{
 "slug": "lys-1918",
 "title": "Battle of the Lys (1918)",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "9–29 April 1918",
 "start": "1918-04-09",
 "end": "1918-04-29",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I (WESTERN FRONT 1918)",
 "place": {
  "name": "The Lys plain from Givenchy and the La Bassée canal to Armentières, and the Messines–Kemmel ridges, French Flanders and West Flanders",
  "lat": 50.7056,
  "lon": 2.9,
  "wikidata": "Q1088364"
 },
 "lede": "In April 1918 Ludendorff's second spring offensive, Georgette, smashed through the Portuguese sector on the Lys and drove on Hazebrouck and Kemmel. The British line bent back to Ypres but held, and the Channel ports were never reached.",
 "result": "German tactical success but strategic failure: the Germans advanced up to 15 km and took Kemmel, but did not reach Hazebrouck or the Channel ports and called the offensive off",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "German Empire (Sixth and Fourth Armies, in Army Group Crown Prince Rupprecht)",
   "commanders": [
    "General Erich Ludendorff",
    "Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria",
    "General Ferdinand von Quast (Sixth Army)",
    "General Friedrich Sixt von Armin (Fourth Army)",
    "Colonel Fritz von Loßberg (Fourth Army chief of staff)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": null,
    "low": null,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 86000,
    "low": 86000,
    "high": 109300,
    "source": "s7"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "British Empire (BEF First and Second Armies, including Australian, Canadian and other Dominion troops), with the Portuguese 2nd Division, the French Détachement d'Armée du Nord and the Belgian Army",
   "commanders": [
    "Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig",
    "General Sir Henry Horne (First Army)",
    "General Sir Herbert Plumer (Second Army)",
    "General Ferdinand Foch (Allied commander-in-chief)",
    "General Manuel Gomes da Costa (Portuguese 2nd Division)",
    "General Henri de Mitry (Détachement d'Armée du Nord)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": null,
    "low": null,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 82040,
    "low": 76300,
    "high": 82040,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "Ludendorff's first spring offensive, Michael, had driven the British back across the Somme from 21 March, and a second blow near Arras, Mars, failed on 28 March. The German high command had long studied an attack in Flanders, St George, from the La Bassée canal to Ypres. Michael had swallowed the divisions it needed, so it shrank to Georgette: the Sixth Army would break the Portuguese sector of the Lys plain, widen the breach north towards Armentières and drive on the rail junction of Hazebrouck, with the Fourth Army joining in against Messines ridge.\n\nThe aim was to break the British First Army, push the Second Army aside to the north and drive west to the Channel, cutting the BEF off from Calais, Dunkirk and Boulogne. The British could give little ground here: the front line lay barely fifty miles from the coast, with the depots, aerodromes and hospitals of Flanders crowded behind it.\n\nThe low, waterlogged plain had been thought too wet for a major attack before May, and the sector had been quiet since the winter of 1914–15. But the spring of 1918 was unusually dry. The British divisions sent to rest there had been shattered on the Somme and refilled with recruits. The two-division Portuguese Corps had been run down by months without reinforcements, and its 2nd Division was holding with three brigades a front the whole corps had once held with four. On the afternoon of 8 April the division was ordered to withdraw for a long rest, with a British relief due on the night of 9/10 April. Its men spent the night packing. How much the British command knew of the coming attack, and how much it told the Portuguese, is still disputed.",
  "forces": "Under Ludendorff's direction, Crown Prince Rupprecht's army group attacked with General von Quast's Sixth Army south of Armentières and General Sixt von Armin's Fourth Army to the north, with Colonel von Loßberg as its chief of staff. Both had many stormtroops trained in infiltration. On 9 April eight divisions attacked in first line with six behind, none of them used in March. Four divisions faced the three weak Portuguese brigades. Colonel Bruchmüller, who had planned the 21 March bombardment, ran the Sixth Army's artillery, with only nine days to prepare instead of seven weeks.\n\nGeneral Horne's First Army held the Lys plain. In XI Corps (Haking) the 55th (West Lancashire) Division, rested after Cambrai and drilled in counter-attack, held 4,000 yards at Givenchy with nine battalions. The Portuguese 2nd Division under Gomes da Costa held 10,000 yards with sixteen. XV Corps had the 40th and 34th Divisions, nine battalions each on 7,500 yards. The water table ruled out trenches, so men fought from breastworks, fortified farms and wired hedges, between dykes too wide to jump. The Portuguese were also unsure of their task: Haking insisted on holding a main line at all costs, while the Portuguese had trained for defence in depth, and Gomes da Costa later argued that his worn battalions had been asked to hold too many lines. Plumer's Second Army held Messines and the Ypres salient to the north, with the Belgians beyond. From mid-April the French sent the Détachement d'Armée du Nord under de Mitry.",
  "course": "**Estaires, 9–11 April.** CDB90 records the whole battle as one engagement, Lys (332). On 9 April mist cut visibility to forty yards. At 4.15 a.m. a gas and high-explosive bombardment fell on headquarters, batteries and roads from Givenchy to Laventie, and the Portuguese division's headquarters at Lestrem was hit by the first shell. German patrols slipped through gaps before the assault went in at 8.45 a.m. (Portuguese accounts say 7 a.m.). Portuguese troops were already drifting back by 7.30. Some posts held: Richebourg-l'Avoué and Neuve Chapelle until nearly 11 a.m., the 10th Regiment until trench mortars had killed most of its men, and La Couture, which Portuguese writers single out, along with Private Aníbal Milhais and his Lewis gun. By 11 a.m., though, the division had broken as a formed body, and the Germans claimed 6,000 prisoners. Cyclists, King Edward's Horse and brigades of the 51st and 50th Divisions were rushed to the Lawe. At Givenchy the Germans reached the ruined church by about 10 a.m., but the 55th's counter-attack platoons restored the line by midday, and a rehearsed flank faced north. The 40th Division gave way. By nightfall the Germans had broken a 15 km front and reached Estaires on the Lys.\n\n**Messines, 10–11 April.** The Fourth Army attacked north of Armentières with four divisions and took Messines. Armentières, now in a salient, was evacuated on 11 April and Merville fell. That day Haig issued his Special Order: 'There is no other course open to us but to fight it out. Every position must be held to the last man: there must be no retirement. With our backs to the wall and believing in the justice of our cause each one of us must fight on to the end.'\n\n**Hazebrouck and Bailleul, 12–15 April.** On 12 April, the most critical day, tired and intermixed units with junior officers in command fought on a shifting front, often without their own artillery. The 1st Australian Division came up by train to cover Hazebrouck and threw back the first attack shortly after midnight on the 13th. The 4th Division held Hinges ridge and the 5th Nieppe forest. On 13 April 23 German divisions in front line and nine in second faced 14 British divisions, four of them reduced to cadres, and gained little. Bailleul fell on 15 April. Plumer shortened his line, leaving only outposts on the Passchendaele ridge won the previous autumn. Meteren and Wytschaete fell on the 16th.\n\n**First Kemmel, Béthune and Merckem, 17–19 April.** On 17 April attacks on the Kemmel hills were cut down by machine guns firing in enfilade, the Belgians threw back an attack at Merckem, and the Australians beat off two assaults. On the 18th a push on Givenchy, Festubert and Béthune failed. By 21 April French divisions had relieved IX Corps on 11,000 yards of front around Kemmel.\n\n**Second Kemmel, 25–26 April.** The bombardment opened at 2.30 a.m., and at 6 a.m. three and a half German divisions attacked the French on Kemmel. The Alpine Corps' Leib Regiment was on the summit by 7.10, before the French supports were out of their dug-outs, and took 800 prisoners. A Franco-British counter-attack at 3 a.m. on the 26th failed.\n\n**Scherpenberg, 29 April.** The last big attack, towards the Scherpenberg and Mont Rouge, ran into a defence organised in depth. That evening Loßberg advised stopping the offensive, and Ludendorff agreed.",
  "aftermath": "British losses for 9–30 April came to 82,040 gross, or about 76,300 after missing men who returned were deducted. French losses were 30,000–35,000, and German estimates run from 86,000 to 109,300. The Germans had driven a salient up to 15 km deep and taken Kemmel, but not Hazebrouck, Cassel or Mont des Cats. Loßberg concluded that the Fourth and Sixth Armies had exhausted their powers of attack. General von Kuhl judged that the second great offensive had not brought the hoped-for decision, and the German high command turned next against the French. The ground at Passchendaele, bought so dearly in 1917, was given up in days.\n\nThe battle left a long shadow in Portugal. After it the British command blocked the rebuilding of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps as a front-line force. British writers were often scathing about their 'ancient ally', while Portuguese accounts dwelt on La Couture and Milhais and presented 9 April as an epic stand against impossible odds. The army used that suffering to justify a growing role in politics, which ended in the coup of 28 May 1926. Deaths were in the low hundreds; prisoners passed 6,000. Older Portuguese figures of over 1,300 killed are now thought inflated. 9 April is still marked at Batalha monastery.\n\nChris Baker calls the Lys a neglected battle. He argues that a string of Allied defensive successes, together with the German army's lack of mobility, decided it.",
  "wargaming": "The Lys suits two scales. On the operational level, a division or brigade game on the plain from Givenchy to Bailleul, in roughly half-day turns, makes the battle a race. The Germans must get across the Lawe and the Lys and reach Hazebrouck before the British, Australian and French reserves arrive by train and lorry. Roads should matter enormously: the clay turned to glue, most roads carried one-way traffic only, and dykes and hedges made cross-country movement slow. Bridges captured intact, as on 9 April, should be a real prize.\n\nOn the tactical level, Givenchy on 9 April is a superb defensive scenario at company scale. The 55th Division had keeps, concrete machine-gun posts and a 300-yard tunnel with dug-outs for two battalions, and drilled counter-attack platoons. Forty-yard mist, gas masks for the first hours, and an open northern flank once the Portuguese front gave way should all be in the rules. Kemmel on 25 April is a sharp single-hill assault, with mist, a short bombardment and defenders caught below ground.\n\nPortuguese morale needs care: give the 2nd Division the burdens the sources describe (depleted battalions, a muddled mission, a relief half done) rather than a blanket penalty, and let some posts hold. What-ifs: the Portuguese relieved a day earlier; Haking's reserves sent to the right place in time; Hazebrouck falling on the 12th; Ludendorff committing the divisions he kept back."
 },
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   "file": "File:Map of German Lys offensive 1918.jpg",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "The German Lys offensive, 9–29 April 1918: the front of 9 April and the ground taken towards Hazebrouck and Kemmel.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Map_of_German_Lys_offensive_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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  {
   "file": "File:Battle of the Lys, April 1918.jpg",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "The Battle of the Lys, April 1918, as mapped in The Times History of the War.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Battle_of_the_Lys%2C_April_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "artist": "The Times",
   "credit": "Periodicals Additional Physical Format: Online version: Times (London, England) Times history of the war. v. 1-22 (pts. 1-273) London, \"The Times\" [1914]-21 (OCoLC)558550086 Document Type: Book OCLC Number: 642276 Notes: Vols. 1-21 were issued in weekly parts from August 25, 1914, to July 27, 1920; v. 22, published in 1921, forms general index. Parts 1-63 have title: The Times history of the war; pts. 64-273: The Times history and encyclopædia of the war. No more published. Description: 22 v. illus. (incl. ports.) maps. 31 cm. Other Titles: Times (London, England)",
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  {
   "file": "File:Trincheiras La Lys.jpg",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "Portuguese trenches in Flanders, on the Lys front, 1918.",
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  {
   "file": "File:British 55th Division gas casualties 10 April 1918.jpg",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "Men of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division blinded by gas wait for treatment at an advanced dressing station near Béthune, 10 April 1918.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/British_55th_Division_gas_casualties_10_April_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Thomas Keith Aitken (Second Lieutenant)",
   "credit": "This photograph Q 11586 comes from the collections of the Imperial War Museums (collection no. 1900-22)",
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  },
  {
   "file": "File:Anibal Milhais.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Private Aníbal Milhais, whose stand with a Lewis gun on 9 April made him Portugal's best-known soldier of the war.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Anibal_Milhais.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "J. Fernandes (c.1900)",
   "credit": "Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal",
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  {
   "file": "File:Sir Douglas Haig.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, whose 'backs to the wall' order of 11 April became the battle's best-remembered words.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Sir_Douglas_Haig.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Elliott & Fry",
   "credit": "Evelyn Wood (1917). Winnowed Memories . London: Cassell and Company. p. 126.",
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  {
   "file": "File:Storming of the Kemmel Hill on April 25, 1918.jpg",
   "kind": "illustration",
   "caption": "The storming of Mount Kemmel, 25 April 1918, by Ernst Zimmer for the German magazine Der Krieg 1914/19 in Wort und Bild.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Storming_of_the_Kemmel_Hill_on_April_25%2C_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Ernst Zimmer",
   "credit": "Der Krieg 1914/19 in Wort und Bild, 207. Heft: https://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/fullscreen/AC09345259_207191418/29/",
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 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of the Lys (1918) (Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "J. E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1918, vol. II, March–April: Continuation of the German Offensives (Macmillan, 1937)",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210684",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, Special Order of the Day, 11 April 1918 (printed as Appendix 10 of s2)",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210684",
   "kind": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses, 'Lys, Battle of the', 1914-1918-online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War (2019)",
   "url": "https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/lys_battle_of_the",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Batalha de La Lys (Portuguese Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_La_Lys",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "The Battle of Hazebrouck (Sir John Monash Centre, Australian Government)",
   "url": "https://sjmc.gov.au/the-battle-of-hazebrouck/",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "David T. Zabecki, The German 1918 Offensives: A Case Study in the Operational Level of War (Routledge, 2006)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Chris Baker, The Battle for Flanders: German Defeat on the Lys 1918 (Pen & Sword, 2011)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Review of Chris Baker, The Battle for Flanders (HistoryOfWar.org)",
   "url": "https://www.historyofwar.org/bookpage/baker_battle_flanders.html",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s10",
   "title": "Martin Marix Evans, 1918: The Year of Victories (Arcturus, 2002)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s11",
   "title": "Vierte Flandernschlacht (German Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierte_Flandernschlacht",
   "kind": "web"
  }
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   "file": "File:55th Division soldiers marching through Bethune after defence of Givenchy, April 1918 (Q 342).jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/55th_Division_soldiers_marching_through_Bethune_after_defence_of_Givenchy%2C_April_1918_%28Q_342%29.jpg/500px-55th_Division_soldiers_marching_through_Bethune_after_defence_of_Givenchy%2C_April_1918_%28Q_342%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "Battle of the Lys: Men from a battalion of the 55th Division marching through Bethune on their way back from the trenches for rest, 10 April 1918. (provided date likely incorrect as on that day the division would have still been in battle, more likely photographed between 16-18 April)",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Second Lieutenant Armando Consolé",
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  {
   "file": "File:The German Spring Offensive, March-july 1918 Q6556.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_German_Spring_Offensive%2C_March-july_1918_Q6556.jpg/500px-The_German_Spring_Offensive%2C_March-july_1918_Q6556.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "The German Spring Offensive, March-july 1918 German Offensive on the Lys (Operation Georgette). Men of the 51st Division crossing a temporary bridge with their rations (in a wheelbarrow) over the canal at Robecq, 25 April 1918",
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   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "John Warwick Brooke",
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  {
   "file": "File:The German Spring Offensive, March-july 1918 Q6562.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_German_Spring_Offensive%2C_March-july_1918_Q6562.jpg/500px-The_German_Spring_Offensive%2C_March-july_1918_Q6562.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "The German Spring Offensive, March-july 1918 German Offensive on the Lys (Operation Georgette). French and British soldiers playing with goats in Berthen. 22 April 1918",
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   "licence": "Public domain",
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  {
   "file": "File:The German Spring Offensive, March-july 1918 Q6567.jpg",
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   "caption": "The German Spring Offensive, March-july 1918 The Battle of the Lys (Operation Georgette). Gunners of the 29th Siege Battery RGA firing a 6 inch Mark VII gun. Near Caestre, 23 April 1918",
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   "caption": "The German Spring Offensive, March-july 1918 The Battle of the Lys (Operation Georgette). British soldiers with a salvaged calf near Haverskerque, 1 May 1918",
   "year": 1918,
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   "caption": "The German Spring Offensive, March-july 1918 Camouflage on the framework of an uncompleted concrete dug out in the Ypres Salient, 29 April, 1918. The man in the foreground belongs to the 10th Battalion, Queen's Own (Royal West Kent) Regiment",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
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  {
   "file": "File:55th (West Lancashire) Division positions at midnight 9 April 1918.jpg",
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   "caption": "Positions of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division at midnight on 9 April 1918 (red line). Blue line denotes sector boundary",
   "year": 1919,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "55th (West Lancashire) Division staff (work was commissioned by the divisional commander, with James Ogden Coop authoriz",
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  {
   "file": "File:French counterattack against the German offensive on April 18, 1918.png",
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   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:French_counterattack_against_the_German_offensive_on_April_18,_1918.png",
   "caption": "French counterattack against the German offensive on April 18, 1918",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Ernst Zimmer",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:In the battle for Armentières, April 11, 1918.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/In_the_battle_for_Armenti%C3%A8res%2C_April_11%2C_1918.jpg/500px-In_the_battle_for_Armenti%C3%A8res%2C_April_11%2C_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:In_the_battle_for_Armenti%C3%A8res,_April_11,_1918.jpg",
   "caption": "In the battle for Armentières, April 11, 1918",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Ernst Zimmer",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Prisioneiros ingleses portugueses 09 04 1918.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Prisioneiros_ingleses_portugueses_09_04_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prisioneiros_ingleses_portugueses_09_04_1918.jpg",
   "caption": "Batalha do Lys",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown/unstated",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Slag van Estaires (Stegers). Een miltaire arts behandelt een gewonde soldatat, Bestanddeelnr 29064 001.tif",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Slag_van_Estaires_%28Stegers%29._Een_miltaire_arts_behandelt_een_gewonde_soldatat%2C_Bestanddeelnr_29064_001.tif/lossy-page1-500px-Slag_van_Estaires_%28Stegers%29._Een_miltaire_arts_behandelt_een_gewonde_soldatat%2C_Bestanddeelnr_29064_001.tif.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slag_van_Estaires_(Stegers)._Een_miltaire_arts_behandelt_een_gewonde_soldatat,_Bestanddeelnr_29064_001.tif",
   "caption": "Collectie / Archief: Fotocollectie Spaarnestad Onderwerpen Reportage / Serie: Gewondenhulp, algemeen. Rode Kruis enz. Engeland. Beschrijving: Slag van Estaires (Stegers). Een miltaire arts behandelt een gewonde soldatat Datum: 1918-04-11 Locatie: Frankrijk Trefwoorden: oorlogen, oorlog Fotograaf: On",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "CC0",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Usa kemmel-2a.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Usa_kemmel-2a.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_kemmel-2a.jpg",
   "caption": "Az amerikai hadsereg térképe az I. világháborúból, a flandriai Kemmel-hegyen és környékén kialakított német és szövetséges állásokról. A térképen a 27. hadsoztály (amerikai) és 30. hadosztály (brit) szerepel (Flandria, Belgium)",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
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 ],
 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "lys-1918",
  "query": "Lys",
  "from": "1918-04-09",
  "to": "1918-05-13",
  "total": 1812,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1918-04-10",
    "paper": "Daily capital journal (Salem, Oregon)",
    "place": "Salem, Oregon",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn99063957/1918-04-10/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... the LaBassee canal and the [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] river, while the British positions as far north as Ypress-Comines canal were under a terrific bombard ment. The Belgian frontier crosses the battle front at a eharp bend in the [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]], about a mile north of Armentieres. Between the LaBassee canal and Armentieres, Haig said, the British are holding on the [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] and Lawe rivers. The latter stream, flowing northward through Bethune, converges with the [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] at LaGorgue, less than a mile west of Estaires. The [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] flows eastward in a meandering course through Armentieres. British troops, according to their commander, are bitterly contesting the crossings at Estaires and Bac St. Maur, three miles northeast of Estaires. Fighting already ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-04-11",
    "paper": "The Seattle star (Seattle, Wash.)",
    "place": "Seattle, Washington",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87093407/1918-04-11/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... fighting alone the Uwf and [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] rivers from to Armentiere* is on the Use about a mile south of Its con fluence with the [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] and is nine miles southwest of Armentlere* The drive on this front has be come. within the last two days, equal in Importance to the original offensive, farther to the south, which began on the &0-mlle front from Ar ra to LsKere. The particular objective of this new offensive is now beliettd to be the splitting of the Hritish line along the [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] river, with the rolling back of the northern portion of H.tig's on the North sea. and the (ttpture of the channel j*»rts The main objective destruction of ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-04-12",
    "paper": "The Nome daily nugget (Nome, Alaska)",
    "place": "Nome, Alaska",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87062011/1918-04-12/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... the point resting on tlie [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] river at Mel ville. The Messines ridge and Wyschaetc, the vital points on the battle Hold, are still in the hands of the British, the Germans having been unable to capture I them in two days of the most savage fighting. The Messines ridge is the dominating elevation of the region North of Armentieres and its retention by tho British is a formidable obstacle to furthei German progress along the [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] and in the legion west of Hollebeake. Ground Strewn With Teuton Dead at Ville Chapelic. LONDON. April 12.—A Reuters dispatch from the battle front soys the British repulsed three savage attacks of the Germans along Urn front mar ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-04-18",
    "paper": "Minneapolis tidende (Minneapolis, Minn.)",
    "place": "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045534/1918-04-18/ed-1/?sp=11",
    "snippet": "... be. nægte hende Mad og [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]]. „Maaske vil de sulte mig for at tvinge mig til Overgivelse,\" sukkede hun, og begyndte febrilsk ak søge ester Knappen til det elektrisse [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]], og fandt til sin store Glæde, at hun blot veb at breie en Gang om fik [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] i alle Værelserne. Hun var fFrst lidt blændet, men opdagede hurtigt, at det bevægelige Bord bar ført op, medens .hun havde ligget pajx Gulvet uden Bevidsthed, og'at det var dækket med en fristende köld Souper.- Ved Siden af sin Tallerken fandt hutl en liden Seddel, hvorpaa der blot stöd:. 1 „Vær nu iffe for længe om at be stegrøie Dem, faa ?er Dk \"Hod Pi ge.\" v\":-: „Jeg ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-04-19",
    "paper": "The oklahoma city times (oklahoma city, okla.)",
    "place": "Oklahoma City, Oklahoma",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86064187/1918-04-19/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "Quiet Prevails on [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] Battle field as Ludendorff Sees Failure of Attempt to Break Haig Line, KEMMEL HILL BOMBARDED Artillery Preparation for Fresh Assaults on Vantage Point! Recorded in Statements on1 War Moves. I By Taa Aseaclatef Press. WITH THE BRITISH ARMY IN FRANCE, April I9.-Eiheuted by lh failure of yesterday's heavy attacks on the (iivenchy-La Basse canal front, the Germans made ao further movn during the night and on the greater part ol the Menders battle front quiet pre vailed this morning. Tke iritis a rs sstatllihsd tkelr Ha west of loaec, oa tie seat, westerly part of tat [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] kettle front by rectptarttg grtaad at Ilea it Vlaage farm yeeui4ay after, ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-04-20",
    "paper": "Newport daily independent (Newport, Ark.)",
    "place": "Newport, Arkansas",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn89051130/1918-04-20/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... QUICK AND DECISIVE RESULTS ON [[tag]]LYS[[/tag]] FRONT. British Counter Blow Results In At tainment of' All Objectives South and Complete Restora ation of Former Line. GERMAN THRUST IS REPULSED. i Associated Press Dispatch. New York, April 20.—The British took the aggressive last night on the southern side of the [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] battle front with quick and decisive results, com pelling the Germans to give up small bits of ground in the Givenchy and Festubert sector, which was all the I I enemy had to show for his costly at j? tacks of Thursday in this sector. The London war office announces a British counter blow resulted in the attainment of all objectives to the south and ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-04-25",
    "paper": "Jamestown weekly alert (Jamestown, Stutsman County, D.T. [N.D.])",
    "place": "Jamestown, North Dakota",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85042405/1918-04-25/ed-1/?sp=10",
    "snippet": "... •the southern side of the [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] battle front with quick and decisive results. TJhey compelled the Germans to give up small bits of ground in'the Givenchy-Festubert sector, which were all the enemy had to show •for his costly all-day attacks of Thursday on this front. \"The British vcounter blow resulted in attainment of all objectives sought and intbe complete re-establishment of the British line as it existed before the Germans struck on Thursday. \"The only offensive action on the German side was reported from the British front»the Robecq region, near the westerly tip of the [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] salient southwest of Merville. The enemy met no success in this local operation, £he British driving him back to ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-05-10",
    "paper": "The commonwealth (Scotland Neck, N.C.)",
    "place": "Scotland Neck, North Carolina",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn92073908/1918-05-10/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... stages, of the Somme and [[tag]]Lys[[/tag]] battles under most dif ficult conditions of defensive fog and against superior numbers. TWO COACHES OF TROOP TRAIN CARRYING MEN TO EM BARK FO RFRANCE FELL THROUGH TRESTLE THIS MORNING REPORT SAYS CASUALTY LIST CHARGE .EC ARl 0 TuEE MI! (By United Press) London May 10. British troopsesfray evening recap tured; a, small position trench, one 1 a iTADV PA EN ENLAR si (By United Press) Washington, May 10. The sen ate military affairs committee is about to become a committee on the boy's working reserve of tte indMa tbeir ember 12. loss 'of one motor United States Employment Ser vice, has been made by six States, according to ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}