{
 "slug": "neuve-chapelle",
 "title": "Battle of Neuve Chapelle",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "10–13 March 1915",
 "start": "1915-03-10",
 "end": "1915-03-13",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I",
 "place": {
  "name": "Neuve Chapelle and the flat, ditch-cut country between the Port Arthur salient, the Layes brook, the Bois du Biez and Mauquissart, below Aubers ridge, Pas-de-Calais, France",
  "lat": 50.585,
  "lon": 2.7775,
  "wikidata": "Q2331555"
 },
 "lede": "On 10 March 1915 Haig's First Army, British and Indian, broke into the German line after a 35-minute bombardment and took Neuve Chapelle by mid-morning. Delays let German reserves seal the breach, and the shell shortage it revealed became a political scandal.",
 "result": "Indecisive: the British took Neuve Chapelle and a salient about 1,000–1,200 yards deep but failed to break through to Aubers ridge",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "British Empire (First Army: IV Corps and the Indian Corps, with subsidiary attacks by I Corps and demonstrations by the 1st Canadian Division)",
   "commanders": [
    "Field Marshal Sir John French (Commander-in-Chief, BEF; held the general reserve)",
    "General Sir Douglas Haig (First Army)",
    "Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Rawlinson (IV Corps)",
    "Lieutenant-General Sir James Willcocks (Indian Corps)",
    "Major-General Sir Thompson Capper (7th Division)",
    "Major-General Francis Davies (8th Division)",
    "Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Anderson (Meerut Division)",
    "Major-General Henry Keary (Lahore Division)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 40000,
    "low": 40000,
    "high": 87000,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 11652,
    "low": 11652,
    "high": 12897,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "German Empire (6th Army: VII Corps, 13th and 14th Divisions, reinforced by the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division and Saxon battalions of the XIX Corps)",
   "commanders": [
    "Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria (6th Army)",
    "General von Claer (VII Corps)",
    "Major-General von Ditfurth (14th Division; led the counter-attack of 12 March)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": null,
    "low": null,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 12000,
    "low": 8500,
    "high": 12000,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "By the winter of 1914–15 the Western Front was a line of trenches from the sea to Switzerland. Neuve Chapelle had been lost in October 1914, when the German Sixth Army drove Smith-Dorrien's II Corps off Aubers ridge and broke into the village, leaving a German salient between the British posts at Port Arthur and the Moated Grange.\n\nJoffre wanted a combined offensive in Artois, with the British First Army attacking north of the La Bassée canal beside the French Tenth Army. It depended on British troops relieving the French IX Corps north of Ypres; when Sir John French could not do so, the French withdrew all but some heavy artillery, and the British went ahead alone.\n\nHaig proposed on 12 February to begin with Neuve Chapelle. The German salient there could be shelled from three sides on a 2,000-yard front, and beyond it lay Aubers ridge, a low rise about a mile away whose capture would threaten the roads and railways between La Bassée and Lille. French approved on 15 February for any time after 9 March: until the ground dried, with water 18 inches below the surface, captured ground could not be entrenched.\n\nThe moment was favourable. Germany had sent troops to Russia, and only the VII Corps of two divisions faced the six divisions of the First Army on a 13-mile front; on 7–8 March each division had given up a regiment to form a new division. Haig told his army it would attack 'with about 48 battalions' a locality held by some three German battalions. It was the first planned British offensive of the war, and a chance to show the French that the British would attack.",
  "forces": "Haig attacked with two corps. Rawlinson's IV Corps had the regular 7th Division, rebuilt after Ypres with barely 15 per cent of its original infantry, and the 8th Division, in battle for the first time. Willcocks's Indian Corps had the Meerut and Lahore Divisions, whose brigades mixed British, Indian and Gurkha battalions: the Garhwal Brigade, which led the assault, had the 2nd Leicestershire, 2/3rd Gurkhas, 1/39th and 2/39th Garhwal Rifles, with the Territorial 3rd Londons in reserve. The Meerut Division had 11,682 infantry of all ranks.\n\nThe artillery was the real novelty. The official history counts 530 guns and howitzers with the First Army, from 13-pounders to a battery of 9.2-inch howitzers used in battle for the first time and a single 15-inch howitzer, 'Granny', plus the armoured train 'Churchill'. For the first time there was an artillery time-table, objective maps and a barrage. The Royal Flying Corps had photographed the German trenches to a depth of about 1,500 yards, and 1,500 copies of 1:5,000 trench maps went to each corps. Ammunition would last three or four days.\n\nOpposite stood von Claer's VII Corps of Rupprecht's Sixth Army: the 13th and 14th Divisions, cut to nine battalions each, about 20,000 rifles on the whole front. They apparently had more machine guns and trench mortars than the British, and no lack of shells. GHQ intelligence reckoned about 4,000 more German rifles could arrive within twelve hours and 16,000 more by the second evening; the official history calls this substantially correct.",
  "course": "CDB90 treats the battle as one engagement, Neuve Chapelle (290).\n\n**10 March, 07:30–10:00: the break-in.** The assault brigades marched up in the night and were in position by 04:30. At 07:30, in thin mist, the bombardment opened. Ninety 18-pounders cut the German wire, most of it within ten minutes, while sixty howitzers and fifteen more field batteries flattened the breastworks; only on a 400-yard sector on the left, given to two siege batteries that had arrived the day before, were the trenches left intact. At 08:05 the guns lifted and the infantry crossed the 200 yards of no man's land.\n\nOn the right the 1/39th Garhwal Rifles lost direction, bore right into unshelled wire, and took 200 yards of trench at the cost of all six of their British officers. The other three battalions of the Garhwal Brigade crossed in under fifteen minutes, ran through the southern houses of the village without waiting for its bombardment, and by 09:00 had taken some 200 prisoners and five machine guns. Rifleman Gobar Sing Negi of the 2/39th, first into the main trench, was killed and awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross. In the centre the 25th Brigade reached the support trench by 08:20; the 2nd Rifle Brigade entered the village at 08:50 and the Royal Irish Rifles held the Road Triangle by 09:40. On the left, a company of the 11th Jäger destroyed the first three waves of the 2nd Middlesex. By 10:00 the British had broken through on 1,600 yards and held Neuve Chapelle.\n\n**10 March, afternoon: the lost hours.** Rawlinson held back the 7th Division until the Orchard was taken (it was found undefended shortly after noon); Willcocks waited for a German pocket in front of Port Arthur, which held out until dusk. Orders for a general advance went out at 14:55; the 8th and 7th Divisions moved only at 17:30–18:00, and halted in the dark before strong points at Mauquissart and the Layes bridge that two Jäger companies had begun manning at 09:30. The Dehra Dun Brigade's Gurkhas reached the Bois du Biez at 18:30 but fell back to the Layes brook as German battalions entered the wood. The day gave 748 prisoners and 4,000 yards of German front; at 15:00 the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division was ordered up.\n\n**11 March: the second line.** In mist, the British guns shelled strong points but missed the continuous trench dug overnight. Every attack failed. German shelling cut the telephones, and runners took two to three hours to bring back reports.\n\n**12 March: the counter-attack.** At 05:00 some 16,000 Germans attacked in mist along the whole front. On the Mauquissart road they overran the Sherwood Foresters' salient but were trapped and left over 400 dead; the Worcestershire drove a Bavarian battalion back with the bayonet; opposite the Rifle Brigade, 2/3rd Gurkhas and Leicestershire several hundred fell; at Port Arthur the Garhwalis, Seaforths and Black Watch, with the Garhwal Brigade's twenty machine guns, broke the attack. Captain Foss, Corporal Anderson and Private Rivers won the Victoria Cross. At 12:30 the Scots Guards and Border Regiment took the Quadrilateral and about 400 prisoners, and Grenadier bombers took 200 more. Misled by false reports, Haig at 15:06 ordered both corps to 'push through the barrage of fire regardless of loss' and sent for cavalry. The night attacks came to nothing, and at 22:40 Haig called the offensive off.\n\n**13 March.** A last 7th Division attack at 09:30 failed with heavy loss, and both sides dug in.",
  "aftermath": "The British had advanced their line on a front of about two miles to a depth of 1,000–1,200 yards and straightened out the Port Arthur salient. It cost 12,897 officers and men, 11,652 of them in the four attacking divisions, 4,047 in the two Indian divisions. German losses were perhaps 8,500–12,000, including 1,687 prisoners.\n\nThe guns had fired 245 rounds per 18-pounder in three days, nearly a sixth of all the 18-pounder ammunition in France, when British factories were making 7½ rounds per gun per day. On 13 March French told Kitchener the advance had stopped for 'want of ammunition', and on 15 March he abandoned the offensive. On 27 March he called for more shells in an interview with The Times; after the failure at Aubers Ridge on 9 May, the paper's 14 May report blamed a lack of high explosive. That 'shells scandal', with Fisher's resignation, brought down Asquith's Liberal government; the coalition made Lloyd George Minister of Munitions on 25 May.\n\nThe official history calls the battle the first planned British offensive and a landmark: a break-in had proved possible, but command and the telephone system broke down once the set piece ended, and German reserves sealed the breach. Joffre called it 'un succès sans lendemain', a success that led nowhere. The Germans began strengthening their line opposite the British, and the French took the BEF more seriously. The Neuve-Chapelle Memorial names over 4,700 Indian soldiers and labourers with no known grave.",
  "wargaming": "Neuve Chapelle is the first set-piece trench attack of the war and a compact table: 2,000 yards of front, the ruined village, the Port Arthur salient and the Moated Grange, with the Layes brook, the Bois du Biez and the Mauquissart strong points behind. At battalion scale, a stand as a company, it suits a two-player game in which the British have numbers, guns and surprise, and the Germans a few hundred men in the front line, two Jäger companies in reserve and reinforcements on a timetable. GHQ's own estimate of 4,000 rifles in twelve hours and 16,000 more by the second evening makes a good arrival schedule.\n\nThe interesting rules are friction. Orders should travel by runner, two to three hours on the 11th; telephones should fail under shellfire; mist should limit observed artillery. Give one sector unbombarded wire, like the Middlesex front, and let one battalion roll for losing direction, as the 1/39th Garhwal Rifles did.\n\nThe obvious 'what if' is the afternoon of the 10th: release the 7th Division and the Dehra Dun Brigade at noon instead of 17:30, before the Germans man their second line, and see whether Aubers ridge falls. The dawn counter-attack of 12 March is the reverse, a defensive scenario in mist for the British and Indian player, with machine guns and bombers against sixteen thousand Germans."
 },
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   "file": "File:Neuve Chapelle, 1915a.jpg",
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   "caption": "Map of Neuve Chapelle and its surroundings from The Times History of the War, 1915.",
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   "file": "File:Neuve Chapelle 1915 8th Division.svg",
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   "caption": "The 8th Division at Neuve Chapelle, 10–14 March 1915: attack boundaries, objectives and the final line.",
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   "caption": "Indian troops charging German positions at Neuve Chapelle, 1915.",
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   "artist": "Official British Military artist",
   "credit": "Official British Military photograph. First published in \"The Great War\" Ed. H.W. Wilson, 1916",
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   "caption": "A Ration Party of the 4th Black Watch at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, painted in 1918 (Imperial War Museum).",
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   "caption": "Douglas Haig, who planned and commanded the attack as head of the First Army.",
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   "caption": "Lieutenant-General Sir James Willcocks, commander of the Indian Corps, at Merville, July 1915.",
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   "caption": "The entrance to the Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial, which names over 4,700 Indian soldiers and labourers with no known grave.",
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 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of Neuve Chapelle (Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle",
   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "J. E. Edmonds and G. C. Wynne, Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915, vol. I: Winter 1914–15, Battle of Neuve Chapelle, Battles of Ypres (Macmillan, 1927), chapters V–VII, archive.org scan",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210675",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "D. Tattersfield, The Battle of Neuve Chapelle 1915 (Western Front Association, 2021)",
   "url": "https://www.westernfrontassociation.com/world-war-i-articles/the-battle-of-neuve-chapelle-1915/",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "J. W. B. Merewether and Sir Frederick Smith, The Indian Corps in France (John Murray, 1917), chapter XVI, archive.org scan",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/indiancorpsinfra00ltco",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Shell Crisis of 1915 (Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Crisis_of_1915",
   "kind": "web"
  }
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   "caption": "Sphere Magazine on Apr 10 1915 - Bengal Lancers returning from Port Arthur after the capture of Neuve Chapelle. \"During the attack on Neuve Chapelle the Indian troops played a very large and important part, co-operating vigorously with the British. The above picture shows a body of Bengal Lancers re",
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   "caption": "\"Current History\" (New York Times) map showing positions following the Battle of Neuve Chapelle , March 1915. British gained area is shaded",
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 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "neuve-chapelle",
  "query": "Neuve Chapelle",
  "from": "1915-03-10",
  "to": "1915-03-27",
  "total": 348,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1915-03-11",
    "paper": "El paso herald (el paso, tex.)",
    "place": "El Paso, Texas",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn88084272/1915-03-11/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... half miles) of trenches before [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]] (Flanders) and of the village itself It progressed in the direction of Aubera as far as Pietre Mill, and in a southeasterly direction as far as the northern border of Bois Du Dubiex. that is to say. a distance of about two kilometers bevond [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]].\" Klght Continues. Germans Say. Berlin, Germany. March 11 (by wire less to Sayville. L. I The German war office todaj gave out a report on the progress of the war dated March 11. which says \"The British Wednesdav attacked the German position near [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]]. At some points the) entered the village. The fighting here still continues. The British adance near (llvenchy ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-03-14",
    "paper": "Evening star (Washington, D.C.)",
    "place": "Washington, District Of Columbia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1915-03-14/ed-1/?sp=9",
    "snippet": "... yards to the southeast of [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]]. Here also little re sistance was met with, and our line reached a point about 400 yards from the wood. Advance Still Further. \"In the afternoon the troops who had seized [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]] advanced still further to the east, gaining nearly 400 yards, while on their left again, north of the village, our forward movement progressed for a considerable distance and the fighting continued long after darkness had set in. \"The enemy were by this time thor oughly shaken and in some parts of the field were surrendering in groups Throughout the day the Germans con tinued to hold out 1 n a strong position at the angle ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-03-16",
    "paper": "The Anderson daily intelligencer (Anderson, S.C.)",
    "place": "Anderson, South Carolina",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93067669/1915-03-16/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... are not so optimistic regarding [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]], as they omit In their official state ments any mention of the fighting there, although they have been bring ing up reinforcements and are fighting 'desperately to retake ground from which they were driven with heavy losses. There ls no British statement j to throw light on the present situa tion, but the Vrcnch\" war office say? the British have recaptured St. Elol and almost all ?of the neighboring trenches. Meanwhile the Germans are keeping up their attacks on the British near Ypres, the ground msde famous last fall. It is believed another sanguinary engagement will be taught near [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]]. The Germans are seeking to distract the ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-03-18",
    "paper": "The ogden standard (ogden city, utah)",
    "place": "Ogden, Utah",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85058396/1915-03-18/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... one of the battalions at [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]]. This prisoner expressed the belief that all the princes had been killed. In conclusion, the eye witness says he believes the Germans lost 18,000 men at [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]]. There is a Prince Frederick Leo pold of Hohensollern who is a cousin I ot BSmperpt1 William. He was bom In 189.') and haH bad a commission as first lieutenant In an infautry regi ment t OUR ENTIRE MEN'S STOCKS I FORCED OUT To Satisfy Demands of Our Creditors. Thousands of Dollars Must Be Raised Before April 1st 1 to Meet Bills Long Overdue. I I The Sale Got a Flying Start Last Saturday Like Wildfire Word has Already Passed ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-03-18",
    "paper": "The Oskaloosa herald (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa)",
    "place": "Oskaloosa, Iowa",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87058308/1915-03-18/ed-1/?sp=5",
    "snippet": "English Suffered Heavy Losses at [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]]. FIGHT LASTED THREE DAYS Two Thoutand Teuton Priaoneri at Havre on Way to England— Ypres, Soiaaona and Reims Bombarded by Germans. London, March 15. —Ten thousand British troops have been lost in the furious fighting of three days at [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]] and in the vicinity of l.a Rassee, where the English forces drove the Germans back in a series of attacks last week. This Is the asser tion of the Berlin war office in the official statement received by wire less. The Germans assert 1,720 British soldiers were captured during the en gagement. Admission is made, how ever, that the German losses also were heavy.' British attacks on ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-03-18",
    "paper": "Evening journal (Wilmington, Del.)",
    "place": "Wilmington, Delaware",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85042354/1915-03-18/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... found in one section of •[[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]] alone. The statement concurred In General French's official report that between 17,000 and 18,000 .vonnded at [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]]. '■Proceeding eastward through Neuvo C.luipellc, the British howitzers were trained on the village of Aubefs, still iu tlie hands of the Germans. A high tower, the eye witness reported, dis appeared as if by magic when It was struck by a British shell, leaving only a cloud of dust on the horizon.* \"Eye Witness\" praised the bravery of the Germans. The German prison ers all told of Hie terrible effect of I lie British artillery on the German^ preceding Ihe the English lllnTniiM n mpUHTP j\\|K]U Q M.\\ |f| N ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-03-20",
    "paper": "The star-independent (Harrisburg, Pa.)",
    "place": "Harrisburg, Pennsylvania",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86081330/1915-03-20/ed-1/?sp=7",
    "snippet": "... British blockade of Germany. German [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]] Losses 6,000 Berlin, via Amsterdam and Ixindon, March 20, 10 A. M.—An official state ment issued to-day by tho German gen eral staff declares the total German losses in the fighting in the vicinity of [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]] were about 6,00'0. School Board Inspection March 20 The School Board will make its an nual inspection of'buildings on Monday, March 29. Automobiles will 'be hired to take all of the mem'bers of the board on a trip to all of the buildings. The repairs necessary to the buildings will be given out by contract at the usual time. The Harrisburg Hospital is open daily except Sunday, between 1 and 2 ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-03-26",
    "paper": "The Jasper weekly courier (Jasper, Ind.)",
    "place": "Jasper, Indiana",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84023963/1915-03-26/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... SLAIN IN BATTLE Casualties at [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]] Were Terrible German Declares Lesses Were Equal to Waterloo's. London. March 22. The casualties on both sides at the recent battle of [[tag]]Neuve Chapelle[[/tag]] equaled those of Wa terloo, which historians agree totaled 1 according to the statement of a German officer who is quoted in a dispatch from Amsterdam as declar ing that the battle was the most ter rible of the w ar. The most significant announcement from Berlin is that of the capture of nearly one thousand prisoner, in the champagne region to the north of I atisejour. where the French Tenches were undermined by sappeis and blown up. after which the German in fantry ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}