{
 "slug": "passchendaele",
 "title": "Battle of Passchendaele",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "31 July – 10 November 1917",
 "start": "1917-07-31",
 "end": "1917-11-10",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I",
 "place": {
  "name": "The Ypres Salient, from Bixschoote to the Gheluvelt Plateau and Passchendaele (Passendale) ridge, West Flanders, Belgium",
  "lat": 50.9003,
  "lon": 3.0211,
  "wikidata": "Q426227"
 },
 "lede": "From 31 July to 10 November 1917 British Empire and French troops fought up the low ridges east of Ypres to Passchendaele, through German defences in depth and some of the war's worst mud. Whether the cost was worth it is still argued.",
 "result": "Inconclusive and disputed: the Allies took the Passchendaele ridge and inflicted heavy German losses, but made no breakthrough and did not reach the Belgian coast",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "British Empire and France (BEF Fifth and Second Armies, including Australian, New Zealand and Canadian corps; French First Army), with a Belgian division on the northern flank",
   "commanders": [
    "Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig",
    "General Sir Hubert Gough",
    "General Sir Herbert Plumer",
    "General François Anthoine",
    "Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Currie"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": null,
    "low": null,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 275000,
    "low": 244897,
    "high": 448688,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "German Empire (4th Army, in Army Group Crown Prince Rupprecht)",
   "commanders": [
    "Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria",
    "General Friedrich Sixt von Armin",
    "Colonel Fritz von Loßberg (4th Army chief of staff)",
    "General Erich Ludendorff"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": null,
    "low": null,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 217000,
    "low": 200000,
    "high": 400000,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "By the summer of 1917 the Allied plan for the year had gone wrong. The French Nivelle Offensive had failed in the spring and the French army was recovering from mutinies, so the weight of the Western Front fell on the British Expeditionary Force. Its commander, Sir Douglas Haig, had long wanted to attack in Flanders. Breaking out of the Ypres Salient and taking the high ground east of the town, including the Passchendaele ridge, might lead to a decisive breakthrough and open the way to the Belgian coast, from whose ports German submarines threatened British shipping.\n\nThe ground mattered: the Germans held the Gheluvelt Plateau and the low ridges running north-east through Broodseinde to Passchendaele, which overlooked the salient. The first step was taken on 7 June, when General Sir Herbert Plumer's Second Army fired nineteen mines under the Messines Ridge to the south and took it, at a lower cost than had been feared.\n\nThe main offensive did not follow for seven weeks, and the pause is one of the battle's arguments. Haig gave the main attack to General Sir Hubert Gough and the Fifth Army rather than to Plumer. The decision to go ahead was disputed in London: the Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, opposed the offensive, as did Ferdinand Foch, and historians still question the choice of Flanders, the choice of Gough, and whether Haig should have waited for the Americans. A preliminary bombardment of about two weeks warned the Germans what was coming.",
  "forces": "The attackers were the British Fifth Army (Gough) in the centre and north and the Second Army (Plumer) to the south, with the French First Army under François Anthoine on the left at Bixschoote. Over the battle the British Empire committed some 50 divisions and the French six. Dominion troops did much of the decisive fighting: I and II Anzac Corps, with four Australian divisions and the New Zealand Division, in September and October, and the Canadian Corps under Sir Arthur Currie, about 100,000 strong, at the end. A Belgian division fought on the northern flank. Gough planned to use 120 Mark IV tanks on the first day, but the artillery was the real weapon: by September the Second Army had about one gun or howitzer for every five feet of front.\n\nThe German 4th Army under Friedrich Sixt von Armin, part of Crown Prince Rupprecht's army group, held the salient. Its chief of staff, Fritz von Loßberg, refused to withdraw to a rear line and organised a defence in depth: a thinly held forward zone studded with concrete pillboxes and machine-gun nests, villages fortified for all-round defence, and specialist counter-attack (Eingreif) divisions waiting behind the Menin and Passchendaele ridges to strike any attack that had outrun its artillery. Between 77 and 83 German divisions passed through the battle.",
  "course": "**Gough's offensive, July–August.** The battle that CDB90 records as a single engagement, Ypres III (319), opened at 03:50 on 31 July at Pilckem Ridge. In the north XIV Corps and the French advanced 2,500–3,500 yards to the Steenbeek; the French passed their final objective by 13:30. On the right, though, II Corps took only part of its objectives on the Gheluvelt Plateau, the key to the whole position. From about 11:00 the German Eingreif divisions counter-attacked, and when rain in the afternoon blinded the British artillery observers they drove the centre back from the Ypres–Roulers railway to St Julien. Some British brigades had lost about 70 per cent of their men.\n\nThe rain went on: 127 mm fell in August, much of it in five days, and the shelled ground turned to swamp. Gough attacked again at Westhoek on 10 August and at Langemarck on 16–18 August, where XIV Corps took the village, but the attacks on the plateau failed. On 25 August Haig gave the main effort to Plumer and moved the Second Army's boundary north onto the plateau.\n\n**Plumer's bite and hold, September–October.** Plumer spent three weeks of mostly dry weather preparing a series of short steps, each no more than about 1,500 yards deep, six days apart, under a massive barrage, with the captured ground prepared at once against counter-attack. At the Menin Road on 20 September, with the 1st and 2nd Australian Divisions north of the road and ground fog covering the advance, most objectives fell by mid-morning; the Eingreif divisions were caught by the barrage and beaten off by nightfall. At Polygon Wood on 26 September the 4th and 5th Australian Divisions led, each attacking division on about 1,000 yards of front behind a five-layer barrage, and nothing taken was lost. At Broodseinde on 4 October twelve divisions, including the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Australian and the New Zealand Division, attacked just as the Germans were forming up for a counter-attack of their own; the barrage fell on them, the Australians took Zonnebeke and the ridge, and over 4,700 Germans were captured. The German official history called it a black day.\n\n**The mud, October.** That afternoon the rain returned and hardly stopped. Guns sank, roads vanished and the barrage weakened. At Poelcappelle on 9 October most of the ground gained in front of Passchendaele was lost again. On 12 October, in the First Battle of Passchendaele, the New Zealanders attacked the Bellevue Spur into uncut wire and intact pillboxes and suffered about 2,700 casualties, over 840 of them killed, their worst day of the war; the 3rd Australian Division reached towards the village but could not hold what it took.\n\n**The Canadians, October–November.** The Canadian Corps relieved II Anzac Corps on 18 October. Currie laid plank roads and tramways and brought up his guns before attacking on 26 and 30 October, when Crest Farm fell. Further north the French First Army and a Belgian division cleared the Merckem peninsula by 28 October. On 6 November the 2nd Canadian Division took what was left of Passchendaele village in under three hours, and on 10 November a last attack pushed a little further along the ridge, short of Westroosebeke. The offensive then stopped.",
  "aftermath": "The British Empire had taken the ridge but not broken through. Its losses are put at anything from about 245,000 to 450,000, depending on who counts and how; the Canadian Corps lost 15,654, close to the 16,000 Currie had predicted, and Australian units about 38,000. German losses run from about 200,000 to 400,000, with the official German figure near 217,000. Divisions had to go to Italy after the disaster at Caporetto, and on 20 November the British attacked at Cambrai. In 1918 the British abandoned the ridge without firing a shot.\n\nThe battle's meaning is still disputed. Lloyd George later called it one of the greatest disasters of the war, and for many readers Passchendaele stands for the mud and futility of the Western Front. Prior and Wilson argue the carnage was not inevitable and place the responsibility on the high command, especially for carrying on into October. Others point to the German official history, which said Germany had been brought near to destruction in Flanders, to Sheldon's argument that Germany could not afford its losses whatever the ratio, and to Griffith's view that bite and hold kept working until November. Haig thought it a success.\n\nThe dead are commemorated at the Menin Gate, at Tyne Cot Cemetery and at the Canadian memorial on Crest Farm.",
  "wargaming": "Third Ypres is a campaign of set-piece attacks, and each one makes a good game at battalion or company scale (a stand as a platoon or section) on a few thousand yards of front. The best contrast is between two days only weeks apart: Gough's deep attack on 31 July, with infantry outrunning their guns and Eingreif counter-attacks arriving as the rain comes in, and Plumer's Menin Road or Broodseinde, with short bounds, a dense barrage and the defender's counter-attack caught in the open. A third, grimmer scenario is 12 October on the Bellevue Spur, where the attacker has little artillery, uncut wire and ground that halves movement.\n\nKey terrain is subtle: pillboxes and fortified farms are the real objectives, and the low spurs give observation out of proportion to their height. Rules should make artillery the main weapon, with fixed barrage lines and a timetable, and weather and ground state should be variables that change through the game.\n\nFor the defender the question is how far forward to hold and when to commit the Eingreif reserve. For the attacker: how deep to go, and whether to exploit after Broodseinde, as some urged and Plumer declined. A divisional-scale campaign game of the whole battle, with rotation, rain and the October decision to go on, lets players argue the case for and against continuing."
 },
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   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of Passchendaele (Wikipedia)",
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   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde",
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  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Second Battle of Passchendaele (Wikipedia)",
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  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "Battle of Passchendaele (National Army Museum)",
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   "id": "s7",
   "title": "Passchendaele (Canadian War Museum, Canada and the First World War)",
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   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Battle of Passchendaele (Third Ypres) (Australian War Memorial)",
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  },
  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "New Zealand's 'blackest day' at Passchendaele (NZHistory, Ministry for Culture and Heritage)",
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   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s10",
   "title": "Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, Passchendaele: The Untold Story (Yale University Press, 1996)",
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  {
   "id": "s11",
   "title": "Jack Sheldon, The German Army at Passchendaele (Pen & Sword, 2007)",
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   "file": "File:12inchMkIXRailwayGunVickersMountingWoestenAugust231917.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/12inchMkIXRailwayGunVickersMountingWoestenAugust231917.jpg/500px-12inchMkIXRailwayGunVickersMountingWoestenAugust231917.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "THE THIRD BATTLE OF YPRES (PASSCHENDAELE) 31 JULY - 10 NOVEMBER 1917 Battle of Langemarck 16-18 August: 12 inch railway gun at Woesten with its crew perched on it and the slogan \"Not on Strike\" on the barrel",
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   "licence": "Public domain",
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   "file": "File:Interior of a dugout.jpg",
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   "caption": "IWM caption : \" THE THIRD BATTLE OF YPRES (PASSCHENDAELE) 31 JULY - 10 NOVEMBER 1917. Interior of a dugout occupied by officers of the 105th Howitzer battery of the 4th Brigade. Three officers are looking at papers in the light of two candles on an upturned box\". Comment : This refers to the Austral",
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   "caption": "The Battle of Passchendaele, July-november 1917 Battle of the Menin Road Ridge. Troops of the 13th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry digging out wounded from their Regimental Aid Post near Zillebeke after the position had be hit by German artillery fire, 20 September 1917",
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   "caption": "The Battle of Passchendaele, July-november 1917 Men of the 4th Battalion, Coldstream Guards sitting on a captured German howitzer (possibly 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze M.12) outside a German concrete blockhouse on the outskirts of Houlthulst Forest during the Battle of Poelcappelle, 9 October 1917",
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   "year": 1917,
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   "file": "File:\"Gas.\" Australian troops with respirators on posed for the camera in the advance trench, Garter Point, 4th Division (3007982262).jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%22Gas.%22_Australian_troops_with_respirators_on_posed_for_the_camera_in_the_advance_trench%2C_Garter_Point%2C_4th_Division_%283007982262%29.jpg/500px-%22Gas.%22_Australian_troops_with_respirators_on_posed_for_the_camera_in_the_advance_trench%2C_Garter_Point%2C_4th_Division_%283007982262%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "Collection of National Media Museum ( http://www.nationalmediamuseum.org.uk/photography/ ) We're happy for you to share this digital image within the spirit of The Commons. Certain restrictions on high quality reproductions of the original physical version of apply though; if you're unsure please vi",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Frank Hurley",
   "collection": null
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   "file": "File:A trench mortar firing - July 1917 - MIKAN 3521982.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_trench_mortar_firing_-_July_1917_-_MIKAN_3521982.jpg/500px-A_trench_mortar_firing_-_July_1917_-_MIKAN_3521982.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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   "caption": "A trench mortar firing, July 1917",
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   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
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   "file": "File:Canadian Gunners in action. October, 1917 - MIKAN 3522053.jpg",
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   "caption": "Canadian gunners in action, October 1917",
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   "collection": null
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   "file": "File:John Hines - AIF Souvenir King 1917.jpg",
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   "caption": "Private John \"Barney\" Hines of the Australian 45th Battalion surrounded by German equipment he looted during the Battle of Polygon Wood in September 1917. He is counting money stolen from German POWs, wearing a German Army field cap and sitting amidst German weapons and personal equipment",
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   "licence": "Public domain",
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   "file": "File:Second Battle of Passchendaele - Canadian Pioneers and German prisoners.jpg",
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   "caption": "German prisoners help to carry wounded Canadians away from the front, while Canadians bring forward duckboards or \"trench mats,\" made of wood overlaid with wire mesh",
   "year": 1917,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "n.d.",
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 ],
 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "passchendaele",
  "query": "Passchendaele",
  "from": "1917-07-31",
  "to": "1917-11-24",
  "total": 1183,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1917-10-04",
    "paper": "New Britain herald (New Britain, Conn.)",
    "place": "New Britain, Connecticut",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014519/1917-10-04/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... between Zonnebeke and Moorseled and [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] and Be claire. Further to the south, Cameron co vert, where there had been much hard fighting, was left well in the rear. Today's battle was along strong holds which comprised the crucially important system of German defenses along the [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]]-Cheluvelt ridge. The northern wing of the onrushlng British troops was battling forward this morning within a short distance of Poel-Cappele. It had a footing on the famous Gravenstafel ridge, which' juts out from the [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] ridge to the west, and had crushed through' the Zohneoeke-Broodselnde ridge, which 1 an integral part of the [[tag]]passchendaele[[/tag]]-Gheluvelt chain. PERSHING THERE. Watches Capture of Wilson, Taft and, Roosevelt Trenches. .American Training Quarters ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-10-31",
    "paper": "Grand Forks herald (Grand Forks, N.D.)",
    "place": "Grand Forks, North Dakota",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85042414/1917-10-31/ed-1/?sp=7",
    "snippet": "... defenses of the en emy's [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] system. It has been another proud day for Canada. Her troops this afternoon were sitting almost at the gates of [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] and from their posi tions astride the Broodseinde-Pass chendael? highway along the ridge they could see, only four hundred yards away,- the .'treat church which .stands in the center of the village. While the Canadians were battling their way forward here in the face of fierce resistance from the Bavar ians, comrades on their left were hammering thfeir way along the Meet cheele or Bellevue spur to points which seem to have carried them well beyond the. hamlet of Meeteheele and the numerous machine gun defenses with which ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-11-06",
    "paper": "Daily capital journal (Salem, Oregon)",
    "place": "Salem, Oregon",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn99063957/1917-11-06/ed-1/?sp=6",
    "snippet": "tne neighborhood of [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]].\" It was Ins eighth smash forward since September 2U and iu this same gen eral sector out of Vpres. Presumably Haig has driven forward to take the last remaining butt of the [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] ridge held but the Ger mans. \"Local attacks\" reported a week ago, carried tho British to the very out skirts of the city of [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]]. Be yond the city there is only about a mile and a half of ridge, extending to Westrooscbeke, yet held by the enemy. All the remainder of the high ground, j E1(lpr c w Flft. idont r thc including about seven miles or the bon- nobeke lid [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] ridges, has f,olth ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-11-08",
    "paper": "Daily Kennebec journal (Augusta, Me.)",
    "place": "Augusta, Maine",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014248/1917-11-08/ed-1/?sp=4",
    "snippet": "Canadians Drive Huns Over [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] Ridge to Plain Canadian Headquarters in France, Nov. 7.—(By the Canadian Press, Ltd.) Over [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] ridge into the mud of the far-reaching Roulers plain. 'anada has driven the Hun. This ait ernoon the men of the Dominion are well established on the crest with Pass chendaele in their hands ami with it a good-sized semi-circle of captured ground. Our wounded are coming down the line exhausted and covered with mud. but .lubilant. With them are coming German prisoners, dazed from the terrific artillery bombardment, worn out from their experiences of the last few hours, and despondent at the loss of [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] but glad to be removed from the winter ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-11-08",
    "paper": "Der Deutsche correspondent (Baltimore, Md.)",
    "place": "Baltimore, Maryland",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045081/1917-11-08/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... gewaltigen Trommelsener zum Angriff auf [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] vor, von Poelcappelle bis zur Zypern Ron lers Balm, vor und gegen die Höhen von Becelaere und Ghelnvet. Nördlich von [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] brach der Angriff unter innerem Feuer zu sanuncn. Der Feind drang in den Ort ein, doch wurde der östliche Theil des Torfes ihm nach einem heftigen .Kampfe wieder entrissen. Gegen Mittag schickte der Feind frische Trap pen ins Treffen, war aber nur im Stande, seinen Gewinn in der Nähe von [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] in beschränkter Weise zu erweitern. Ein mit starten Truppen gegen die Höhen von Beeelere und Ghelnvelt gerichteter Angriff wurde zum groß ten Theil vor unseren Linien abge wiesen. Solche der Feinde, die in unsere Linien eindrangen, wurden ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-11-14",
    "paper": "The washington times (washington [d.c.])",
    "place": "Washington, District Of Columbia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026749/1917-11-14/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... carry out Hlndenburs's orders to.retaka [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] or break the- British grip on the [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] ridge. Field Marshal Halg today reported that \"following Increased enemy artlUerying, the enemy attacked yes terday afternoon and were complete ly repulsed.\" Ha looated the German thrust as \"north of the [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]].\" \"JCast Be Betakes.\" This counter-attack Is, the first of any considerable strtngth which the Germans have launched sines Hags successful two drives, of last week. From document captured on Ger man, prisoners. It Is Kxown that Field Marshal Hlndenburg has Issued or ders that [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] must be re taken at all costs. The city Is. the crown of the rldga of the same name, and the ridge dominates the ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-11-16",
    "paper": "The Ocala evening star (Ocala, Fla.)",
    "place": "Ocala, Florida",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84027621/1917-11-16/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... Sustained Effort to Re fake [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] Resulted in a Bloody Failure (Associated Press) With the British Army in Bel gium, Wednesday The forces of Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria have made their first pretentious ef fort to regain [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] village m accordance with the edict of Field Marshal von Hindenburg that the place' should be recaptured, and have failed. The enemy's attack made late yes- terday on the crest of the ridge north of Hamlet was attempted with large forces, but the assaulting troops were hurled back, leaving the Brit ish line east of [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]] intact. Most of the Germans were halted by the British barrage, but some of them successfully passed this rain of ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1917-11-21",
    "paper": "The Laurens advertiser (Laurens, S.C.)",
    "place": "Laurens, South Carolina",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93067760/1917-11-21/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... in the vicin ity of [[tag]]Passchendaele[[/tag]]. Furthi' er ptions of -the enemy's defenses on the main ridge north of the village, including a strongly fortified farm, were captured by us. We also took a number of pris oners. \"West of the locauty also we' hate adlvatned our' lines slightly at certin pointe. The enemy's artillery again htas been active throughout the night on the battle firont. The German shell ing has .been particularly sevetre :nu the Penanhendanta sector, APTER THE COLD WALK HOME The g&Winig comfort dispensed by the Perfection Oil Heater is mighty welcome. II ?I ;;j:!:1..... It lights instantly, warms any ordinary v_;, room in no time, and is easily carried wherever it ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}