{
 "slug": "salamanca",
 "title": "Battle of Salamanca",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1775–1815",
 "date_text": "22 July 1812",
 "start": "1812-07-22",
 "end": "1812-07-22",
 "war": "Napoleonic Wars",
 "cdb90_war": "THE NAPOLEONIC WARS",
 "place": {
  "name": "Los Arapiles, south of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain",
  "lat": 40.8892,
  "lon": -5.6247,
  "wikidata": "Q708580"
 },
 "lede": "On 22 July 1812 Wellington caught Marmont's Army of Portugal strung out along the heights south of Salamanca and broke its left wing in under an hour. The victory opened the road to Madrid and made Wellington's name as an attacking general.",
 "result": "Decisive Anglo-Portuguese victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Anglo-Portuguese army, with a Spanish division",
   "commanders": [
    "Earl of Wellington",
    "Sir Stapleton Cotton",
    "Marshal William Beresford"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 50000,
    "low": 46000,
    "high": 51939,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 5173,
    "low": 4762,
    "high": 5214,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "French Army of Portugal",
   "commanders": [
    "Marshal Auguste Marmont",
    "General Jean-Pierre Bonnet",
    "General Bertrand Clausel"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 48500,
    "low": 42000,
    "high": 49646,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 14000,
    "low": 12000,
    "high": 15000,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "By the summer of 1812 the war in Spain had turned in the Allies' favour. Wellington had taken Ciudad Rodrigo in January and Badajoz in April, the two fortresses that guarded the roads from Portugal into Spain. In May Hill destroyed the bridge at Almaraz on the Tagus, cutting the only direct link between Soult's army in Andalusia and Marmont's Army of Portugal in León. Napoleon was gathering his armies for Russia, and the French in Spain had lost experienced units to that campaign.\n\nWellington crossed the Agueda on 13 June and entered Salamanca, a major French depot, where three convents had been turned into forts. They surrendered on 27 June. Marmont had been counting on reinforcements from Caffarelli's Army of the North, but a British squadron under Sir Home Popham had appeared on the Biscay coast, and Spanish forces came down from the mountains to threaten Bilbao, so Caffarelli kept his infantry at home. Spanish troops from Galicia were blockading Astorga in Marmont's rear.\n\nFor most of July the two armies, each about 50,000 strong, manoeuvred against each other along the Douro and the Tormes, often marching in sight of each other, with Marmont repeatedly threatening Wellington's line of supply to Portugal. Wellington learned from an intercepted letter that King Joseph was marching from Madrid with about 13,000 more men to join Marmont. On 21 July both armies crossed the Tormes south of Salamanca. Wellington was preparing to fall back towards Ciudad Rodrigo, but he was still waiting for Marmont to make a mistake.",
  "forces": "Wellington's army was about 50,000 strong. Some 30,500 were British, including about 3,500 cavalry. Some 18,000 were Portuguese, about a third of the whole. They served as brigades inside the British divisions, as the independent brigades of Pack and Bradford, and as D'Urban's dragoons. Carlos de España's Spanish division added about 3,400 men. The army had seven infantry divisions and the Light Division. In Stapleton Cotton's cavalry, Le Marchant's heavy brigade (3rd and 4th Dragoons, 5th Dragoon Guards) had about 1,000 sabres, alongside Anson's light dragoons, the King's German Legion horse and the Portuguese. The Allies had between 54 and 62 guns: sources disagree.\n\nMarmont's Army of Portugal had about 48,500 men in eight infantry divisions, under Foy, Clausel, Ferey, Sarrut, Maucune, Brennier, Thomières and Bonnet, with Boyer's dragoons and Curto's light cavalry. It had 78 guns, more than Wellington. It was a veteran army, and for weeks in July it had outmanoeuvred Wellington and threatened his supply line. Its cavalry, however, was outnumbered.\n\nWellington's tactics relied on the reverse slope. Lines of infantry lay hidden behind crests, with skirmishers in front, until they rose to deliver volleys. Marmont, like Wellington, was trying to win by manoeuvre, without a pitched battle.",
  "course": "**Morning: the Arapiles.** At about 8 am French skirmishers, followed by Bonnet's whole division, came out of the woods south of the village of Arapiles and made for the Greater Arapile, an isolated flat-topped hill. Wellington sent the 7th Caçadores racing for it, but the French got there first. The British held the Lesser Arapile, within easy cannon-shot to the north. Through the late morning Wellington moved his reserves to the right, behind the ridges, out of French sight. Around midday he ordered the 1st and Light Divisions to attack the Greater Arapile, then cancelled the order on Beresford's advice.\n\n**Early afternoon: the French overextend.** From the Greater Arapile Marmont could see some of the movement behind the British line and the dust on the road to Ciudad Rodrigo. He took it for a retreat. A little before 2 pm he began to extend his left westward along a plateau about three miles long, towards the Pico de Miranda, to cut that road. Thomières led, with Maucune, Brennier and Clausel behind him. Foy and Ferey were still far to the east near Calvarisa de Arriba, and gaps opened between the divisions. By about 2 pm Pakenham's 3rd Division and D'Urban's Portuguese dragoons were waiting, hidden, in a dip near Aldea Tejada on the far right.\n\n**About 3.45 pm: Marmont falls.** Seeing the gap, Wellington rode to Pakenham and ordered him forward. At about the same time a shell from a British gun on the Lesser Arapile struck Marmont as he was going down to his horse, breaking his right arm and two ribs. Command passed to Bonnet, who was wounded in turn within the hour, and then to Clausel. The left wing went into the crisis without a commander.\n\n**About 4–5 pm: the left wing destroyed.** Pakenham and D'Urban struck the head of Thomières's column from the west. Thomières was killed and his division broken, and his 101st Line lost about 1,000 of its 1,449 men. At about 4.40 pm Leith's 5th Division and two brigades of Cole's 4th, with Bradford's Portuguese on their right, came over the crest against Maucune. Maucune had formed squares against the British cavalry, and Leith's volleys broke them. Le Marchant's heavy brigade then charged diagonally into the flank. It rode down two battalions of the 66th Line, then the 15th, and then broke the 22nd Line of Brennier's division as it was coming up. Le Marchant was killed in the mêlée. In less than an hour two French divisions had been destroyed and a third shattered.\n\n**About 5–7 pm: Clausel strikes back.** In the centre the attacks failed. Cole's 4th Division attacked Bonnet's division below the Greater Arapile while Pack's Portuguese assaulted the hill itself; a French battery on the summit helped throw both back, Pack's men losing 386. Clausel then counterattacked with his own and Bonnet's divisions, supported by Boyer's dragoons. They broke Cole's battered brigades and drove into the 6th Division. Beresford brought up Spry's Portuguese brigade, and Wellington committed Clinton's 6th Division and then the 1st and 7th. The counterattack was stopped, and the French army began to retreat.\n\n**Dusk: Ferey's rearguard.** Clausel ordered Ferey's division to hold the edge of the forest at all costs. Ferey formed a line three deep, with squares on its flanks. For nearly an hour it held off Clinton's 6th Division, which suffered the heaviest losses of any Allied division that day. Ferey was killed by a cannonball before the line finally broke. From 8 pm until 3 am the routed army streamed east across the bridge and ford at Alba de Tormes. Wellington sent his pursuit by another road, because he believed a Spanish garrison held the castle at Alba. España had withdrawn it without telling him.",
  "aftermath": "The Army of Portugal lost about 14,000 men, nearly 7,000 of them prisoners, along with 20 guns and two eagles. Thomières and Ferey were killed, and Marmont, Bonnet and Clausel were wounded. Wellington's losses were a little over 5,000, a third of them Portuguese; the 6th Division alone lost about 1,500. Allied losses among senior officers were also heavy: Le Marchant was killed, and Cotton, Leith, Cole, Beresford and Victor Alten were wounded. The next day the King's German Legion dragoons broke French infantry squares at Garcia Hernandez. Foy's division covered the retreat.\n\nThe Allies entered Madrid on 12 August, the first time since 1808 that the capital had been freed. King Joseph's government never recovered, and the French abandoned Andalusia for good. The victory did not decide the campaign. Wellington's siege of Burgos failed, and in the autumn, with French armies concentrating against him, he retreated to Portugal. But the battle changed his reputation from that of a cautious defensive general to that of a bold attacker. It also encouraged the British government to keep fighting in Spain.\n\nTwo arguments continue. One is how far Marmont's wound, rather than his own dispositions, lost the battle: Foy thought the left wing was already beaten. The other is whether the Spanish withdrawal from Alba de Tormes was a failure of nerve or a misunderstanding between allies. Two hills dominate the battlefield, which remains largely unchanged, with a memorial on the Greater Arapile and an interpretation centre in the village.",
  "wargaming": "Salamanca is a big battle that can be gamed whole. The decisive action took place on a front of about three miles, and most of it was over in a few hours, so a game at brigade level with 15- or 20-minute turns works. At battalion level, Pakenham against Thomières and Leith and Le Marchant against Maucune and Brennier make tight, self-contained scenarios.\n\nThe key terrain is the two Arapiles, which give artillery and observation; the long plateau running west to the Pico de Miranda; the dips and reverse slopes that hid Wellington's reserves; and the forest along the southern edge, which covered the French retreat to Alba.\n\nThe game turns on hidden movement and command friction. The French player should not see the Allied reserves until they move, so umpired or blind deployment helps. Marmont's wound and Bonnet's soon after can be modelled as a command gap of uncertain length on the French left. The French divisions arrive one by one, which rewards an Allied player who strikes each in turn. Le Marchant's charge shows heavy cavalry used well against infantry already engaged by other infantry.\n\nThe obvious what-ifs: Marmont stays unhurt and stops Maucune and Thomières in time; Foy and Ferey close up earlier; Wellington's midday attack on the Greater Arapile goes ahead; or the Spanish hold the bridge at Alba, trapping Clausel against the Tormes. A campaign game could also include Joseph's reinforcements, which were days away."
 },
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   "file": "File:Batalha de Salamanca.png",
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   "caption": "The map is labeled SALAMANCA FORTS and shows the French forts in the city of Salamanca, Spain that were forced to surrender in a siege that ended on 27 June 1812. Published in 1914 by Charles Oman in A History of the Peninsular War - Volume 5",
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  "slug": "salamanca",
  "query": "Salamanca",
  "from": "1812-07-22",
  "to": "1812-10-20",
  "total": 67,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1812-08-14",
    "paper": "Martinsburgh gazette (Martinsburgh, Va. [W. Va.])",
    "place": "Martinsburg, West Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84038455/1812-08-14/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... learn, that Lord Wellington entered [[tag]]Salamanca[[/tag]] the 16th June Marmont was retiring to Valla dolid. No action of consequence had tak en place after the fall of Had*joz. Poulson's Amer. D. Adver. Simultaneous Acts.—It is singular that the iders in council should be repealed on the day that the declaration of war was pas sed. Boston, July 11. Mobbing....Similar scenes to those lately ex hibited in Baltimore, are now transacting in Charleston. Mr. Willington, proprietor of the Courier, has been tmeatened with per i sonal violence, and the destruction of his pro I pcrty. He is about returning to this place. From the Philadelphia Register. j MORTUARY. ANOTHER OF OCR REVOLUTIONARY HEROES IS NO MORE! ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1812-09-01",
    "paper": "Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political (Alexandria [Va.])",
    "place": "Alexandria, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024013/1812-09-01/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... shut up in fori at [[tag]]Salamanca[[/tag]] having surrendered is not confirmed. I he building of this fort has cost them three years hard labor. It is now said that they proposed to capitulate, and their fust condition WiS that they should be permitted to join themselves with Marmont. J ins lord Wellington refused. lie \"ns entrenched o leagues from [[tag]]Salamanca[[/tag]]. Marmont lias as sembled together 30,000 men, having taken many of them from his most important gai n sons. Badajoz, June 30. Soult has taken refuge in Seville, i he for tifications are carried on with the utmost ac tivity, and great quantities ul provisions col lected. Ai.maden, June 11. The French collect together and ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1812-09-19",
    "paper": "Freeman's chronicle (Franklinton, Ohio)",
    "place": "Columbus, Ohio",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85026383/1812-09-19/ed-1/?sp=4",
    "snippet": "... march, hud taken possession of [[tag]]Salamanca[[/tag]]. On his approach, the French, retired to Toro, leaving two strong buildings occupied by a few -men to impede the pursuit. Marmont had transferred his head quarters to 'l'alavera. Soult and Davoust, after having collected their forces at Seville and Cordoya, formed a junction near Zafro, on the 19th. Their united for ces consisted in 18,000 foot, 3,600 horse, and 30 pieces of artillery. On the same day, General Hill, with a force of about 18,000 men, arrived at Albufero, a place which had been pre viously occupied by 4,000 Portuguese troops. It was reported that Joseph Bonaparte and all the French at Ma-, drid, were immediately to qvacuat& ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1812-09-21",
    "paper": "Portland gazette, and Maine advertiser (Portland, Me.)",
    "place": "Portland, Maine",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016082/1812-09-21/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... Field c* 1 ffv, near [[tag]]Salamanca[[/tag]] J 'July 21* S “The French ar ny under Mar mont was con; -letely defeated yeftcr day by that of the Allies under Gen Lord Wellington, Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo, in the field* of [[tag]]Salamanca[[/tag]], on the left of the formes, near the Arapelo, after lcven hours continual fighting, during which the Allies dil played prodigies of valour 1 he enemy was difiodged from all his advantageous pofitions, and loft all the Artillery which he had pofted on them. His lofs in killed, wounded, and prifoners, cannot be lefs than Ten or Twelve Thoufand. Four Thoufand Prifoners have been brought in. General Bonnet is wounded, and a prifoner. Marmont ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1812-09-24",
    "paper": "Virginia Argus (Richmond, Va.)",
    "place": "Richmond, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024710/1812-09-24/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... following bulle tm, i“sued at [[tag]]Salamanca[[/tag]] on the flay after the buttle. irhi of battle near [[tag]]Salamanca[[/tag]], July 23. “’I lie French army under Marmont was f.f-bipktcly defeated l esk rlay by tha* of the illi s under General Lon I Wellington, Duke oi Ciudad Rodrigo, hi the fields Salaman c;», on tin* left of the Tot m near the Ar tnftf In, after 7 hours of continual fighting, liming which the allies displaycd prodigies v.t vaior, “The enemy was dislodged from all his advantag.is potiiions, and lost all flic nr tilhr which he had posted n them Ili* loss in killed, wounded anti prisoners, cm entile less than tin or twelve thousand— Four thousand ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1812-09-30",
    "paper": "Alexandria gazette, commercial and political (Alexandria [Va.])",
    "place": "Alexandria, Virginia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84024014/1812-09-30/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... of a Communication printed at [[tag]]Salamanca[[/tag]], respecting the memo rable battle fought on the22d Ju ly, in the vicinity of that City. Field of battle, close to Sala manca, July 23. “The French army, under the command of Marshal Marmorit, was routed yesterday afternoon by that of the Allies, directed bv his excel loncy Lord Viscount. Wellington, Duke of Ciudad I edrigo, in the fields of [[tag]]Salamanca[[/tag]], upon the left of the Tonnes, close to Arinises, after _ A A _ I 4 4 t. (tfi ui iiuut in which infantry, cavalry, and ar tillery performed prodigies of va lour, ‘•The enemy were successive!v dislodged from their advantageous positions, with the loss of all the ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1812-10-06",
    "paper": "Kentucky gazette ([Lexington, Ky.])",
    "place": "Lexington, Kentucky",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014783/1812-10-06/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... feated in the neighbourhood of [[tag]]Salamanca[[/tag]] by the allied army under the command of the Marshal General Duke of Cindad Ro drigo with which is united the third divi sion of the 5th Spanish The enemy has lost several eagles nearly all his artillery and a considerable quantity of arms baggage and ammu nition His loss in killed and wounded is from 10 to 12000 men of whom about 4000 are taken including Gen Bonnet who is wounded The enemy was retreating by Alba de Tcrmes and the victorious army in pursuit I communicate it to you for your sa tisfaction and that of the troops You will observe that it is his Excellency’s pleasure ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1812-10-08",
    "paper": "The Rhode-Island Republican (Newport, R.I.)",
    "place": "Newport, Rhode Island",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83025561/1812-10-08/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... to the lute battle of [[tag]]Salamanca[[/tag]]. They represent the victory as the most decisive, and state ‘the number of prisoners at about 7000, and one General. The loss of the allied arwy is sta ted at about 5000.««Ksrex Register, ALGFERIANE WUAR. Ship Mark Abiguil, Capt. Foster, hus arvived at Portsmouth from Algeziras. Mr, Barrell, the supercargo, writes that the Al gerines are ar war with the Americans that he saw Mr. Consul Lean inthe bay of Gib raltar, on board ol the store ship, which the Dey would not regeive, but ordered Mr. L. end bis family immediately away. Mr. Bas reil has despatches for government from Mr. Lear. The Mark Abagail as boarded from ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}