{ "slug": "megiddo-1918", "title": "Battle of Megiddo (1918)", "status": "draft", "era": "1900–1918", "date_text": "19–25 September 1918", "start": "1918-09-19", "end": "1918-09-25", "war": "World War I", "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I", "place": { "name": "Plain of Sharon and Plain of Esdraelon (Jezreel Valley), Ottoman Palestine (now Israel and the West Bank)", "lat": 32.4, "lon": 34.883, "wikidata": "Q199371" }, "lede": "Between 19 and 25 September 1918 Allenby's Egyptian Expeditionary Force broke the Ottoman line on the coast of Palestine, sent its cavalry 60 miles into the enemy's rear and destroyed two Ottoman armies in a week, opening the road to Damascus.", "result": "Decisive Allied victory", "result_cdb90": "attacker win", "belligerents": [ { "role": "attacker", "name": "Egyptian Expeditionary Force (British, Indian, Australian, New Zealand, French and other contingents)", "commanders": [ "General Sir Edmund Allenby", "Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Bulfin", "Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Chauvel", "Lieutenant-General Sir Philip Chetwode" ], "strength": { "value": 69000, "low": null, "high": null, "source": "s3" }, "casualties": { "value": 5343, "low": 3911, "high": 5343, "source": "s1" } }, { "role": "defender", "name": "Yildirim Army Group (Ottoman Seventh, Eighth and Fourth Armies, with the German Asia Corps)", "commanders": [ "General Otto Liman von Sanders", "Cevat (Jevad) Pasha", "Mustafa Kemal Pasha", "Cemal (Jemal) Pasha" ], "strength": { "value": 36000, "low": 35000, "high": 40598, "source": "s3" }, "casualties": { "value": 25000, "low": 25000, "high": 28000, "source": "s4" } } ], "sections": { "background": "By the summer of 1918 the Sinai and Palestine campaign had carried the Egyptian Expeditionary Force from the Suez Canal to a line running from the coast north of Jaffa, across the Judean Hills, to the Jordan valley. General Sir Edmund Allenby had won the Third Battle of Gaza and taken Jerusalem in late 1917, but the German spring offensive in France cost him some 60,000 British troops. Two Indian cavalry divisions came from the Western Front and two Indian infantry divisions from Mesopotamia, and most of his British divisions were rebuilt on the Indian pattern around a British nucleus.\n\nFacing him was the Yildirim Army Group under the German general Otto Liman von Sanders, who had replaced Erich von Falkenhayn and was expected to repeat his defence of Gallipoli. East of the Jordan the Arab Northern Army of the Emir Feisal, supplied through Aqaba and advised by T. E. Lawrence, blockaded Ma'an and had wrecked some 80 miles of the Hejaz Railway around Mudawwara.\n\nAllenby meant to break the western end of the line, on the coastal Plain of Sharon where the going suited horsemen, and pass his cavalry through the gap to the road and rail centres of El Afule and Beisan, inside a 60-mile cavalry 'bound'. Holding them would cut the line of retreat of every Ottoman soldier west of the Jordan. The weather set the date: once the rains came the Plain of Esdraelon would be impassable to transport off its few roads, so the blow could not wait beyond mid-September. The British named the battle after Megiddo, at the inland end of the Musmus pass and site of a battle recorded around 1457 BC; in Turkish it is the Nablus Hezimeti, the Rout of Nablus.", "forces": "Allenby had about 57,000 rifles, 12,000 sabres and 540 guns in the fighting line. Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Bulfin's XXI Corps held the coast with the 3rd (Lahore), 7th (Meerut), 54th, 60th and 75th Divisions and the Détachement français de Palestine et de Syrie, a brigade-sized force of Tirailleurs and the Armenian battalions of the Légion d'Orient. Lieutenant-General Sir Philip Chetwode's XX Corps (10th and 53rd Divisions) held the Judean Hills. The Australian Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Chauvel's Desert Mounted Corps had the 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions, Indian regiments brigaded with British yeomanry, and the Australian Mounted Division. Chaytor's Force, about 11,000 men built round the Anzac Mounted Division with Indian, British West Indies and Jewish battalions, held the Jordan valley.\n\nIn the air the RAF and No. 1 Squadron, Australian Flying Corps, had seven squadrons, increasingly of S.E.5a and Bristol Fighters, and a single Handley Page O/400 heavy bomber. The Germans had four squadrons of older machines; by mid-September Liman reported just five serviceable aircraft.\n\nLiman's three armies, Cevat Pasha's Eighth on the coast, Mustafa Kemal's Seventh in the hills and Cemal Pasha's Fourth beyond the Jordan, were each barely the strength of a British corps: about 32,000 rifles, 4,000 sabres and 400 guns by Allenby's estimate. Units were understrength and worn down by desertion, sickness and short supplies. Machine guns were unusually plentiful, but the wire was thin, almost every man was in the front line, and the only reserves were two German regiments and two weak cavalry divisions.", "course": "**Deception.** Allenby's staff worked to make Liman expect the blow in the Jordan valley. The Anzac Mounted Division played the whole mounted corps: troops marched into the valley by day and were lorried back at night to do it again, mules and vehicles dragged harrows to raise dust, and dummy camps and horse lines filled the valley. A Jerusalem hotel was ostentatiously requisitioned as a headquarters, agents bought forage around Amman, and the newspapers announced a race meeting for 19 September. In the west the cavalry hid in the orange groves round Sarona, and fighter patrols kept German reconnaissance away: enemy crossings of the line fell from 100 in one week in June to four in three weeks of September. On the attack front Allenby massed some 35,000 rifles and 383 guns against 8,000 and 130. An Indian deserter warned the Ottomans; Refet Bey of XXII Corps asked to pull back, but Cevat and Liman refused.\n\n**Sharon, 19 September (CDB90 engagement 385).** On 16 September Arab forces with Lawrence began cutting the railways round Daraa. At 01:00 on the 19th the Handley Page bombed the telephone exchange at El Afule, cutting Liman's headquarters at Nazareth off from his armies for two days. At 04:30 the XXI Corps guns and two destroyers offshore opened on the Nahr el Faliq line; at 04:50 the infantry went in. The 60th Division on the coast held the front line by 07:20 and Tulkarm by 17:00; the 75th took Et Tireh by 11:00; the 7th (Meerut) swung east on Taiyibeh; the 3rd (Lahore) turned on Jiljulieh and Qalqilye; the French and Armenians stormed the Deir el Kussis ridge. By noon the leading cavalry were 18 miles beyond the old front. The Eighth Army streamed east through the Messudieh defile under air attack, covered by German rearguards under Oberst Gustav von Oppen, while the 5th Light Horse Brigade cut the Tulkarm–Nablus road and took over 2,000 prisoners.\n\n**The cavalry bound, 20 September.** In the Musmus pass, at El Lejjun, the 4th Cavalry Division's 2nd Lancers charged an Ottoman battalion sent from El Afule to hold it, killing 46 with the lance and taking about 470. The 5th Cavalry Division crossed the hills to the Plain of Esdraelon; its 13th Cavalry Brigade reached Nazareth at 05:30, taking some 2,000 prisoners and Liman's papers, though Liman escaped. The 14th Brigade took El Afule, and the 4th Cavalry Division reached Beisan at 16:30, about 80 miles in 34 hours. At 17:30 the Australian Mounted Division took Jenin, where some 10,000 retreating Ottomans coming out of the hills surrendered after a charge by the 9th and 10th Light Horse. Within 36 hours every main exit from the Samarian hills was shut.\n\n**Nablus and the Wadi el Fara, 21–22 September.** On the 21st the 5th Light Horse Brigade, French cavalry leading, and the 10th Division entered Nablus, which the Seventh Army had left overnight. Just after dawn two Bristol Fighters of No. 1 Squadron AFC found the main column on the road down the Wadi el Fara to the Jordan and hit its head and tail. From 08:00 to noon relays of aircraft, a pair every two minutes, dropped 9¼ tons of bombs and fired 56,000 rounds. On less than five miles of road the British later counted 87 guns, 55 lorries and 842 vehicles. At 01:30 on the 22nd the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and British West Indies battalions seized the bridge at Jisr ed Damieh, closing the last crossing.\n\n**Pursuit, 23–25 September.** The 15th Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade took Haifa on the 23rd. Chaytor's Force took Es Salt the same day and Amman on the 25th as the Fourth Army fell back north under air attack. Before dawn on 25 September the 4th Light Horse Brigade charged Liman's rearguard at Samakh on the Sea of Galilee and cleared the town hand to hand. That ended the battle.", "aftermath": "Megiddo destroyed the Seventh and Eighth Armies and sent the Fourth into retreat. The Ottoman losses are mostly prisoner counts, tallied by the capturing formations during a fast pursuit and quoted over different windows: about 15,000 by 21 September; 'at least 25,000 prisoners and 260 guns' in Allenby's report of 22 September; 75,000, including over 200 officers and 3,500 men who were German or Austrian, with 360 guns, by 26 October. Killed and wounded are far less certain. XXI Corps claimed about 3,000 in its first two days, and nobody counted the dead of the Wadi el Fara. Allied losses were light, roughly 4,000 to 5,300.\n\nDamascus fell on 1 October and Aleppo on 26 October, and the Armistice of Mudros ended the war with the Ottoman Empire at the end of the month. The front had moved about 560 kilometres.\n\nThe arguments are about credit. Woodward and Chauvel's biographer see a blitzkrieg two decades early. The RAF claims something like the first modern air battle, though one senior British officer called the airmen 'butchers' at the Wadi el Fara, and Lawrence wrote that 'the RAF lost four killed. The Turks lost a corps.' Even the deception is argued over: some accounts say the Ottoman command expected the main blow in the Jordan valley, others that Liman never shifted his forces to meet it. The weight of the Arab contribution is disputed, and the killing of Ottoman troops around Tafas on 27 September darkens the pursuit.", "wargaming": "Megiddo is a game about hidden information and tempo, not attrition. At operational scale, a brigade or regiment to a unit on a map from the coast to the Jordan and north to Nazareth and Beisan, with half-day turns, the Ottoman player must deploy before knowing where the blow will land. Hidden set-up, dummy markers for the Jordan valley camps, and an army group headquarters that loses touch with its armies once El Afule's exchange is bombed all capture the 1918 problem.\n\nThe British player's clock is the cavalry bound: 60 miles to El Afule and Beisan before the horses need water and fodder, through passes in the Carmel range that a single battalion might have held. Only the advanced guard of the battalion sent to Musmus arrived in time. Let it arrive, and the timetable slips.\n\nThe big what-ifs are Ottoman. Refet Bey asked to withdraw from the coastal line, and Allenby's staff had feared exactly such a withdrawal would spoil their preparations. Liman might have held more on the coast, or the Seventh Army might have slipped away by night before the Wadi el Fara road was watched. Air power needs rules of its own, for denying reconnaissance and for attacking columns in defiles, and the RAF's near-monopoly is part of the balance.\n\nAt tactical scale, the lance charge at El Lejjun, the street fight in Nazareth and the mounted charge at Samakh make sharp scenarios of cavalry against infantry with machine guns." }, "images": [ { "file": "File:Palestine-WW1-3.jpg", "kind": "map", "caption": "Allenby's final offensive, September 1918: the breakthrough on the coast, the cavalry ride to El Afule, Beisan and Nazareth, and the Ottoman retreat.", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Palestine-WW1-3.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Palestine-WW1-3.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palestine-WW1-3.jpg", "licence": "Public domain", "licence_url": "", "artist": "Department of Military Art and Engineering, at the U.S. Military Academy (West Point).", "credit": "This map was created by the Department of Military Art and Engineering, at the U.S. Military Academy (West Point). The initial version was created under the supervision of General Vincent Esposito in 1959. It is now available on the West Point web site at: https://web.archive.org/web/20070616165710/http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/great%20war/great%20war%20%20pages/great%20war%20map%2050.htm The map image has been cropped to remove unneeded territory. Originally uploaded to en Wikipedia as en:Image:Palestine-WW1-3.jpg by en:User:Cglassey 25 April 2006.", "width": 588 }, { "file": "File:Falls2Map1SthPalDetMegiddo.jpeg", "kind": "map", "caption": "The Megiddo battlefield, from the British official history (1930).", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Falls2Map1SthPalDetMegiddo.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Falls2Map1SthPalDetMegiddo.jpeg/960px-Falls2Map1SthPalDetMegiddo.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Falls2Map1SthPalDetMegiddo.jpeg", "licence": "Public domain", "licence_url": "", "artist": "Cyril Falls, A. F. Beck", "credit": "History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the end of the War Volume 2 Part 1 Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. ( Original text: History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the end of the War Volume 2 Part 1 ) Original uploader was RoslynSKP at en.wikipedia (25 July 2013 (original upload date))", "width": 2521 }, { "file": "File:Battle of Megiddo (1918) Destroyed Turkish transport.jpg", "kind": "photo", "caption": "Ottoman carts and gun carriages wrecked by British and Australian aircraft on the road from Nablus, September 1918.", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Battle_of_Megiddo_%281918%29_Destroyed_Turkish_transport.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Battle_of_Megiddo_%281918%29_Destroyed_Turkish_transport.jpg/960px-Battle_of_Megiddo_%281918%29_Destroyed_Turkish_transport.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)_Destroyed_Turkish_transport.jpg", "licence": "Public domain", "licence_url": "", "artist": "George Westmoreland", "credit": "This photograph Q 12310 comes from the collections of the Imperial War Museums (collection no. 1900-34) Originally uploaded to EN Wikipedia as en:File:Battle of Megiddo (1918) Destroyed Turkish transport.jpg by en:User:HLGallon 23 January 2009.", "width": 3448 }, { "file": "File:AWMB02113 HandleyPage Aircraft.jpg", "kind": "photo", "caption": "The Handley Page O/400 bomber flown by No. 1 Squadron, Australian Flying Corps, which bombed El Afule in the first hour of 19 September.", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/AWMB02113_HandleyPage_Aircraft.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/AWMB02113_HandleyPage_Aircraft.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AWMB02113_HandleyPage_Aircraft.jpg", "licence": "Public domain", "licence_url": "", "artist": "Australian Flying Corps", "credit": "This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.", "width": 640 }, { "file": "File:A group of German prisoners captured during the fight at Semakh on the Sea of Galilee. 1918.JPG", "kind": "photo", "caption": "German prisoners taken at Samakh on the Sea of Galilee, where the battle ended on 25 September.", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/A_group_of_German_prisoners_captured_during_the_fight_at_Semakh_on_the_Sea_of_Galilee._1918.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/A_group_of_German_prisoners_captured_during_the_fight_at_Semakh_on_the_Sea_of_Galilee._1918.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_group_of_German_prisoners_captured_during_the_fight_at_Semakh_on_the_Sea_of_Galilee._1918.JPG", "licence": "Public domain", "licence_url": "", "artist": "Unknown photographer Unknown photographer", "credit": "This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.", "width": 629 }, { "file": "File:Edmund Allenby.jpg", "kind": "portrait", "caption": "General Sir Edmund Allenby, commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force.", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Edmund_Allenby.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Edmund_Allenby.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Allenby.jpg", "licence": "Public domain", "licence_url": "", "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author", "credit": "This photograph Q 82969 comes from the collections of the Imperial War Museums .", "width": 929 }, { "file": "File:Otto Liman Von Sanders.jpg", "kind": "portrait", "caption": "General Otto Liman von Sanders, commander of the Yildirim Army Group, who escaped from Nazareth as the cavalry arrived.", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Otto_Liman_Von_Sanders.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Otto_Liman_Von_Sanders.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_Liman_Von_Sanders.jpg", "licence": "Public domain", "licence_url": "", "artist": "\"Photo © by American Press Assn.\"", "credit": "The Project Gutenberg eBook, The New York Times Current History: the European War , February, 1915.", "width": 252 } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Battle of Megiddo (1918)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)", "kind": "web" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "Battle of Sharon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sharon", "kind": "web" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "Allenby's despatch of 31 October 1918, Supplement to the London Gazette no. 31087, 30 December 1918", "url": "https://thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31087/data.pdf", "kind": "primary" }, { "id": "s4", "title": "The Battle of Megiddo (National Army Museum)", "url": "https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/battle-megiddo", "kind": "web" }, { "id": "s5", "title": "Megiddo: the battle in brief (Australian War Memorial, London)", "url": "https://www.awmlondon.gov.au/battles/megiddo", "kind": "web" }, { "id": "s6", "title": "The use of air power at the Battle of Megiddo, 1918 (RAF Museum podcast transcript, 2008)", "url": "https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/podcasts/transcripts/battle_of_meggido.pdf", "kind": "web" }, { "id": "s7", "title": "J. Rickard, Battle of Megiddo, 19–25 September 1918 (historyofwar.org, 2007)", "url": "https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_megiddo1918.html", "kind": "web" }, { "id": "s8", "title": "The town of Jenin on the morning after its capture by the 3rd Light Horse Brigade (Australian War Memorial, B00259)", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/B00259", "kind": "web" }, { "id": "s9", "title": "11th Australian Light Horse Regiment (Australian War Memorial, U51045)", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51045", "kind": "web" }, { "id": "s10", "title": "Cyril Falls, Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War, vol. 2 part II (HMSO, 1930) — not read; cited via s1 and s2", "url": null, "kind": "book" }, { "id": "s11", "title": "Edward J. Erickson, Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War (Greenwood, 2001) — not read; cited via s1", "url": null, "kind": "book" }, { "id": "s12", "title": "Matthew Hughes (ed.), Allenby in Palestine: The Middle East Correspondence of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby (Sutton for the Army Records Society, 2004) — not read; cited via s2", "url": null, "kind": "book" }, { "id": "s13", "title": "David R. Woodward, Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East (University Press of Kentucky, 2006) — not read; cited via s1", "url": null, "kind": "book" } ], "cdb90": [ 385 ], "order": 148, "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/megiddo-1918/", "oob": [], "oob_lwtv": [], "scenarios": [], "orbat": null, "orbat_lwtv": null, "reading": { "prose": [ { "work_id": "ia:romfordbeirut", "title": "Romford to Beirut via France, Egypt and Jericho. An Outline of the War Record of \"B\" Battery, 271st Brigade, R.F.A. (1/2nd Essex Battery, R.F.A.) with Many Digressions [1926 British Army]", "in": null, "author": "Edwin Blackwell and Edwin C Axe", "life": null, "year": 1926, "kind": "memoir", "library": "Internet Archive", "url": "https://archive.org/details/romfordbeirut", "language": "en", "contemporary": false, "subject": false, "references": 1, "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/romford-to-beirut-via-france-egypt-and-jericho-an-outline-of-fd2751/" } ], "history": [ { "work_id": "ia:order-battle-divisions-p-2-a", "title": "Order of Battle of Divisions, part 2A — Territorial Force mounted and first-line divisions", "in": null, "author": "A. F. Becke", "life": null, "year": 1936, "kind": "official history", "library": "Internet Archive", "url": "https://archive.org/details/order-battle-divisions-p-2-a", "language": "en", "contemporary": false, "subject": false, "references": 3, "official": true, "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/order-of-battle-of-divisions-part-2a-territorial-force-mount-68d813/" }, { "work_id": "ia:historyofgreatwa0000unse_z8h9", "title": "Military Operations, Egypt and Palestine, vol. 2", "in": null, "author": "Cyril Falls", "life": null, "year": 1930, "kind": "official history", "library": "Internet Archive", "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofgreatwa0000unse_z8h9", "language": "en", "contemporary": false, "subject": false, "references": 2, "official": true, "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/military-operations-egypt-and-palestine-vol-2-73a97d/" }, { "work_id": "ia:australianimperi07gulluoft", "title": "The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine, 1914-1918", "in": null, "author": "Henry Somer Gullett", "life": "1878–", "year": 1923, "kind": "history", "library": "Internet Archive", "url": "https://archive.org/details/australianimperi07gulluoft", "language": "en", "contemporary": true, "subject": false, "references": 14, "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-australian-imperial-force-in-sinai-and-palestine-1914-19-7d1512/" }, { "work_id": "ia:australianflying00cutluoft", "title": "The Australian Flying Corps in the western and eastern theatres of war, 1914-1918", "in": null, "author": "Frederic Morley Cutlack", "life": "1886–", "year": 1923, "kind": "history", "library": "Internet Archive", "url": "https://archive.org/details/australianflying00cutluoft", "language": "en", "contemporary": true, "subject": false, "references": 6, "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-australian-flying-corps-in-the-western-and-eastern-theat-e36140/" }, { "work_id": "ia:39020000685555-thedesertmounte", "title": "The Desert Mounted Corps", "in": null, "author": "Richard Martin Peter Preston", "life": "1884–", "year": 1921, "kind": "history", "library": "Internet Archive", "url": "https://archive.org/details/39020000685555-thedesertmounte", "language": "en", "contemporary": true, "subject": false, "references": 1, "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-desert-mounted-corps-d4ba43/" } ], "fiction": [], "poetry": [] }, "reading_lwtv": { "prose": [], "poetry": [] }, "photos": [ { "file": "File:A Fallen Aeroplane at Semakh Art.IWMART1590.jpg", "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/A_Fallen_Aeroplane_at_Semakh_Art.IWMART1590.jpg/500px-A_Fallen_Aeroplane_at_Semakh_Art.IWMART1590.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Fallen_Aeroplane_at_Semakh_Art.IWMART1590.jpg", "caption": "A Fallen Aeroplane at Semakh image: the remains of a biplane lie on flat, arid ground with a few bell tents of a military camp in the distance to the right. The plane leans forward with the nose in the ground, some of the canvas missing from the wings and the fuselage largely reduced to a skeleton. ", "year": 1919, "licence": "Public domain", "artist": "James McBey", "collection": "IWM" }, { "file": "File:Black Watch in Palestine June 1918 IWM photo Q 012484.jpg", "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Black_Watch_in_Palestine_June_1918_IWM_photo_Q_012484.jpg/500px-Black_Watch_in_Palestine_June_1918_IWM_photo_Q_012484.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Watch_in_Palestine_June_1918_IWM_photo_Q_012484.jpg", "caption": "The Advance through Palestine and the Battle of Megiddo: Men of the 2nd Battalion Black Watch in a trench on Brown Ridge after the action at Arsuf on 8 June 1918", "year": 1918, "licence": "Public domain", "artist": "Westmoreland, George", "collection": "IWM" }, { "file": "File:IWM Q12329LACarPatrol.jpeg", "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/IWM_Q12329LACarPatrol.jpeg/500px-IWM_Q12329LACarPatrol.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IWM_Q12329LACarPatrol.jpeg", "caption": "The Battle of Megiddo, September 1918: A Light Armoured Car patrol in the hills above Samaria", "year": 1918, "licence": "Public domain", "artist": "Westmoreland, George", "collection": "IWM" }, { "file": "File:IWM Q12979WadiBireh4CD.jpeg", "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/IWM_Q12979WadiBireh4CD.jpeg/500px-IWM_Q12979WadiBireh4CD.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IWM_Q12979WadiBireh4CD.jpeg", "caption": "Battles of Megiddo. 4th Cavalry Division. Transport crossing the Wadi-el-Bireh near Jisr Mejamie. Some fourteen German lorries trying to escape were bogged and abandoned here (one can be seen). It took two days to get 30 of our lorries across", "year": 1918, "licence": "Public domain", "artist": "Unknown photographer", "collection": "IWM" }, { "file": "File:IWM Q12980Majami.jpeg", "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/IWM_Q12980Majami.jpeg/500px-IWM_Q12980Majami.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IWM_Q12980Majami.jpeg", "caption": "IWM caption : Battles of Megiddo. Railway Bridge over the Jordan at w:Jisr Majami , which was reached and secured intact by the 19th Lancers on September 20th, having covered some 80 miles since September 19th. (12th Brigade, 4th Cavalry Division)", "year": 1918, "licence": "Public domain", "artist": "Dening", "collection": "IWM" }, { "file": "File:AWMB00277helioTiberias.jpg", "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/AWMB00277helioTiberias.jpg/500px-AWMB00277helioTiberias.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AWMB00277helioTiberias.jpg", "caption": "AWM caption : Ottoman Empire: Palestine, North Palestine, Lake Tiberias, Tiberias. Three members of the 8th Australian Light Horse Regimental Signal Station, sit with their heliograph set up on the pier on the Sea of Galilee. This photograph was published in The Kia Ora Coo-ee, 15 November 1918, p. ", "year": 1918, "licence": "Public domain", "artist": "James Pinkerton Campbell", "collection": null }, { "file": "File:AWMH15573rationsTiberias.jpg", "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AWMH15573rationsTiberias.jpg/500px-AWMH15573rationsTiberias.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AWMH15573rationsTiberias.jpg", "caption": "Photograph of Australian 4th Light Horse Regiment being issued with rations at Tiberias", "year": 1918, "licence": "Public domain", "artist": "Unknown photographer", "collection": null }, { "file": "File:AWMP01474.009SamakhPrisoners.jpeg", "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/AWMP01474.009SamakhPrisoners.jpeg/500px-AWMP01474.009SamakhPrisoners.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AWMP01474.009SamakhPrisoners.jpeg", "caption": "Photograph of Ottoman prisoners captured at Samakh , Palestine", "year": 1918, "licence": "Public domain", "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author", "collection": null }, { "file": "File:AwmB00283.Samakh.jpg", "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/AwmB00283.Samakh.jpg/500px-AwmB00283.Samakh.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AwmB00283.Samakh.jpg", "caption": "AWM caption : Ottoman Empire: Palestine, North Palestine, Lake Tiberias, Semakh. Australian soldiers at the railway station at Semakh, South Coast, Sea of Galilee. It was a scene of great slaughter of the enemy", "year": 1918, "licence": "Public domain", "artist": "Campbell, James Pinkerton", "collection": null }, { "file": "File:The horse lines of the 8th Australian Light Horse Regiment outside the town, are fed from a canvas bag. B00279. 26 September 1918.JPG", "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_horse_lines_of_the_8th_Australian_Light_Horse_Regiment_outside_the_town%2C_are_fed_from_a_canvas_bag._B00279._26_September_1918.JPG/500px-The_horse_lines_of_the_8th_Australian_Light_Horse_Regiment_outside_the_town%2C_are_fed_from_a_canvas_bag._B00279._26_September_1918.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_horse_lines_of_the_8th_Australian_Light_Horse_Regiment_outside_the_town,_are_fed_from_a_canvas_bag._B00279._26_September_1918.JPG", "caption": "The horse lines of the 8th Australian Light Horse Regiment outside the town, are fed from a canvas bag", "year": 1918, "licence": "Public domain", "artist": "James Pinkerton Campbell", "collection": null } ], "photos_kind": "photographs", "newspapers": { "slug": "megiddo-1918", "query": "Nablus", "from": "1918-09-19", "to": "1918-10-09", "total": 78, "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.", "pages": [ { "date": "1918-09-20", "paper": "The Oakley herald (Oakley, Idaho)", "place": "Oakley, Idaho", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86091130/1918-09-20/ed-1/?sp=4", "snippet": "... the Wady Fara, running from [[tag]]Nablus[[/tag]] to the Jordan, the eastern side of the Jor dan around the Wady Zerka (the Jab bok), and the Jericho district, watered at present in a very incomplete way, from Ain es Sul tau (Elisha's fountain) and Ain Duk. Water Supply In Roman Time«. In the Roman era the Jericho plain was also watered from the Wady Kelt by a series of aqueducts, the ruins of which exist today, nnd the whole neigh borhood must for miles around have been a mass of gardens, orchards, corn fields, nnd palm groves. In Crusading times sugar was cultivated here, and some ruins are now known ns Tawa hln es Sukknr, the ..." }, { "date": "1918-09-21", "paper": "The Prescott daily news (Prescott, Ark.)", "place": "Prescott, Arkansas", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn90050307/1918-09-21/ed-1/?sp=1", "snippet": "... armies in the direction of [[tag]]Nablus[[/tag]]. Another body of cavalry was advancing in n northeasterly direction toward Elaf ula and Beissan to intercept the Turks to the north. On Wednesday General Allenby’s right wing attacked west of the Jor dan and occupied El Mugeir. TRIED MANY, FOUNp THE BEST Good digestion is the foundation of good health. Foley Cathartic Tablets keep the bowels regiilar, sweeten the stomach and tone up the liver. There is nothing better if one desires an old fashioned, harmless physic—gentle in action, yet thoroughly cleansing in effect. J. P. Gaston, Newark, Ind., says he used a great many kinds of cathartics, but Foley Cathartic Tab lets gave him more satisfaction than ..." }, { "date": "1918-09-21", "paper": "The Montgomery advertiser (Montgomery, Ala.)", "place": "Montgomery, Alabama", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84020645/1918-09-21/ed-1/?sp=1", "snippet": "... commonleatloa lead lax saatheast from [[tag]]Nablus[[/tag]]. \"At 4iSO a. m- at the 1Mb. tha mala attack la which French traopa partici pated. waa laaaehcd after a sharp hambardment between the Bafat and the const. Oar Infantry^ made rapid progress, aTerraaalas the entire haa tile, defensive system ef this frantago hy S a. m, and peaetrallas ta a max imam depth at tire miles he lave swlaslas eastward. \"The latest available repasts Indi cate the Talkersm Hallway Inaction waa oeeapled by oar Infantry la the coarse of the afternoon, while a bri gade at AaatraHaa light hsrse reached Serbs, French, British '.and Greeks Continue To Drive Bulgarians. i V I PARIS, Sept. 21.—Ten thousand Bulgarian priaonera ..." }, { "date": "1918-09-26", "paper": "The Butler weekly times and the Bates County record (Butler, Mo.)", "place": "Butler, Missouri", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86063289/1918-09-26/ed-1/?sp=1", "snippet": "... What remains\" qf the Turkish [[tag]]Nablus[[/tag]] army has beeih cut off from all avenues of escape' save for a narrow stretch along the Jordan east of Beisan, which city also is in British hands. Many thousands of Ottomansv were mowed down as they fled in panic before Gen. Sir Edmund Allenby s ravalrv. Manv thousands more fell as they fled straight into fhe arms of the mounted columns closing in, on them?;r;s r:v-:; 'r i.i\" Occupation of Nazareth marks, a British advance of 75-miles since the fall ot Jerusalem. In France the British and French troops slowly, but surely are.\"-eating their way into the vitals of the Ger man defensive positions, the collapse of which ..." }, { "date": "1918-09-27", "paper": "Montpelier examiner (Montpelier, Idaho)", "place": "Montpelier, Idaho", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86091111/1918-09-27/ed-1/?sp=6", "snippet": "... fights. The cavalry captured Nazareth, [[tag]]Nablus[[/tag]]. Belsan and Jenin and have secured an enormous quantity of .valuable booty, and we have not heard the last of their efTorts. Two Turkish armies were put out of business, 40,000 Turks being killed or captured. From north of Jerusalem to the Sea of Galilee, in the territory lying be tween the river Jordan and the Medl terranean sea, the Ottoman forces have been caught by the swift drive of the British armies and virtually an nihilated. Added to the heavy casual ties suffered by the Turks, hordes of them were made prisoner and many more are wandering, bewildered, with out leaders. In the hills, eventually to be brought ..." }, { "date": "1918-09-29", "paper": "New-York tribune (New York [N.Y.])", "place": "New York, New York", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1918-09-29/ed-1/?sp=29", "snippet": "... man? age to get to [[tag]]Nablus[[/tag]] in time to destroy the whole Turkish army west of the Jor? dan. Had [[tag]]Nablus[[/tag]] been reached in the first thirty-six hours not a man or a gun would have escaped, for [[tag]]Nablus[[/tag]] is the meeting point of all the roads in that region. A Retirement Entailing Disorganization The pursuit was held up in the Valley of Samarun. The enemy covered [[tag]]Nablus[[/tag]] for at least three days, and appears to be covering it still at the moment of vyriting. Consequently the retirement of the Turks on the left will take place up the main road from Jerusalem and then on northeastward by the road which passes the Jordan and ..." }, { "date": "1918-10-04", "paper": "Five Mile Beach weekly journal (Wildwood, N.J.)", "place": "Wildwood, New Jersey", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn90063041/1918-10-04/ed-1/?sp=3", "snippet": "... from Haifa through Afule and [[tag]]Nablus[[/tag]] toward Jerusalem nnd occupying Nazareth, the home of Jesus. Meanwhile rhe Arabs of Hedjaz were moving northward along the hills east of the Jordan, driving the Turks before them and threatening to sever their line of retreat to Damascus. Still further north another force of tribesmen raided the railway Junc tion of Derau and destroyed the rail way there. Probably 50,000 prisoners were taken by the British in Palestine nnd it seemed likely that almost the entire Turkish force caught in the trap would be captured or destroyed. The seventh and eighth Turkish armies were virtually annihilated. There is added satisfaction in ,the fact that Id man von Slanders, ..." }, { "date": "1918-10-06", "paper": "Evening star (Washington, D.C.)", "place": "Washington, District Of Columbia", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1918-10-06/ed-1/?sp=42", "snippet": "... debouching from Tulkeram, Messadis and [[tag]]Nablus[[/tag]], were machine-gunned and bombed from the air until the survivors aban doned their vehicles and the whole plan of retreat collapsed. Turks retreating from [[tag]]Nablus[[/tag]] to i Baisan, attacked as described, ran j away from their guns, motor lorries and horse-drawn transports, their j seven-mile-long column dissolving! and everything falling into the hands of the British. Three days of such j fighting resulted in Gen. Allenby los ing only five men killed, six wounded and three missing. Having regard for the results achieved, this is about the most economical warfare that f could be imagined. \"Plash-spotters\" in the air have been doing great work for the British, Bel gians, ..." } ] } }