had its own spearhead surrounded at Brzeziny. It broke out; the Russians abandoned Łódź on 6 December.",
 "result": "Indecisive: the German encirclement failed, but the Russian invasion of Silesia was stopped and Łódź given up",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "German 9th Army under Mackensen, with the Landsturm corps Posen, Breslau and Thorn and reinforcements from the west",
   "commanders": [
    "Paul von Hindenburg (Commander-in-Chief East) and Erich Ludendorff (chief of staff)",
    "August von Mackensen (9th Army)",
    "Reinhard von Scheffer-Boyadel (XXV Reserve Corps and the Scheffer group)",
    "Karl Litzmann (3rd Guards Infantry Division)",
    "Manfred von Richthofen (I Cavalry Corps)",
    "Curt von Morgen (I Reserve Corps)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 272107,
    "low": 180000,
    "high": 280000,
    "source": "s15"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 33370,
    "low": 33370,
    "high": 160000,
    "source": "s15"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Russian North-Western Front: 1st, 2nd and 5th Armies",
   "commanders": [
    "Grand Duke Nicholas (supreme commander)",
    "Nikolai Ruzsky (North-Western Front)",
    "Paul von Rennenkampf (1st Army)",
    "Sergei Scheidemann (2nd Army)",
    "Pavel Plehve (5th Army)",
    "Vladimir Slyusarenko (Łowicz group)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 367000,
    "low": 360000,
    "high": 367000,
    "source": "s4"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 110000,
    "low": 110000,
    "high": 316478,
    "source": "s4"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "In October 1914 the Germans and Austro-Hungarians had been driven back from Warsaw and Ivangorod, and retreated through Poland to the borders of Silesia, wrecking the railways behind them. The wrecked lines slowed the Russian pursuit. By early November three Russian armies stood between the Vistula and Częstochowa, and the Grand Duke Nicholas was preparing the 'steamroller' for a deep invasion of Germany through Silesia and Posen. Ruzsky's North-Western Front would supply the 2nd and 5th Armies, with the 1st Army covering their right along the Vistula. The offensive was to start on 14 November.\n\nHindenburg, who became Commander-in-Chief East on 1 November, handed the 9th Army to August von Mackensen. Russian wireless messages, some sent unencrypted, gave away the date and the plan. On 3 November Hindenburg and Ludendorff decided not to meet the blow head-on. Instead the 9th Army would go north by rail from the Silesian border to the Posen–Thorn area, some 200 km, and strike the weakly protected right flank of the Russian mass between the Vistula and the Warta, aiming at Łódź, the industrial town and rail centre behind it. The railways ran some 80 trains a day. The 8th Army in East Prussia had to give up two corps for the attack and fall back to the Masurian lakes. Silesia was left to Woyrsch's army detachment, Landsturm and fortress troops, cavalry and the Austro-Hungarian 2nd Army, brought up by rail.\n\nThe Russians did not detect the move and believed the 9th Army was still near Częstochowa. By 10 November Mackensen was ready, with his left on the Vistula and his right north of the Warta.",
  "forces": "Mackensen's 9th Army had about five and a half corps and five cavalry divisions: the XI, XVII and XX Corps, the I and XXV Reserve Corps from East Prussia, the 3rd Guards Infantry Division and the cavalry corps of Richthofen and Frommel. Russian historians count about 155,000 men and 960 guns in the strike group, and some 280,000 with the Landsturm corps Posen, Breslau and Thorn. Hindenburg admitted that his troops were too few, and not good enough, to pin the Russians everywhere; much depended on speed. Scheffer-Boyadel of the XXV Reserve Corps was 63 and had been recalled from retirement. Heavy 21 cm howitzers, and an Austro-Hungarian 30.5 cm battery, came up from mid-November. From late November four divisions and more came from the west, and by early December the army had 21 infantry and 5 cavalry divisions.\n\nThe Russian 1st, 2nd and 5th Armies under Ruzsky counted about 367,000 men and 1,300 guns: Rennenkampf's 1st Army about 123,000, Scheidemann's 2nd 158,500, and Plehve's 5th 85,000. They included tough Siberian corps. Ruzsky's command was slow and erratic, and wireless messages that the Germans read repeatedly gave away its intentions. The fighting was done in early winter, with snow, fog and frost; the temperature fell to about −12 °C, and short, misty days ruled out much air reconnaissance.",
  "course": "This page covers 11 November to 6 December. CDB90's single engagement 'Lodz' (12–25 November) covers the German breakthrough, the near-encirclement of Łódź and the breakout at Brzeziny.\n\n**11–16 November: through the Russian flank.** The 9th Army moved off on 11 November. On the left, the I and XXV Reserve Corps marched up the Vistula on Włocławek, while XX Corps swung round Lake Gopło towards Lubraniec, behind Richthofen's cavalry. On 12 November they hit Sidorin's 5th Siberian Corps of the Russian 1st Army, which had no time to dig in, and threw it back; Włocławek fell, and General von Briesen of the 49th Reserve Division was killed. The 6th Siberian Corps, sent to help, was held up at the Vistula crossing at Płock. Scheidemann sent his II Corps north, and it fought hard at Dąbrowice on 13–14 November, but at Kutno on 15–16 November it was beaten. A gap of some 40 km opened between the Russian 1st and 2nd Armies, and the Germans crossed the Bzura on 16 November. They had taken about 12,000 prisoners. Mackensen left Morgen's I Reserve Corps to cover his flank towards Łowicz and turned south.\n\n**17–21 November: Łódź almost encircled.** The Grand Duke abandoned the invasion of Silesia. Scheidemann pulled the 2nd Army back to the line Stryków–Lutomiersk, and Plehve's 5th Army marched north, covering about 116 km in two days. On 17 November the XX, XVII and XI Corps met strong Russian forces north of Łódź. Further east, the Scheffer group (the 49th and 50th Reserve Divisions, Litzmann's 3rd Guards Division and Richthofen's 6th and 9th Cavalry Divisions) passed Brzeziny on 18–19 November and swung round behind Łódź towards Rzgów, intent on closing the ring from the south. An army order to guard its flank towards Skierniewice never reached it. On 19 November the first corps of the 5th Army arrived south-west of the city and drove XI Corps back over the Ner. By 20 November Łódź was enclosed on three sides, with a gap of about 20 km to the south-east, but the seven Russian corps inside showed no sign of giving up.\n\n**21–22 November: the hunter surrounded.** From Łowicz, Slyusarenko's group of the 1st Army (the 43rd Division, the 6th Siberian Rifle Division and three more brigades) pushed south towards Brzeziny and Stryków into a gap held by little more than a dragoon regiment. The Russian IV Corps drove XX Corps back at Stryków and came between it and Scheffer. With the 5th Army pressing from the south and the 2nd Army from the west, Scheffer was cut off. On the afternoon of 22 November he was ordered to withdraw. Intercepted messages showed the Russians ordering trains for the prisoners: 20,000, or by some accounts 50,000. Scheffer had about 11,000 fighting men and 3,000 wounded.\n\n**23–24 November: the breakout at Brzeziny.** Scheffer formed three columns on the roads north, with Richthofen's cavalry turned about to screen the rear. They marched through a freezing night. At dawn on 24 November Litzmann's Guards, with bayonets fixed, broke into Brzeziny, where most of the 6th Siberian Division was sheltering from the cold, and took much of the town before a shot was fired; the division collapsed. By evening all three columns were at Brzeziny. They came out with their wounded, about 10,000–12,000 prisoners and 64 captured guns, and regained touch with XX Corps by 26 November. CDB90's engagement ends here.\n\n**26 November – 6 December: the Russians give up Łódź.** Reinforcements reached the Germans: II Corps on the Ner, the 48th Reserve Division further south, the 1st Division for Morgen and XIII Corps near Gostynin. On 29 November the Grand Duke ordered a withdrawal nearer Warsaw. Mackensen's concentric attack opened on 1 December, and II Corps took Pabianice. In the night of 5–6 December the Russians slipped out of Łódź with their stores, and XI Corps marched in unopposed on the evening of 6 December.",
  "aftermath": "Losses are badly disputed. The German medical report gives about 33,000 killed, wounded and missing in the 9th Army for 11–30 November; Russian historians give 122,000–160,000 German losses, and Russian losses of 110,000 to more than 300,000, many of them missing. Scheffer's group is said to have lost 70 per cent of its men. Four German generals were killed, and about 35,000 wounded of both sides filled the larger buildings of Łódź.\n\nMackensen, Scheffer and Litzmann received the Pour le Mérite, and Litzmann became 'the Lion of Brzeziny'. In 1940 the Nazi occupiers renamed Łódź Litzmannstadt after him. On the Russian side Scheidemann was replaced on 1 December and Rennenkampf, blamed for his slowness, in early December; an inquiry later cleared him. The Russians fell back to the Bzura and the Rawka, and the Germans took Łowicz on 15 December.\n\nWho won is still argued. Russian historians call it a Russian tactical victory: the encirclement failed and the Russians avoided a second Tannenberg. Ludendorff admitted the great aim had not been attained, and Hindenburg that his forces had not been strong enough. Yet Silesia was safe, the Russians had lost Łódź and never came so close to German soil again; German and Polish writers call the result indecisive but strategically favourable to Germany. CDB90 scores it a German win. A war cemetery at Gadka Stara, near the main fighting, marks the dead.",
  "wargaming": "Łódź is the great manoeuvre battle of the Eastern Front, and its scale suits an operational game: divisions or brigades as units, half-day or daily turns, on a map running from the Vistula at Włocławek to Piotrków. The terrain is open, rolling Polish plain cut by the Bzura, the Ner and the Warta, with Łódź, Brzeziny, Stryków and Łowicz as road and rail hubs. What matters is space, time and information rather than ground.\n\nGive the German player much of the Russian order traffic, as the intercepts did, and let the Russian player discover the German move late. The Russian command should suffer friction: contradictory orders from front headquarters, slow river crossings for the 1st Army and armies that do not co-ordinate. Winter matters: short days, fog that blinds reconnaissance, frozen and exhausted men.\n\nThe breakout of 22–24 November makes a fine smaller scenario at battalion or regiment level: three German columns, cavalry screening the rear, a night march in snow and a dawn assault on Brzeziny against a dispersed defender who must guess where the blow will fall.\n\nGood 'what ifs': Scheffer receives the order to guard his flank; Rennenkampf moves faster from Łowicz; the Russians retreat from Łódź on 17 November, as an intercepted message suggested they might; or the western reinforcements arrive a fortnight earlier, as Ludendorff wished."
 },
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   "caption": "The Łódź operation, November 1914: a Soviet map from Zayonchkovski's history of the war, 1938.",
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   "artist": "E. Haas",
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 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
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   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_(1914)",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
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  {
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  {
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  {
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   "file": "File:German troops entering the streets of Lodz, Poland LCCN2017656344.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/German_troops_entering_the_streets_of_Lodz%2C_Poland_LCCN2017656344.jpg/500px-German_troops_entering_the_streets_of_Lodz%2C_Poland_LCCN2017656344.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "Digital display record: This record exists solely to make the digital image available. You may be able to find information about the displayed item by looking at other online catalog records retrieved with the Reproduction Number below. If no such record is retrieved, information may be found in Pri",
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  "slug": "lodz-1914",
  "query": "Łódź",
  "from": "1914-11-11",
  "to": "1914-12-20",
  "total": 2499,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
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   {
    "date": "1914-11-22",
    "paper": "The washington times (washington [d.c.])",
    "place": "Washington, District Of Columbia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026749/1914-11-22/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... u partial gain reported at [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] by c Russians is tegarded as putting th ffe of General Von llinuenberg in lin d.ate dangei uerman lorce. wun inoni as us- i nrlv .iih(1 taster tnan thru from i.z whi'ji ih now eng.i..ed at [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]]. the Gentians and Austrians arc tied to be ttrongly ntrenched, foi, the Germans having thawed Jl llu ground b b Tiling petrol, that h-j might dig thcmseiv-s m. Aus- Ju re-en forem en th released by m f tit.ii withdrawals of Russians froni) i iietrrniinerf effort is W-mc made t .r firr.-. M th.. TzjLr under liir .t,u Puk- Niehols.1.. to throw tho .,'iun army uacic irom i.uuz, ano nk the main ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-12-07",
    "paper": "Arizona republican (Phoenix, Ariz.)",
    "place": "Phoenix, Arizona",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84020558/1914-12-07/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... is still doubtful. Germans Occupy [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] BERLIN, i Monday) Dec. 7 It is of ficially announced the Germans occu pied [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] on Sunday. [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] is a city ol 3GO.0O0 population. It is tiie. chief manufacturing center of Poland witii numerous textile mills, mostly for cotton. A delayed Daily Telegraph Tetrograd ditpatch indicates the situation in [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] on Friday was serious. \"For three days,\" the dispatch says, \"the Ger mans in Russian Poland were strenu oumI.v aggressive. Their wedge which was already driven into Russian Po land was being pushed with tremen dous reinforcements. The base of this wedge was Thorn and Kalisz and the Apex is Lowiez. This gives the Ger mans control of all ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-12-08",
    "paper": "The Daytona daily news (Daytona, Fla.)",
    "place": "Daytona Beach, Florida",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93063916/1914-12-08/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "CZAR RETAKES PLOCK; [[tag]]LODZ[[/tag]]'S FALL CONFIRMED PETROGRAD, DEC. 8. RUSSIAN FORCES HAVE RECAPTURED PLOCK. RUSSIANS FROM COMBIN ARE TRYING A FLANKING MOVE MENT IN AN EFFORT TO CUT OFF GERMAN COMMUNICATION WITH THORN, THE EAST PRUSSIAN BASE. THE GERMANS THERE ARE FIGHTING FIERCELY. LONDON, DEC. 8. A NEWS DISPATCH FROM PETROGRAD SAYS THE RUSSIAN OFFICIAL STATEMENT TODAY CLAIMS THAT THE GERMAN OFFENSIVE AT [[tag]]LODZ[[/tag]] AND LOWICZ FAILED, AND THAT THE QUESTION OF THE DEFENSE OF [[tag]]LODZ[[/tag]] HAS LOST ITS URGENCY. IT IT IS BELIEVED THAT THIS CONFIRMS THE FALL OF [[tag]]LODZ[[/tag]]. [[tag]]LODZ[[/tag]] TAKEN, WARSAW NOW OBJECTIVE POINT OF GERMANS IN EAST BERLIN, DEC. 8. OVER 100,000 RUSSIANS WERE CAPTURED WHEN [[tag]]LODZ[[/tag]] WAS OCCUPIED ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-12-09",
    "paper": "Der Deutsche correspondent (Baltimore, Md.)",
    "place": "Baltimore, Maryland",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045081/1914-12-09/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... tet, das; die Räumung von [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] bald offiziell zugegeben werden wird. Er sagte. [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] habe jetzt seine Bedeutung als Basis für militärische Operatio nen verloren, da die Stadt an der Spitze eines Winkels liege, der in ein Territorium hineinreiche, das vom Feinde controlirt sei und da es schwie rig sei, von [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] aus die Verbindung mit allen Theilen der russischen Ar mee aufrechtzuerhalten. Auf diese Weise sei die Okkupation von [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] mehr ein Hinderniß als eine Hülfe. Ter Empfang deSDeschenk- Schiffes. G e n u a, über Rom, 8. Dez. —Das amerikanische Weihnachts-Schiff „Ja ion,\" welches hier gestern mit den Ge schenken siir die Knegswaisen von Deutschland und Oesterreich-Ungarn ankam, wurde änf seinen! Wege von ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-12-10",
    "paper": "Fergus County Democrat (Lewistown, Mont.)",
    "place": "Lewistown, Montana",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84036220/1914-12-10/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... tion by the Russians of [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]], Russian Poland, is admitted in a semi-official communication, issued today, though the statement adds that the Russians did not lose a soldier when the posi tion was given up. The text of the communication is as follows: The German official communication says that the Russians must have had enormous losses in the evacuation of [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]]. The confidence that should be placed in this communication is evi denced by the fact that the Russian troops withdrew from [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] about mid night on Dec. 6, while the Germans remained motionless for 15 hours in front of our empty trenches, the at tack on which had cost them more than 10,000 soldiers ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-12-11",
    "paper": "Northern Wisconsin advertiser (Wabeno, Wis.)",
    "place": "Wabeno, Wisconsin",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85040705/1914-12-11/ed-1/?sp=4",
    "snippet": "... have cap tured and hold [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]], important rail road center on the rop.d to Warsaw. The Germans have defeated a Russian flanking movement and advanced to a point forty miles from Warsaw. Germans have succeeded in west ern Poland in tactics which failed on the Franco-Belgian frontier. They have thrown dense masses of troops against the Russian center and by successive shocks battered down the Russian defenses, tak;ng [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]]. During the fighting Lenczyca, one of the oldest towns in Poland, about sixteen miles northwest of [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]], came in the line of the German artillery fire. A monastery that has stood for a thou sand years was destroyed. Several monks were killed. Asylum Is Fired. The ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-12-12",
    "paper": "The Pioche record (Pioche, Nev.)",
    "place": "Pioche, Nevada",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86091349/1914-12-12/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... evident from the occupation of [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] by the Germans that the heaviest kind of fighting has been go ing on, for late advices told of a vi cious attack and bombardment of [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] and fighting 0n the outskirts oi the city, and previous to that, of op erations twenty miles west of Plotr kow, which lies considerably south or [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] and along a line from Glowno, sixteen miles northeast of [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]], to the Vistula river. [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] has long been an objective point of the German armv. It ha grown in recent years from an lnslg niHcant place to be one of the most populous cities in the Russian em pire. In 1910 its population num ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-12-19",
    "paper": "The Tulsa star (Tulsa, Okla.)",
    "place": "Tulsa, Oklahoma",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86064118/1914-12-19/ed-1/?sp=8",
    "snippet": "... heforo tho spring. Germans, Occupy [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]]. London. [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]], tho second city ol Pnlnml nnil.- lvlnc sovontv-flvo miles fljto tho west southwest ot Wersaw, has rieiicn io me, Merman arms, arounu mis impof umi. ip)vn a uespcrmu uuiuo 'lias ratfd for days. Hero countloss thousands UaWfallon In desperate iiaiul.-to-hnndTcontlicts nnd from tho \"j Mieiis it hdtfdrods of guns. 1 It1 was pvhleniJfrom tho occupation br ilodz' by tho Germans that tho heaviest kind of fighting hns been go- -liK-on-for late, advices told of a vicious attack nnd bombardment of [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]] and flglUIng oh tho, outskirts of tho city, n.nd iprovtoua,,tp.that, of operations iwoniy mucs west oi rioirnoiy, wuiuii Jlcs conslaerably 'south of [[tag]]Lodz[[/tag]], and 1hm n ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}