{
 "slug": "mars-la-tour",
 "title": "Battle of Mars-la-Tour",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1850–1900",
 "date_text": "16 August 1870",
 "start": "1870-08-16",
 "end": "1870-08-16",
 "war": "Franco-Prussian War",
 "cdb90_war": "FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR",
 "place": {
  "name": "Vionville, Rezonville and Mars-la-Tour, west of Metz, France",
  "lat": 49.1031,
  "lon": 5.8725,
  "wikidata": "Q699262"
 },
 "lede": "On 16 August 1870 Alvensleben's single Prussian corps attacked Bazaine's whole Army of the Rhine on the road west of Metz and, reinforced in the afternoon, held it there all day. Bazaine fell back towards Metz and never reached Verdun.",
 "result": "Tactically indecisive; strategic German victory, as Bazaine gave up the road to Verdun",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "German Second Army: III and X Corps, with parts of VIII and IX Corps (Prussia and other North German states)",
   "commanders": [
    "General Constantin von Alvensleben (III Corps)",
    "General Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz (X Corps)",
    "Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (Second Army, on the field from about 16:00)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 80000,
    "low": 80000,
    "high": 80000,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 15799,
    "low": 15780,
    "high": 16500,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "French Army of the Rhine",
   "commanders": [
    "Marshal François Achille Bazaine",
    "Marshal François Certain de Canrobert (VI Corps)",
    "General Charles Auguste Frossard (II Corps)",
    "General Paul de Ladmirault (IV Corps)",
    "General Charles Bourbaki (Imperial Guard)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 127000,
    "low": 80000,
    "high": 127000,
    "source": "s8"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 17007,
    "low": 13761,
    "high": 17007,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "France declared war on Prussia in July 1870, and the German armies won the opening battles on the frontier in early August. Marshal Bazaine, commanding the Army of the Rhine around Metz, was ordered on 13 August to withdraw west towards Verdun. The battle at Borny on 14 August interrupted the move, and it resumed only on 15 August, slowly: the supply trains blocked every road, and that night four of Bazaine's corps lay strung out between Gravelotte and Rezonville, eight to ten miles west of Metz.\n\nThe Germans read the situation wrongly. Moltke's headquarters believed the French were already hurrying back to the Meuse, and sent most of the Second Army marching west to cut them off there. At 18:30 on 15 August Moltke told Prince Friedrich Karl to cut the Metz–Verdun roads, and at 19:00 the prince ordered General von Alvensleben's III Corps to advance on Mars-la-Tour and Vionville, with General von Voigts-Rhetz's X Corps and two cavalry divisions in support. III Corps crossed the Moselle at Novéant, where the French had left the bridge intact, and over a pontoon bridge at Champey, and was not across until about midnight.\n\nThe French were not running. Bazaine postponed the march on 16 August until the afternoon, so that his right wing could catch up, and sent his left back into its bivouacs. The Emperor had already left by the Étain road. So, on the morning of 16 August, one Prussian corps was marching north into the flank of an entire army that it took for a rearguard. One historian counts fifteen French divisions against four German.",
  "forces": "III Corps was Brandenburg's corps, which Prince Friedrich Karl had commanded and trained up to his own ideal before the war. Alvensleben had the 5th Division (Stülpnagel) and the 6th (Buddenbrock), with the 5th and 6th Cavalry Divisions in front of him. X Corps, with the 19th (Schwartzkoppen) and 20th (Kraatz) Divisions, came up in the afternoon after marches of up to 28 miles, and a brigade of VIII Corps and a regiment of IX Corps joined the right late in the day. Kretschman, a staff officer of III Corps, counted five German infantry divisions and two of cavalry engaged, against fifteen French infantry divisions and five of cavalry.\n\nBazaine's army had Frossard's II Corps in front at Rezonville, Canrobert's VI Corps north of it along the old Roman road, Le Bœuf's III and Ladmirault's IV Corps coming in from the north-east, and Bourbaki's Imperial Guard behind the left. Bazaine himself watched his left, towards Metz, all day.\n\nThe weapons cut both ways. The French chassepot rifle outranged the Prussian Dreyse needle-gun, and French infantry and mitrailleuses could shoot down attackers before they could reply. The German answer was artillery, pushed forward boldly and massed: by 16:00 III and X Corps had about 210 guns in action. Both sides used their cavalry in the old way, and on this day it still had something to do.",
  "course": "**Surprise at Vionville (09:00–10:00).** About 09:00 Major Körber's horse batteries, covered by the 5th Cavalry Division, shelled the French cavalry camps west of Vionville. Murat's dragoons fled through the infantry lines, but Frossard's infantry stood to arms in good order and drove the unsupported guns off.\n\n**Alvensleben attacks (10:00–13:00).** The 5th Division climbed out of the Gorze valley on to the plateau south of Flavigny and met Vergé's division. At 10:00 Stülpnagel opened fire with 24 guns. His right fought hand to hand through the Bois de Vionville and the Bois de St Arnould; his left was thrown back until the 52nd Regiment restored it. Its 1st Battalion lost every officer, and General von Döring fell. Alvensleben, still sure he faced a rearguard, had sent the 6th Division north towards Mars-la-Tour. From the heights of Tronville it saw the truth and wheeled east. Its guns formed a line, and at 11:30 the 11th Brigade stormed Vionville. Burning Flavigny fell soon after noon. The Prussian front now ran more than four miles from the woods to Vionville, with every battalion and battery in the line. At about 12:30 the Cuirassiers of the Guard charged to cover Frossard's retreat; two companies of the 52nd held their fire to 250 paces and the regiment left 243 horses on the field. Prussian hussars rode into a Guard battery, and Bazaine, who had brought it up himself, was nearly taken.\n\n**The Death Ride (14:00–15:00).** By 14:00 Alvensleben had no reserve and his infantry were almost out of ammunition. Canrobert's VI Corps, with a great battery on the Roman road, was pressing on Vionville. Alvensleben sent Bredow's 12th Cavalry Brigade to silence those guns: six squadrons of the 7th Cuirassiers and 16th Uhlans, about 800 horses. Bredow led them in column down the hollow north of Vionville, wheeled and charged up the slope, rode down the first gun line and broke through the second. After a gallop of some 3,000 paces Forton's cavalry closed round them, and the brigade cut its way back. About half returned, but Canrobert's attack on Vionville stopped.\n\n**The left wing and X Corps (15:00–18:00).** At 15:00 four French divisions advanced on the Tronville copses and drove out Barby's cavalry and four battalions after an hour's fight; the 24th Regiment lost 52 officers and 1,000 men. Then X Corps arrived. Voigts-Rhetz had ridden ahead, his guns checked the French, and at 15:30 the 20th Division's brigades cleared the copses. Friedrich Karl reached the field about 16:00. On the right, a brigade of VIII Corps came out of the Bois de St Arnould at 17:00 and failed three times to take the heights before Rezonville. In the west, Wedell's 38th Brigade, five battalions that had already marched 28 miles, attacked from Mars-la-Tour towards Bruville. It stumbled on a hidden ravine and was shot to pieces by Grenier's and Cissey's divisions of IV Corps: 72 of 95 officers and 2,542 of 4,546 men lost, 300 of them taken. The 1st Guard Dragoons charged to cover the survivors and lost 250 horses.\n\n**Ville-sur-Yron (18:45).** Ladmirault now massed Legrand's cavalry division and de France's Guard brigade on the plateau of Ville-sur-Yron. Barby gathered sixteen squadrons west of Mars-la-Tour, and at a quarter to seven some 5,000 horsemen met in a cloud of dust. Legrand was killed and Montaigu captured; the French horse were driven back towards Bruville, and the French right gave up attacking.\n\n**Dusk (19:00–22:00).** At 19:00 Friedrich Karl ordered a general attack. The batteries that went forward were driven back by 54 guns of the Guard, and two brigades of the 6th Cavalry Division charged into the dark and lost heavily. Firing died away between 21:00 and 22:00.",
  "aftermath": "Each side lost about 16,000 men. The German official count is 15,799, of whom III Corps lost 6,955, about 44 per cent; the French counted 17,007 in their own returns, including 879 officers. The French II and VI Corps lost more than 5,000 each, Le Bœuf's III Corps only 846. Neither side took trophies worth the name.\n\nTactically the day was drawn: neither side drove the other from its main position. Strategically it was decisive. That night Bazaine, believing he had fought equal numbers and short of ammunition and food, ordered his army back towards Metz, meaning to resume the march to the Meuse once resupplied. On 17 August the French withdrew to the ridge west of the fortress, and on 18 August they fought at Gravelotte and were shut up in Metz, which surrendered on 27 October. Moltke suspected that political motives already tied Bazaine to Metz.\n\nThe verdict is still argued. The German official history thought victory hung in the balance until evening, and Moltke called Alvensleben's stand one of the most brilliant achievements of the war; others see a French tactical success thrown away. Howard called Bredow's charge perhaps the last successful cavalry charge in western European warfare, and its fame helped persuade armies that cavalry still had a battlefield role. In 1882–83 Detaille and de Neuville painted a 120-metre panorama of Rezonville; it was cut up and sold in 1896, and about twenty fragments are in the museum at Gravelotte.",
  "wargaming": "Mars-la-Tour is the great meeting engagement of the war, and an excellent game because the odds change by the hour. The field is compact: about four miles from the Bois de St Arnould to Mars-la-Tour, open plateau cut by the Roman road, the Tronville copses, the hollow north of Vionville and the ravine below Bruville. A corps-level game with brigades or regiments as units and 30-minute turns covers it in about twenty-four turns; brigade games of the morning fight or of the Bredow charge work well too.\n\nThe German player starts with one corps against an army and must attack to keep the French from discovering how weak he is. Reinforcements are the clock: X Corps from about 15:00, a VIII Corps brigade at 17:00. The French player has the numbers but should be bound by Bazaine's fear for his left: perhaps a rule that most of the Guard and III Corps cannot move west without a die roll. Remove it and the French ought to win.\n\nThe rules need the chassepot's range, the needle-gun's short reach, German gun lines that move forward and dominate, infantry ammunition running out by early afternoon, and cavalry that can still win if it charges from cover against guns. The what-ifs: Bazaine throws Le Bœuf's corps at Tronville; X Corps is an hour later; Bredow stays in his hollow; Wedell waits for support."
 },
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   "title": "Great General Staff, The Franco-German War 1870–71, First Part, vol. I, trans. F. C. H. Clarke (Clowes, London; archive.org scan)",
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   "id": "s4",
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   "title": "William E. Welsh, 'The last charge: the Battle of Mars-la-Tour and von Bredow's \"Death Ride\"', Military History Matters 138 (The Past, 2024)",
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   "id": "s8",
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   "kind": "web"
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   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870–1871 (Routledge, 1991 edition)",
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   "id": "s10",
   "title": "Terence Zuber, The Moltke Myth: Prussian War Planning, 1857–1871 (University Press of America, 2008)",
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   "id": "s11",
   "title": "Micheal Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (McFarland, 4th edition, 2017)",
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   "title": "Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871 (Cambridge University Press, 2003)",
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