{
 "slug": "marengo",
 "title": "Battle of Marengo",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1775–1815",
 "date_text": "14 June 1800",
 "start": "1800-06-14",
 "end": "1800-06-14",
 "war": "French Revolutionary Wars",
 "cdb90_war": "WAR OF THE SECOND COALITION",
 "place": {
  "name": "Plain of Marengo, east of Alessandria (Spinetta Marengo), Piedmont, Italy",
  "lat": 44.88556,
  "lon": 8.6775,
  "wikidata": "Q273011"
 },
 "lede": "On 14 June 1800 Melas's Austrians drove Bonaparte's army back across the plain east of Alessandria, until Desaix's late arrival and Kellermann's charge reversed the day. The narrow victory regained northern Italy and secured the First Consul's hold on power.",
 "result": "French victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Austrian army in Italy",
   "commanders": [
    "General Michael von Melas",
    "General Anton von Zach",
    "General Konrad Valentin von Kaim",
    "General Peter Karl Ott"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 30000,
    "low": 30000,
    "high": 31000,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 14000,
    "low": 9400,
    "high": 14500,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "French Army of the Reserve",
   "commanders": [
    "First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte",
    "General Louis Desaix",
    "General Claude Victor",
    "General Jean Lannes",
    "General François Étienne Kellermann"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 28000,
    "low": 28000,
    "high": 30000,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 6000,
    "low": 5600,
    "high": 7000,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "By the end of 1799 the War of the Second Coalition had gone badly for France. Austrian armies had retaken most of Italy, and Bonaparte, back from Egypt in October, seized power as First Consul in the coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November). The new regime had enemies in Paris and rivals in the army, and needed a victory.\n\nIn spring 1800 Vienna ordered General Michael von Melas, with over 100,000 men in Italy, about 82,000 of them mobile, to clear the peninsula and then invade France. In mid-April he advanced on Genoa, where Masséna was besieged. Meanwhile Bonaparte had gathered the Army of the Reserve, about 50,000 men, a mix of veterans and conscripts, in eastern France. Instead of marching to relieve Genoa directly, he crossed the Great St Bernard Pass between 14 and 20 May, came down into Lombardy behind Melas and entered Milan on 2 June. The French cut the Austrian supply route along the Po and took Pavia, Piacenza and Stradella.\n\nGenoa surrendered on 4 June, freeing Austrian troops. On 9 June Lannes beat Ott at Montebello. Melas concentrated his army at Alessandria, behind the Bormida, and a double agent fed Bonaparte false reports of his intentions. Convinced that Melas would try to slip away rather than fight, Bonaparte spread his army out to catch him: Lapoype went north of the Po and Desaix marched south towards Novi with Boudet's division. On the morning of 14 June Melas came out of his bridgehead over the Bormida and attacked.",
  "forces": "The French Army of the Reserve had about 22,000 men and only 15 guns on the field at dawn, rising to about 28,000–30,000 once Desaix arrived. Victor's corps (Gardanne's and Chambarlhac's divisions) held the front around Marengo; Lannes' corps, with Watrin's division, stood to its right; Murat commanded the cavalry, including Kellermann's heavy brigade. Bonaparte kept Monnier's division and the Consular Guard in reserve near his headquarters at Torre Garofoli. Desaix, with Boudet's division of about 6,000 men, was a march away to the south.\n\nMelas brought about 30,000–31,000 men and some 100 guns. His army formed three columns: the main body under Melas and his chief of staff Zach, with Hadik's, Kaim's, Elsnitz's and Morzin's divisions, in the centre; O'Reilly's division of about 3,300 on the right; and Ott's wing of about 7,500 on the left, aimed at Castel Ceriolo. Nimptsch's 2,300 hussars and two batteries were sent off to meet a false report of Suchet's corps and took no part.\n\nThe armies differed in kind. Austria was stronger in cavalry and artillery, but its battalions fought in eighteenth-century linear order. French battalions, led by experienced officers and NCOs, could switch between line, column and mixed order as the ground demanded.",
  "course": "CDB90 records the battle as a single engagement, number 115 (MARENGO), from 09:00 to 21:00, with the Austrians as attacker. Times below are approximate and the sources differ by up to an hour.\n\n**The Austrian crossing (06:00–09:00).** The Austrians began crossing the Bormida bridges around dawn. At about 07:00 Frimont's advance guard ran into Gardanne's division in front of Marengo, but the slow Austrian deployment gave Victor time to form behind the Fontanone, a marshy stream that was the only real obstacle on the plain. The main assault came at about 09:00. Bonaparte, at Torre Garofoli, at first took the cannonade for a diversion or a rearguard action.\n\n**The fight for the Fontanone (09:00–14:00).** Hadik's division attacked Victor's line and was thrown back; Hadik was killed. Kaim's attack also failed. Lannes came up on Victor's right at about 10:00 and extended the line north. At about 11:00 Bonaparte realised that this was Melas's whole army, recalled Desaix and moved his reserve forward; Kellermann's heavy cavalry scattered Austrian horse threatening Victor's left. But O'Reilly turned that flank, and Ott took Castel Ceriolo around 11:30–12:00 and began working round the French right. The Austrians bridged the Fontanone, French cartridges ran short, and in the early afternoon Marengo village fell. By about 14:00 Victor and Lannes could hold no longer.\n\n**The French retreat (14:00–17:00).** Bonaparte committed Monnier's division and the Consular Guard near Castel Ceriolo to cover the right, but Austrian cavalry under Frimont broke the Guard. The French fell back east across the plain towards San Giuliano. Melas, slightly wounded and believing the day won, rode back to Alessandria and handed command to Zach and Kaim. The Fondation Napoléon puts his departure at about 14:00; Wikipedia places it after the Guard's destruction, nearer 16:00. The Austrian pursuit, led by Zach's column, was slow.\n\n**Desaix and Kellermann (17:00–19:00).** Desaix reached San Giuliano with Boudet's division, about 5,000–6,000 men, at around 17:00. Bonaparte halted the retreat and turned the army round. Marmont massed a battery of about 18 guns, his own and Desaix's, and fired canister into the head of Zach's column. Desaix then attacked at the head of the 9th Light Demi-Brigade and was shot dead almost at once, but his men pushed the leading Austrians back. As Boudet's attack lost momentum, Kellermann, with about 400 heavy cavalry, charged the flank of Lattermann's grenadiers. The column broke. Zach and at least 2,000 men were captured.\n\n**The Austrian collapse (19:00–21:00).** The defeat of the column spread panic through the Austrian centre, which streamed back to the Bormida bridges. O'Reilly and Frimont held Marengo village long enough for it to reach safety behind the river. By nightfall the French held the field; by about 22:00 they had reoccupied their morning positions.",
  "aftermath": "Austrian losses were about 6,000–6,500 killed and wounded and some 8,000 captured, with about 40 guns; a modern count gives 9,402 in all. French losses were about 5,600–7,000, roughly a quarter of the army, among them Desaix. On 15 June Melas signed the Convention of Alessandria: the Austrians withdrew behind the Mincio and handed over Genoa, Alessandria, Turin, Milan and the other fortresses of Piedmont and Lombardy. The war in Italy was effectively over, though peace came only after Moreau's victory at Hohenlinden in December.\n\nPolitically the battle mattered more than militarily. It saved the young Consulate and secured Bonaparte's position in Paris.\n\nIt also became one of his most worked-over legends. The army bulletin of 15 June conveyed the fighting but not the desperation, and credited Bessières's charge rather than Kellermann's. Three increasingly glamorised official reports followed during his reign; Berthier's Relation presented the retreat as a planned manoeuvre and Desaix's division as a reserve held back on purpose, which was false. Desaix's death was made into a heroic cult, and the Marengo march replaced the Marseillaise as the anthem of the Empire. David Chandler, among others, gives the day to Desaix, Marmont and Kellermann rather than to Bonaparte.",
  "wargaming": "Marengo is a manageable, open battle with a famous reversal built in. Two armies of about 30,000 fight on a plain some ten miles across between the Bormida and the Scrivia, so it suits brigade or regiment level, with battalion or regimental bases and turns of 20–30 minutes, on a single table. A large skirmish-to-grand-tactical game can also take just Desaix's counter-attack.\n\nThe terrain is simple but matters: the marshy Fontanone and Marengo village for the morning, Castel Ceriolo on the open northern flank, and the open ground towards San Giuliano across which the French retreat and Zach pursues. The Austrian bridgehead constrains how fast Melas can deploy.\n\nTiming is the game. The Austrians must break Victor and Lannes before Desaix arrives at about 17:00; a scenario should bring him on by a variable timetable. Austrian players have more cavalry and guns but more rigid infantry; the French have flexible infantry and very few guns until Marmont's battery forms.\n\nThe what-ifs are strong. What if Melas stays on the field and drives the pursuit himself? What if Nimptsch's 2,300 hussars are not sent away, or Lapoype's 3,500 men are recalled too? What if Desaix is a few hours later, or Kellermann charges too early? A campaign game can begin with Bonaparte's dispersal and the false intelligence of the double agent."
 },
 "images": [
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   "file": "File:EB1911 - Marengo - Map of the Battle of Marengo, June 1800.jpg",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "The field of Marengo between the Bormida and San Giuliano, from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/EB1911_-_Marengo_-_Map_of_the_Battle_of_Marengo%2C_June_1800.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "artist": "Emery Walker",
   "credit": "Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), v. 17, 1911, \"Marengo\" article, p. 699. Modified from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42638/42638-h/42638-h.htm#ar67",
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   "file": "File:Plan de la bataille de Marengo gagnée par le Premier Consul, Bonaparte, le 14 Juin 1800.jpg",
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   "caption": "A French plan of 'the battle of Marengo won by the First Consul, Bonaparte'.",
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   "artist": "Jean Baptiste Bielaerds",
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   "kind": "painting",
   "caption": "Louis-François Lejeune, The Battle of Marengo.",
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   "file": "File:Desaix recevant la mort à la bataille de Marengo (1801).jpg",
   "kind": "illustration",
   "caption": "Desaix receiving his death wound at Marengo, a work dated 1801.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Desaix_recevant_la_mort_%C3%A0_la_bataille_de_Marengo_%281801%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "artist": "Jean-Baptiste Regnault",
   "credit": "Camera",
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  {
   "file": "File:Michael_von_Melas.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "General Michael von Melas, the Austrian commander.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Michael_von_Melas.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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  {
   "file": "File:Louis_charles_desaix.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "General Louis Desaix, killed leading the counter-attack.",
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   "caption": "François Étienne Kellermann, whose cavalry charge broke Zach's column.",
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   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of Marengo (Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo",
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  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "Marengo: lieux (Fondation Napoléon, napoleon.org)",
   "url": "https://www.napoleon.org/magazine/lieux/marengo/",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "Théophane Verniseau, 'Bonaparte à Marengo, une victoire amère pour fonder un régime' (Fondation Napoléon, 2026)",
   "url": "https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/articles/une-chronique-de-theophane-verniseau-bonaparte-a-marengo-une-victoire-amere-pour-fonder-un-regime/",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "Frederick C. Schneid, 'The Importance of the Battle of Marengo' (War on the Rocks, January 2026)",
   "url": "https://warontherocks.com/2026/01/the-importance-of-the-battle-of-marengo/",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Convention of Alessandria (Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "Battle of Marengo (Encyclopaedia Britannica)",
   "url": "https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Marengo",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "David Chandler, 'Adjusting the Record: Napoleon and Marengo', parts I and II (History Today)",
   "url": "https://www.historytoday.com/archive/adjusting-record-napoleon-and-marengo-part-ii",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Andrew Roberts, Napoleon the Great (London: Allen Lane, 2014)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Jérémie Benoît and Bernard Chevallier, Marengo: une victoire politique (2000)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  }
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   "caption": "The Village and Battle-field of Marengo, engraved by William Miller after Dr Memes from \"Constable's Miscellany of Original and Selected Publications in the Various Departments of Literature, the Sciences & the Arts: Volume LVIII Bourienne's Memoirs of Napoleon Vol II\" (Edinburgh Printed for Archiba",
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   "caption": "Schlacht bei Marengo 14. Juni 1800",
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 "photos_kind": "paintings",
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  "slug": "marengo",
  "query": "Marengo",
  "from": "1800-06-14",
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  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
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   {
    "date": "1800-08-26",
    "paper": "The Republican ledger (Portsmouth, N.H.)",
    "place": "Portsmouth, New Hampshire",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84023378/1800-08-26/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... AFFAIRS LN ITALY. BATTLES OF [[tag]]MARENGO[[/tag]]. BULLETIN, FROM THE ARMY OF RESFRVE.fy Torre de Garafola, June 15. AFTER the battle of flfontcuelid,orc aruty pin itfeif in motion to pats thg Scrivia. The a&wc ed guard, commanded by Gen. &rdanne,*ofi the 13th encountered the enemy, who detend&l^i e approaches ofithe Bormida, and the 1 href :tyidg, which they had made uear-Aleffuhdria, ddeate^ d 2 iecs f n nd I\"\"°°' ^Thedivifinn of Gen. Ghabian arrived at the the fame time along the Po, opposite Valence, to prevent the enemy from passing that river. Thus Melas found bimfeltjurroimded between Bormida and the Po. The only retreat from Genoa, which remained to him after the battle of Montebello,- was ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1800-08-27",
    "paper": "The Providence journal, and town and country advertiser (Providence [R.I.])",
    "place": "Providence, Rhode Island",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83021629/1800-08-27/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "BATTLE OF [[tag]]MARENGO[[/tag]]. Bulletin from the Akmy of Rzszxvz. Torre de Garafola, June 15. After the battle of Montebello, the army put itfelf in motion to pafs the Scrivia. '1 he ad vanced guard, commanded by General Gar danne, on the 13th encountered the enemy, who defended the approaches of the Bormida, and the three bridges which they had made near Alexandria, defeated them, and took 2 pieces of cannon, and ico prifoners. The divifion of General Chabran arrived at the fame time along the Po, oppolite Valence, to prevent the enemy from palling that river. Thus Melas found himfelf furrounded between the Bormida and the Po. The only retreat from Genoa, ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1800-08-29",
    "paper": "Virginia Argus (Richmond, Va.)",
    "place": "Richmond, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024710/1800-08-29/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... killed at the battle of [[tag]]Marengo[[/tag]] he was an officer of great merit. M. ivic las had in that affair two horfes killed un der him, and a contufion in the arm. General St julicn, with four or five o»her generals, had been made prifoners, but they j had time to Give themfelvca, whillt o.ir fiddlers were proceeding againll the pieces 1 cannon. Several Hungarian and Ger— m;m grenadiers, who were pr doners pafling near the I'irlt Conful, knew him they had been made prifoners in the campaigns of the 4th and 5th years. Seveial cried out wiih a kind of (itiViiftion—Fire Huanjbnrte. 1 he firlt conful, in returning from the battle, met with 1 ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1800-09-02",
    "paper": "The New Hampshire gazette (Portsmouth [N.H.])",
    "place": "Portsmouth, New Hampshire",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025588/1800-09-02/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... on the advanced pofts near [[tag]]Marengo[[/tag]], who were repul sed by the superiority of the French. Early ‘on the 14th, the Imperial ar my crofled the Bormida, was formed in three lines of battle,a reserve placed in their rear, destined at the fame: time to cover the right wing of the principal column, which had advan ced against [[tag]]Marengo[[/tag]], and to. observe the road to Novi, in which diitrict the French general Suchet had arrived. Field Marshal Count Haddick led the firft Trne of battle, followed by Lieu tenant General Keim, and then the division of Morzin grenadiers, and the division of Elfnitz cavalry. -While the firlt line vigoronily attacked the enemy near [[tag]]Marengo[[/tag]], the ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1800-09-05",
    "paper": "Gazette of the United States, & daily advertiser (Philadelphia [Pa.])",
    "place": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026272/1800-09-05/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "jiustriatt account of the battle of [[tag]]Marengo[[/tag]]. \"VIENNA, June 28. This day's Court Gazette contains the following account of the bloody battle of [[tag]]Marengo[[/tag]], on the 14th of June On the 24th, captain Jakardowfky arrived here, as courier from general Melas, with intelli gence that the enemy had likewise erolTed »he Serivia, preparing for an attack wiih all Jits forces, which induced general Melas to draw up hi* army behind the Rormida the •livifions of Haddick and Keim, which had arrived at Alexandria on the lith, having Coined th« other troops on the nth. Next day, on the 2jth Major Lange arrived here ■with furttfer acceunts from General Melas, according to which the whole imperial army ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1800-09-06",
    "paper": "The United States oracle of the day (Portsmouth, N.H.)",
    "place": "Portsmouth, New Hampshire",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025544/1800-09-06/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... of the great battle of [[tag]]Marengo[[/tag]]. VIENNA, JUNE 2& THE Court Cazettc cf this day contains the following account of the decisive battle cf [[tag]]Marengo[[/tag]], on the 14th of June. On the 24th, Capr. Jakardoufky arrived here as a Courier from General Melas, with an account that the enemy having paflfed the Scri via with all tlie force he bad there, to prepare for an attack. Gen. Meris had polled his army behind the Bormida, after the divisions of Had dick and Kaim, which reached Aleffandria on the iith, had joined the rest of the army on the 12th. 'The next day (the 25th) Major Lange ar rived with further dispatches from Gen. Melas. According ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1800-09-08",
    "paper": "Jenks's Portland gazette (Portland [Me.])",
    "place": "Portland, Maine",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016063/1800-09-08/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... on the advanced ports near [[tag]]Marengo[[/tag]], who were repulfed by the lu pertcrity ot the French. Early on the 14th, the Imperial army croffed the Bcrmida, was formed in three lines of battle, a referve placed in their rear, deftined at the fame time to cover the right wing of the principal column, which had advanced againft [[tag]]Marengo[[/tag]], and to obferve the road to Novi, in which dilbiirt the French general Suchet had arrived. Field matftial count HaddLk led the fiift line ot battle, fol lowed by lieutenant general Keim, and then the divifionof Morfian grenadier*, and the di vilicn of Elfmitz cavalry. While the fir ft line vigoroully attacked the enemv near [[tag]]Marengo[[/tag]], the ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}