{
 "slug": "piave-1918",
 "title": "Second Battle of the Piave River",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "15–23 June 1918",
 "start": "1918-06-15",
 "end": "1918-06-23",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I",
 "place": {
  "name": "Venetia, Italy: the Piave from the Montello to the sea, with the Asiago (Sette Comuni) plateau and Monte Grappa in the mountains to the west; coordinates are for Nervesa, below the Montello",
  "lat": 45.825,
  "lon": 12.208,
  "wikidata": "Q662947"
 },
 "lede": "In June 1918 Austria-Hungary threw almost everything it had at Italy, in the mountains and across the Piave at once. Forewarned, the Italians and their allies held; the flooded river did the rest. It was the Habsburg army's last offensive.",
 "result": "Decisive Italian and Allied defensive victory; Austro-Hungarian withdrawal across the Piave",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Austro-Hungarian South-West Front: Army Group Conrad (Tenth and Eleventh Armies) and Army Group Boroević (Sixth and Isonzo Armies)",
   "commanders": [
    "Emperor Karl I",
    "Arthur Arz von Straussenburg (chief of the general staff)",
    "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf (Army Group Tyrol)",
    "Svetozar Boroević von Bojna (Army Group Piave)",
    "Archduke Joseph (Sixth Army)",
    "Freiherr von Wurm (Isonzo Army)",
    "Count Scheuchenstuel (Eleventh Army)",
    "Ludwig Goiginger (XXIV Corps, on the Montello)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 946000,
    "low": 946000,
    "high": 946000,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 118042,
    "low": 118042,
    "high": 143000,
    "source": "s5"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Italian army, with the British and French contingents in Italy",
   "commanders": [
    "Armando Diaz (chief of staff, Comando Supremo)",
    "General Pennella (Eighth Army, on the Montello)",
    "the Earl of Cavan (British forces in Italy)",
    "General Graziani (French forces in Italy)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 965000,
    "low": 965000,
    "high": 965000,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 87181,
    "low": 84830,
    "high": 87181,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "After Caporetto the Italian army had fallen back to the Piave and Monte Grappa, and over the winter Armando Diaz rebuilt it. Stragglers were gathered into new divisions, rations and pay were raised, Arditi assault units were formed, and Allied officers helped introduce an elastic defence and better use of artillery and aircraft. British and French divisions had come to Italy in the autumn; by June three British and two French were still there.\n\nRussia's exit from the war freed Austro-Hungarian divisions, guns and aircraft for Italy. In March Hindenburg asked for an offensive there, to stop the Allies moving troops from Italy to France, and Arz von Straussenburg, the Austro-Hungarian chief of staff, promised one with everything the army had. The question was where. Conrad, now commanding the army group in the Tyrol, wanted to come down from the Asiago plateau and Monte Grappa onto the plain behind the Piave line. Boroević, on the Piave, was at heart against any offensive, but insisted that if there was one it should fall on his front. Arz and his operations chief Waldstätten preferred the Piave, and Emperor Karl agreed with each in turn.\n\nThe result was a compromise: two attacks of roughly equal weight, Conrad's in the mountains (Operation Radetzky) and Boroević's across the river towards Treviso (Operation Albrecht), with a diversion at the Tonale Pass. Neither commander got the divisions he asked for. The army was hungry, the home front near famine, and the troops were told they would find food in the Italian depots. On 13 June Boroević warned that the Piave was rising and asked for a three-day delay, but the Tonale diversion had begun and the date stood.",
  "forces": "By the Austrian official count, the South-West Front sent 642 battalions, about 8,700 machine guns, 6,833 guns and 280 aircraft against 725 Italian, British and French battalions with 7,550 guns and 524 aircraft. Conrad's Tenth and Eleventh Armies held the mountains. Boroević had the Sixth Army under Archduke Joseph opposite the Montello and the Isonzo Army under Wurm from there to the sea. Four divisions in general reserve could in practice reach only the Piave.\n\nOn the Asiago plateau the British 23rd and 48th Divisions each held about 4,000 yards, with the 7th Division resting on the plain. Both front-line divisions were weakened by influenza, and in one brigade of the 48th, companies of 250 were down to 65–85 men. Two French divisions held the line on the British right. Behind the whole front Diaz had a large reserve, and interior lines let him move it faster than the Austrians could move theirs.\n\nQuality now favoured the defence. The Austro-Hungarian soldiers were underfed and short of ammunition, and desertion and nationalist propaganda were spreading. Their aircraft were outdated and outnumbered. The Italians had British gas masks, which made the Austrian gas nearly useless, and ample shells. In the mountains the Austrians faced dense woods where shells brought down trees but left machine-gun nests intact. On the river they had to bridge a wide, braided bed of gravel banks and channels, overlooked from the Montello.",
  "course": "**Forewarning, 13–15 June.** The Tonale diversion of 13 June collapsed on its first day. The Allies knew the hour of the main attack from deserters, prisoners and taps on Austrian field telephones; shortly before it, three Austrian officers walked into the British lines with their servants carrying their portmanteaux. On the plateau the French opened counter-battery fire at 23:45 on 14 June, and Italian guns followed after midnight. The Austrian bombardment, with gas, began at 03:00 along the whole front. It was largely unregistered, and the gas had deteriorated.\n\n**Asiago and Monte Grappa, 15–16 June.** Austro-Hungarian infantry came out of the mist against the British at about 07:00. The 23rd Division lost both its flanks and had them back by mid-afternoon. The 48th was broken into at several points: an ammunition dump at Handley Cross blew up, and the weak 1/5th Gloucestershire gave up to 1,000 yards. Counter-attacks at 14:00 and at 04:30 on the 16th restored the line. The French threw back their attackers by fire alone. Further east the Austrians broke into the Italian XIII Corps to a depth of one to two miles. On Monte Grappa five Austrian divisions attacked seven Italian and gained a little ground. In the night of 15–16 June Major Giovanni Messe's IX Assault Battalion and the Basilicata Brigade retook Col Moschin. By the evening of the 15th Conrad's offensive had failed. Cavan and Graziani asked to pursue and were refused, as the reserves were needed on the Piave.\n\n**Across the Piave, 15 June.** Fog and smoke filled the valley, and the Austrians crossed by boat and pontoon almost unharmed. Goiginger's XXIV Corps crossed north of Nervesa and by early afternoon held the eastern end of the Montello. The RAF, diverted from the clouded mountains, bombed the bridges: about 13:00 nine Camels of No. 45 Squadron hit two pontoons, and later No. 66 Squadron broke the upper bridge, whose loose pontoons carried away the lower one. Downstream the XVI Corps failed at Papadopoli island; the IV Corps' two Honvéd divisions won a footing and were pushed back to the bank; the VII Corps took Zenson and 2,400 prisoners; and Csicserics's XXIII Corps took a bridgehead three miles wide at San Donà.\n\n**The flood, 16–18 June.** The 16th was wasted: Boroević issued no orders. Heavy rain then turned the Piave into a torrent. Debris from broken bridges tore through those downstream, a pontoon round trip took four and a half hours, and supplies were dropped from aircraft. The Austrians still enlarged and joined their lower bridgeheads, but by the 18th only 85 light guns had crossed to the Montello. Sure that the mountain attacks had failed, Diaz moved his reserves to the river. On the 19th Boroević told the Emperor at Spilimbergo that the battle should be broken off. 'But Conrad wants it', Karl replied.\n\n**Counter-attack and retreat, 19–23 June.** Pennella's Eighth Army, reinforced by the XXII and XXX Corps, bombarded the Montello from 14:00 on the 19th and attacked at 15:30. It took Nervesa and lost it again on the 20th, and at 14:00 Pennella called off the attack. At 19:16 that evening Arz ordered Boroević back across the river. On the night of 22–23 June the Montello was evacuated undetected; the first Italian patrols reached the bank at 06:45. Only the XXIII Corps' rearguards at San Donà were caught, on the evening of the 23rd. Hundreds of men drowned recrossing the swollen river at night.",
  "aftermath": "The attackers lost about 118,000 killed, wounded and missing, or some 143,000 with the sick; the Italians and their allies about 85,000–87,000, about half of them prisoners. Diaz did not pursue across the river. His formations were intermixed after a week of fighting, and an advance over the Piave would have faced the same problems that had beaten the Austrians. Foch pressed him to attack, and he refused. Smaller actions recovered the Col del Rosso at the end of June and the ground between the old and new courses of the Piave in early July.\n\nItaly celebrated the battle, which d'Annunzio named the 'battle of the solstice', as a deliverance; 15 June is still the Italian artillery's day. Hemingway was wounded near Fossalta, and the ace Francesco Baracca was killed over the Montello. For Austria-Hungary it was the beginning of the end. Desertion soared, Vienna ran out of flour, and Conrad was removed on 14 July. Germany asked for Austrian divisions for the Western Front and received two. The Americans decided they need not send combat troops to Italy. Four months later the army that had failed on the Piave broke at Vittorio Veneto.\n\nThe arguments are about the plan and the bridges. The British official history blames the equal split between Conrad and Boroević and credits the RAF's bombing of the Montello bridges. The Austrian official account blames the flood. Rauchensteiner blames an army that could no longer match its enemies in modern war.",
  "wargaming": "The battle offers a large operational game and several sharp tactical ones. At division scale, with daily turns, the whole front from Asiago to the sea fits on one map, and the central problem is the Austrian player's: two army groups, a reserve that can only reach one of them, and too few trains and too little food for either. The Italian player's problem is the mirror image: knowing that the blow is coming, when should the reserves leave the mountains for the river?\n\nThe Piave itself should be the most important rule. River level should rise unpredictably from the second day; bridges should be fragile, and vulnerable to artillery, air attack and debris from bridges upstream. Supply across the river should be counted. The Montello is the key terrain: it overlooks the whole plain, and whoever holds it covers or commands the crossings. The Italian forewarning can be modelled as free counter-preparation fire before the assault.\n\nAt battalion level, the 48th Division's fight in the Asiago woods on 15–16 June makes an excellent mist-bound scenario, with influenza-weakened British battalions, broken communications and counter-attacks led by whoever is at hand.\n\nThe what-ifs: concentrate on one axis, as Waldstätten's plan between the Montello and the Brenta would have done; accept Boroević's three-day postponement; give Goiginger the two reserve divisions Boroević asked for; or let Cavan and Graziani pursue on 16 June."
 },
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "File:Battle of the Piave River 1918.jpg",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "The Austro-Hungarian offensive of June 1918 on the Asiago plateau, Monte Grappa and the Piave, from the West Point atlas of Stamps and Esposito.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Battle_of_the_Piave_River_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Battle_of_the_Piave_River_1918.jpg/960px-Battle_of_the_Piave_River_1918.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Piave_River_1918.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "T. Dodson Stamps and Vincent J. Esposito",
   "credit": "http://www.firstworldwar.com/maps/graphics/maps_44_italy_piave.jpg",
   "width": 3954
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Avstro-ogrski pantonski mostovi čez Piavo med bitko na reki Piavi.jpg",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "Austro-Hungarian pontoon bridges over the Piave, June 1918.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Avstro-ogrski_pantonski_mostovi_%C4%8Dez_Piavo_med_bitko_na_reki_Piavi.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Avstro-ogrski_pantonski_mostovi_%C4%8Dez_Piavo_med_bitko_na_reki_Piavi.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Avstro-ogrski_pantonski_mostovi_%C4%8Dez_Piavo_med_bitko_na_reki_Piavi.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "credit": "This image is available from the Kamra portal under the reference number 10983 . This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.",
   "width": 777
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Umik avstro-ogrske vojske čez reko Piavo.jpg",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "Austro-Hungarian troops withdrawing across the Piave, June 1918.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Umik_avstro-ogrske_vojske_%C4%8Dez_reko_Piavo.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Umik_avstro-ogrske_vojske_%C4%8Dez_reko_Piavo.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Umik_avstro-ogrske_vojske_%C4%8Dez_reko_Piavo.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "credit": "This image is available from the Kamra portal under the reference number 10981 . This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.",
   "width": 800
  },
  {
   "file": "File:WWI - Second Battle of the Piave River - Italian first line on the Montello above Bavaria.jpg",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "The Italian front line on the Montello, above the river at Bavaria.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/WWI_-_Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River_-_Italian_first_line_on_the_Montello_above_Bavaria.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/WWI_-_Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River_-_Italian_first_line_on_the_Montello_above_Bavaria.jpg/960px-WWI_-_Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River_-_Italian_first_line_on_the_Montello_above_Bavaria.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WWI_-_Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River_-_Italian_first_line_on_the_Montello_above_Bavaria.jpg",
   "licence": "CC BY 2.5",
   "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5",
   "artist": "Italian Army",
   "credit": "https://www.esercito.difesa.it/comunicazione/Pagine/solstizio-gallery.aspx",
   "width": 998
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Armando Diaz.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "General Armando Diaz, Italian chief of staff.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Armando_Diaz.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Armando_Diaz.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Armando_Diaz.jpg",
   "licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
   "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
   "artist": "Ray Mentzer (atominfo@aol.com)",
   "credit": "Photos of the Great War",
   "width": 400
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Svetozar Boroëvić von Bojna 1914.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Field Marshal Svetozar Boroević von Bojna, commander of the army group on the Piave, about 1913.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Svetozar_Boro%C3%ABvi%C4%87_von_Bojna_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Svetozar_Boro%C3%ABvi%C4%87_von_Bojna_1914.jpg/960px-Svetozar_Boro%C3%ABvi%C4%87_von_Bojna_1914.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Svetozar_Boro%C3%ABvi%C4%87_von_Bojna_1914.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress)",
   "credit": "This image is available from the United States Library of Congress 's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3c22357 . This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing .",
   "width": 2174
  },
  {
   "file": "File:HOTZENDORF, GEN. CONRAD VON. GENERAL STAFF, GERMANY (cropped).jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, commander of the army group in the Tyrol, removed after the battle.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/HOTZENDORF%2C_GEN._CONRAD_VON._GENERAL_STAFF%2C_GERMANY_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/HOTZENDORF%2C_GEN._CONRAD_VON._GENERAL_STAFF%2C_GERMANY_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-HOTZENDORF%2C_GEN._CONRAD_VON._GENERAL_STAFF%2C_GERMANY_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HOTZENDORF,_GEN._CONRAD_VON._GENERAL_STAFF,_GERMANY_(cropped).jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Harris & Ewing Collection",
   "credit": "Library of Congress Catalog: https://lccn.loc.gov/2016865966 Image download: https://cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/hec/05000/05086v.jpg Original url: https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2016865966/",
   "width": 5934
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Second Battle of the Piave River",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "Battaglia del solstizio (Italian Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_del_solstizio",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "J. E. Edmonds and H. R. Davies, Military Operations, Italy 1915–1919 (History of the Great War based on official documents; HMSO, 1949), chapters XIV–XVI",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/mil-ops-italy-edmonds",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "Stefano Marcuzzi, 'Piave, Battles of', 1914-1918-online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War (2016)",
   "url": "https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/piave_battles_of",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Manfried Rauchensteiner, The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918 (Böhlau, 2014), chapter 29, 'The June Battle in Veneto', pp. 911–926",
   "url": "https://austria-forum.org/web-books/en/firstworldwar01en2014isds/000925",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "J. Rickard, 'Battle of Piave, 15–23 June 1918', HistoryOfWar.org (2001)",
   "url": "https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_piave.html",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "Micheal Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts, 4th ed. (McFarland, 2017), p. 419",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Spencer C. Tucker (ed.), World War I: Encyclopedia, vol. 1 (ABC-CLIO, 2005), p. 919",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Giacomo Baj-Macario, Giugno 1918 (1934)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s10",
   "title": "Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914–1918, vol. VII (Austrian official history; Vienna, 1938)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  }
 ],
 "cdb90": [
  384
 ],
 "order": 147,
 "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/piave-1918/",
 "oob": [],
 "oob_lwtv": [],
 "scenarios": [],
 "orbat": null,
 "orbat_lwtv": null,
 "reading": {
  "prose": [
   {
    "work_id": "ia:scenesfromitalys00trev_0",
    "title": "Scenes from Italy's war",
    "in": null,
    "author": "George Macaulay Trevelyan",
    "life": "1876–1962",
    "year": 1919,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/scenesfromitalys00trev_0",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 4,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/scenes-from-italy-s-war-35721e/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:46567",
    "title": "The flying spy",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Camillo De Carlo",
    "life": "1892–1968",
    "year": 1919,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46567",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-flying-spy-faa3b9/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:mydiaryofgreatwa0000plew",
    "title": "My diary of the Great War",
    "in": null,
    "author": "William Rothwell Plewman",
    "life": "1880–",
    "year": 1918,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/mydiaryofgreatwa0000plew",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/my-diary-of-the-great-war-6e334d/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:liaisonofficeritaly",
    "title": "Diary of a Liaison Officer in Italy 1918 [British Army]",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Cyril H-Goldsmid",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1920,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/liaisonofficeritaly",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/diary-of-a-liaison-officer-in-italy-1918-british-army-39170b/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:machineguncorpsrussell",
    "title": "With the Machine Gun Corps from Grantham to Cologne [1923, British Army]",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Arthur Russell",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1923,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/machineguncorpsrussell",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/with-the-machine-gun-corps-from-grantham-to-cologne-1923-bri-341fd3/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:recollectionsprisonerofwar",
    "title": "Recollections of a Prisoner of War [1930, British POW in Germany)",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Lord Phillimore",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1930,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/recollectionsprisonerofwar",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/recollections-of-a-prisoner-of-war-1930-british-pow-in-germa-84ffe7/"
   }
  ],
  "history": [
   {
    "work_id": "ia:mil-ops-italy-edmonds",
    "title": "Military Operations, Italy 1915-1919",
    "in": null,
    "author": "James E. Edmonds",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1949,
    "kind": "official history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/mil-ops-italy-edmonds",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 26,
    "official": true,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/military-operations-italy-1915-1919-035880/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:in.ernet.dli.2015.210685",
    "title": "Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, vol. 3",
    "in": null,
    "author": "James E. Edmonds",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1939,
    "kind": "official history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210685",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "official": true,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/military-operations-france-and-belgium-1918-vol-3-8f8b14/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:military-operations-macedonia-vol-2",
    "title": "Military Operations, Macedonia, vol. 2",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Cyril Falls",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1935,
    "kind": "official history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/military-operations-macedonia-vol-2",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "official": true,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/military-operations-macedonia-vol-2-2b3681/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:americanarmiesba00wash",
    "title": "American Armies and Battlefields in Europe",
    "in": null,
    "author": "American Battle Monuments Commission",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1938,
    "kind": "official history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/americanarmiesba00wash",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 0,
    "official": true,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/american-armies-and-battlefields-in-europe-d0a1c8/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:warinairbeingsto06rale",
    "title": "The War in the Air, vol. 6",
    "in": null,
    "author": "H. A. Jones",
    "life": null,
    "year": 1922,
    "kind": "official history",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/warinairbeingsto06rale",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": false,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 0,
    "official": true,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-war-in-the-air-vol-6-a10e5d/"
   }
  ],
  "fiction": [
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:60719",
    "title": "The Lonely Warrior",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Claude C. Washburn",
    "life": "1883–1926",
    "year": 1922,
    "kind": "novel",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60719",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-lonely-warrior-921dfa/"
   }
  ],
  "poetry": []
 },
 "reading_lwtv": {
  "prose": [],
  "poetry": []
 },
 "photos": [
  {
   "file": "File:The Battle of the Piave River, June 1918 Q19085.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Battle_of_the_Piave_River%2C_June_1918_Q19085.jpg/500px-The_Battle_of_the_Piave_River%2C_June_1918_Q19085.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Piave_River,_June_1918_Q19085.jpg",
   "caption": "The Battle of the Piave River, June 1918 Admiral Marsole, in command of the Italian Marines on the Piave River, chatting with a British journalist",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Royal Navy official photographer",
   "collection": "IWM"
  },
  {
   "file": "File:2. gorski strelski polk na reki Piavi.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/2._gorski_strelski_polk_na_reki_Piavi.jpg/500px-2._gorski_strelski_polk_na_reki_Piavi.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2._gorski_strelski_polk_na_reki_Piavi.jpg",
   "caption": "Vojaki 2. gorskega strelskega polka v času hudih vojaških spopadov z italijansko vojsko na reki Piavi (junij 1918)",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Bojišče na reki Piavi (1).jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Boji%C5%A1%C4%8De_na_reki_Piavi_%281%29.jpg/500px-Boji%C5%A1%C4%8De_na_reki_Piavi_%281%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boji%C5%A1%C4%8De_na_reki_Piavi_(1).jpg",
   "caption": "Bojišče na reki Piavi po Piavi. Bitka na reki Piavi je trajala osem dni, vreme je bilo deževno, ranjencev in mrtvih ogromno",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Dovažanje streliva ob Piavi.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dova%C5%BEanje_streliva_ob_Piavi.jpg/500px-Dova%C5%BEanje_streliva_ob_Piavi.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dova%C5%BEanje_streliva_ob_Piavi.jpg",
   "caption": "Dovažanje streliva ob Piavi",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:July 1918 - Arditi after Italian offensive at Piave, Begin 1918 voerde Italië elite-afdelingen in het leger in, de 'arditi, Bestanddeelnr 22061 074.tif",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/July_1918_-_Arditi_after_Italian_offensive_at_Piave%2C_Begin_1918_voerde_Itali%C3%AB_elite-afdelingen_in_het_leger_in%2C_de_%27arditi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_22061_074.tif/lossy-page1-500px-July_1918_-_Arditi_after_Italian_offensive_at_Piave%2C_Begin_1918_voerde_Itali%C3%AB_elite-afdelingen_in_het_leger_in%2C_de_%27arditi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_22061_074.tif.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:July_1918_-_Arditi_after_Italian_offensive_at_Piave,_Begin_1918_voerde_Itali%C3%AB_elite-afdelingen_in_het_leger_in,_de_%27arditi,_Bestanddeelnr_22061_074.tif",
   "caption": "Collectie / Archief: Fotocollectie Spaarnestad Onderwerpen Reportage / Serie: Deelnemende partijen, vrijwilligers W.O.I Beschrijving: July 1918 - Arditi after Italian offensive at Piave / Begin 1918 voerde Italië elite-afdelingen in het leger in, de 'arditi\". De leden daarvan waren meestal studenten",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "CC0",
   "artist": "Mondadori Press",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Na nasipih reke Piave.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Na_nasipih_reke_Piave.jpg/500px-Na_nasipih_reke_Piave.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Na_nasipih_reke_Piave.jpg",
   "caption": "Zaradi obilnega deževja je reka Piava močno narasla in postala deroča, kar je otežilo preskrbo avstro-ogrskih enot (junij 1918)",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Opustošenje po hudih bojih med avstro-ogrsko in italijansko vojsko na reki Piavi.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Opusto%C5%A1enje_po_hudih_bojih_med_avstro-ogrsko_in_italijansko_vojsko_na_reki_Piavi.jpg/500px-Opusto%C5%A1enje_po_hudih_bojih_med_avstro-ogrsko_in_italijansko_vojsko_na_reki_Piavi.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Opusto%C5%A1enje_po_hudih_bojih_med_avstro-ogrsko_in_italijansko_vojsko_na_reki_Piavi.jpg",
   "caption": "Opustošenje po hudih, odločilnih bojih med avstro-ogrsko in italijansko vojsko na reki Piavi poleti leta 1918",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Prehod avstro-ogrske vojske čez Piavo.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Prehod_avstro-ogrske_vojske_%C4%8Dez_Piavo.jpg/500px-Prehod_avstro-ogrske_vojske_%C4%8Dez_Piavo.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prehod_avstro-ogrske_vojske_%C4%8Dez_Piavo.jpg",
   "caption": "Prehod avstro-ogrske vojske čez Piavo",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Pripadnika 27. domobranskega pehotnega polka na Piavi.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pripadnika_27._domobranskega_pehotnega_polka_na_Piavi.jpg/500px-Pripadnika_27._domobranskega_pehotnega_polka_na_Piavi.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pripadnika_27._domobranskega_pehotnega_polka_na_Piavi.jpg",
   "caption": "stotnik Maks Reš in njegov nečak Leopold Stemberger, pripadnika 27. domobranskega pehotnega polka na Piavi",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Sestreljeno letalo ob Piavi.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sestreljeno_letalo_ob_Piavi.jpg/500px-Sestreljeno_letalo_ob_Piavi.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sestreljeno_letalo_ob_Piavi.jpg",
   "caption": "Sestreljeno letalo ob Piavi",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:URN NBN SI IMG-FO9CH6FC.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/URN_NBN_SI_IMG-FO9CH6FC.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:URN_NBN_SI_IMG-FO9CH6FC.jpg",
   "caption": "Obešeni Čehi ob Piavi",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Vojaki 2. gorskega strelskega polka v zaledju pred zaključnimi boji na reki Piavi.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vojaki_2._gorskega_strelskega_polka_v_zaledju_pred_zaklju%C4%8Dnimi_boji_na_reki_Piavi.jpg/500px-Vojaki_2._gorskega_strelskega_polka_v_zaledju_pred_zaklju%C4%8Dnimi_boji_na_reki_Piavi.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vojaki_2._gorskega_strelskega_polka_v_zaledju_pred_zaklju%C4%8Dnimi_boji_na_reki_Piavi.jpg",
   "caption": "Vojaki 2. gorskega strelskega polka v zaledju pred zaključnimi boji na reki Piavi",
   "year": 1918,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  }
 ],
 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "piave-1918",
  "query": "Piave River",
  "from": "1918-06-15",
  "to": "1918-07-07",
  "total": 1024,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1918-06-17",
    "paper": "Arizona republican (Phoenix, Ariz.)",
    "place": "Phoenix, Arizona",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84020558/1918-06-17/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... Monte Grappa and along the [[tag]]Piave river[[/tag]]. \"At many points the Ital ians forestalled the offensive. No where has there been any surprise. Three Austrian airplanes were downed over the [[tag]]Piave river[[/tag]] by one fiyer. Hold at Any Cost Republican A. P. Leased Wire ITALIAN HEADQUARTERS IN NORTHERN ITALY, June 15. \"Hold at any cost\" is the word that has been passed to the Italian troops as the Austrian offensive appears to develop all along the line of 117 miles, with the use of gas and special liquid bombs. The long comparative silence by the Austrians was broken precisely at 3:05 o'ciock this morning by a violent can nonade, the sounds of which reaciirrl the ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-18",
    "paper": "The Evening Missourian (Columbia, Mo.)",
    "place": "Columbia, Missouri",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn89066315/1918-06-18/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... they have advanced along the [[tag]]Piave River[[/tag]] front The Austrlans are using 7500 can non of all calibers In the Montello area on the Upper [[tag]]Piave[[/tag]] they seem to have gained a foothold on the west bank of the [[tag]]river[[/tag]] North of Zenson Loop and to Capo Slle lewer down they also have moved westward The greatest gain does not exceed two or three miles The line In the mountainous sector of the upper reaches of the Brenta has not been broken There are hints of a counter-offensive west of Lake Garda in reports from Italy A success there would isolate the Austrian forces fighting east of Lake Garda and turn the right flank of ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-19",
    "paper": "The daily banner (Cambridge, Md.)",
    "place": "Cambridge, Maryland",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn88065731/1918-06-19/ed-1/?sp=4",
    "snippet": "... at Candela (on the 1/ [[tag]]Piave river[[/tag]]) renewed atfemp’s to es S taldisit new openings on the right bank j of the [[tag]]river[[/tag]] were sanguinarily repnls ed. “From Folsata to Capo Sile the struggle raged without pause. -On the northern edge of the Mon tello we strengthened our occupation on the [[tag]]river[[/tag]] as far as Gassa-eri na “Tn the afternoon the en my front the northeastern salient on the mo to delivered two attacks. The firs' was arrested to the east of a line nor h east of Giaveru. The second was sop ped immediately south of the Scauro- San Andrea railway. “In the Grappa region we repulsed enemy attacks ami carried suc cessful raids, ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-21",
    "paper": "The Elbert County tribune (Elbert, Elbert County, Colo.)",
    "place": "Elbert, Colorado",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn90051300/1918-06-21/ed-1/?sp=4",
    "snippet": "... trlan troops which forced the [[tag]]Piave river[[/tag]] have been driven back. The fighting along the [[tag]]river[[/tag]] is most in tense. Nowhere else along the front of attack has the struggle been so se vere as on the [[tag]]Piave[[/tag]] rtrer. One of the most brilliant of the Ital ian actions was the defense of the Monte Moschin salient protecting the important Brenta position. Here' the Austrians suffered heavy losses, many of their machine guns being captured. The prisoners are ragged and 111-fed. Many of tnem are undersized youths. One of tnem remarked to the corre spondent that he had not Interest In the war. Not alone are the Italians and their British and French comrades in ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-22",
    "paper": "The public ledger (Maysville, Ky.)",
    "place": "Maysville, Kentucky",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85038022/1918-06-22/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... regained; where be crossed the [[tag]]Piave river[[/tag]] and apparently was threatening the plains with invasion, he now Is being sorely harassed at every point by the Italians. The battle is not a stalemate. In the mountains the Italians, British and French troops seemingly have the upper hand; along the [[tag]]Piave[[/tag]] from the Montelh nlateau to the mouth ol the [[tag]]river[[/tag]] east of Venice, the Italians notwithstanding vicious thrusts by the enemy here and there, apparent ly are gaining the upper hand. Fresh rains have turned the [[tag]]Piave river[[/tag]] Into a swirling yellow flood which moves silently but swiftly, dealing a fateful blow to the Aus trians on the western bank, tearing up the communication line ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-24",
    "paper": "Hickory daily record (Hickory, N.C.)",
    "place": "Hickory, North Carolina",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn91068423/1918-06-24/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... of the Austrian retreat. The [[tag]]Piave river[[/tag]] formerly emptied into the sea near Venice, but in recent years its course was changed to its pres mt location. In the first rush of the Austrian offensive, the enemy succeeded in crossing the old [[tag]]river[[/tag]] bed. From his place there the en emy has been made to retreat. The latest news' dispatches from the [[tag]]Piave river[[/tag]] front, sent out on Sunday, tell of Italian bombing ur.it.- being sent across the main stream of the [[tag]]Piave[[/tag]], which seems to ir.dati' that the attack is being There is every indication that the Austrian hunger offensive has been a forlorn hope for several days. The iffect of the defeat on ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-06-27",
    "paper": "Springfield weekly Republican (Springfield, Mass.)",
    "place": "Springfield, Massachusetts",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83020847/1918-06-27/ed-1/?sp=4",
    "snippet": "... BY DAY ITALY DRIVES AUSTRIA [[tag]]PIAVE RIVER[[/tag]] FLOOD HELPS Allies Elsewhere Keep Nibbling at the West German Front THURSDAY The Austrian offensive in the Ital ian theater is still in progress along the [[tag]]Piave river[[/tag]], but in the mountain region, after the sharp reaction by the Italian, British and French troops, who in counter-attacks pushed back the invader from the points he had reached in his initial rush, the enemy evidently is fearful of again trying out the mettle of the defenders. On the [[tag]]Piave[[/tag]], numerous attempts have been made by the Austrians to gain further bridge-heads on the western bank of the stream, but the Italians everywhere are holding them with their gunfire and ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1918-07-07",
    "paper": "Evening star (Washington, D.C.)",
    "place": "Washington, District Of Columbia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1918-07-07/ed-1/?sp=64",
    "snippet": "... is going on along the [[tag]]Piave river[[/tag]]. S F wuuucs Ul a uugvw. (Iullfu offlcili pbotofnipE CoSrlmt bj CiSerwood Undtr-ood.) 1 During the victorious Italian counter offensive Gen. Diaz, the Italian leader, has been the directing head of the forces. Photo shows him watching with field glasses the progress of a battle from the gardens of a villa over looking the [[tag]]Piave river[[/tag]]. (Italian ollrlal photofiaph. From Central Newa Photo Service.) The signal has been given that the e nemy is about to bombard the Italian posi tions on the [[tag]]Piave[[/tag]] with gas shells, and these Italian soldiers are waiting at their posts, gas masks in position. (Photo by Central News Photo Serrice.) This British ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}