{
 "slug": "second-bull-run",
 "title": "Second Battle of Bull Run",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1850–1900",
 "date_text": "28–30 August 1862",
 "start": "1862-08-28",
 "end": "1862-08-30",
 "war": "American Civil War",
 "cdb90_war": "AMERICAN CIVIL WAR",
 "place": {
  "name": "Groveton and Henry Hill, near Manassas, Prince William County, Virginia, United States",
  "lat": 38.8125,
  "lon": -77.5214,
  "wikidata": "Q233343"
 },
 "lede": "Over 28–30 August 1862 Pope's Army of Virginia threw itself piecemeal at Jackson's line along an unfinished railroad near Manassas, unaware that Longstreet had come up on its flank. Longstreet's attack drove Pope back across Bull Run and opened Lee's road into Maryland.",
 "result": "Confederate victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Union Army of Virginia, with corps of the Army of the Potomac",
   "commanders": [
    "Maj. Gen. John Pope",
    "Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell",
    "Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel",
    "Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter",
    "Maj. Gen. Samuel P. Heintzelman",
    "Maj. Gen. Jesse L. Reno"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 70000,
    "low": 62000,
    "high": 77000,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 14462,
    "low": 13830,
    "high": 14462,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Confederate Army of Northern Virginia",
   "commanders": [
    "Gen. Robert E. Lee",
    "Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson",
    "Maj. Gen. James Longstreet",
    "Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart",
    "Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell (wounded)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 55000,
    "low": 50000,
    "high": 55000,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 7387,
    "low": 7298,
    "high": 8350,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "After Lee drove McClellan back from Richmond in the Seven Days' battles, Lincoln formed the Army of Virginia in June 1862 and gave it to John Pope, brought east from the Western Theater as a more aggressive general than McClellan. Pope's task was to shield Washington and the Shenandoah Valley and to draw Confederate strength away from McClellan by threatening Gordonsville. Lee, judging McClellan no longer a threat on the Peninsula, sent Jackson north and then A. P. Hill's 12,000 men. On 9 August Jackson fought part of Pope's army at Cedar Mountain, where Banks's early success was undone by Hill's counter-attack. Halleck had already ordered McClellan off the Peninsula on 3 August, and Lee's problem was to beat Pope before the two Union armies combined. Longstreet was sent to join Jackson on 13 August.\n\nPope withdrew behind the Rappahannock on 19 August, and the swollen river stopped Lee forcing a crossing. On 25 August Lee split his army. Jackson's wing marched more than 50 miles round the Union right, by way of Salem, and on the evening of 26 August struck the Orange & Alexandria Railroad at Bristoe Station, derailing two supply trains. Before daybreak on 27 August two regiments under Isaac Trimble seized Pope's depot at Manassas Junction with 300 prisoners. Jackson's men helped themselves to food, liquor and clothing, burned the rest that night, and slipped north to Stony Ridge on the old Bull Run battlefield, behind the bank of an unfinished railroad. Pope abandoned the Rappahannock line, planning \"to bag the whole crowd\", while Longstreet followed Jackson's route and on 28 August forced Thoroughfare Gap against Ricketts's division.",
  "forces": "Pope's Army of Virginia had three corps: Sigel's I Corps, Banks's II and McDowell's III, the last with King's (later Hatch's), Ricketts's and Reynolds's Pennsylvania Reserve divisions. Joining it from the Army of the Potomac were Heintzelman's III Corps (Kearny and Hooker), Porter's V Corps (Morell and Sykes, whose division held regulars) and Reno's IX Corps (Stevens and Reno), with a detachment of the Kanawha Division. Estimates run from 62,000 engaged to 77,000 in all. Banks stayed at Bristoe Station and took no part, and Franklin's VI and Sumner's II Corps reached Alexandria but were held back by McClellan, who pleaded shortages of artillery, cavalry and transport. It was a patchwork army under a quarrelsome command: Porter, McClellan's friend, was an outspoken critic of Pope, and Pope's orders were often contradictory.\n\nLee's Army of Northern Virginia, 50,000 to 55,000 strong, fought in two wings. Jackson's held Taliaferro's (later Starke's), A. P. Hill's and Ewell's (later Lawton's) divisions, about 20,000 men on a 3,000-yard line on 29 August. Longstreet's, about 25,000 men in five divisions, among them Hood's, came up that day. Stuart's cavalry screened and scouted. Two things gave the defence its strength: the unfinished railroad, whose cuts and fills made ready-made entrenchments, and the artillery, above all the 18 guns Colonel Stephen D. Lee massed near the Brawner farm, which could rake the open fields in front of Jackson's right.",
  "course": "CDB90 codes the battle as one engagement (189), from 5.30 a.m. on 29 August to 8 p.m. on 30 August. The page adds Brawner's Farm on the 28th.\n\n**Brawner's Farm (28 August, about 6.30 to 9 p.m.).** King's division was marching east on the Warrenton Turnpike when Jackson's guns opened on it near the Brawner farm. Gibbon's brigade of Wisconsin and Indiana men, later the Iron Brigade, helped by Doubleday's, stood up to Jackson's infantry; the lines fired into each other at about 75 yards. Trimble and Lawton attacked after dark. Ewell, who lost a leg, and Taliaferro were both wounded. About 1,150 Federals and 1,250 Confederates fell, roughly one in three of those engaged; the 2nd Wisconsin lost 276 of 430, the Stonewall Brigade 340 of 800. They withdrew at 9 p.m.; Pope concluded that Jackson was trapped.\n\n**Assaults on the railroad (29 August).** Pope ordered his scattered corps to converge on Groveton. Schurz's division of Sigel's corps found Jackson about 7 a.m., and Sigel's attacks went on until 10 a.m.; Milroy's brigade lost about 300 men in 20 minutes. Longstreet's 25,000, out of Thoroughfare Gap at 6 a.m., from about midday deployed, unseen, on Jackson's right, overlapping the Union left. At 3 p.m. Grover's brigade, 1,500 men in five regiments, broke Thomas's line but was driven out within 30 minutes by Pender's North Carolinians, losing 487. Nagle's brigade of Reno's corps pierced the centre and was thrown back by Bradley Johnson. At 5 p.m. Kearny struck A. P. Hill's division on Jackson's left with nearly 3,000 men; Gregg's brigade was nearly out of ammunition, but Early and Branch counter-attacked and drove Kearny back.\n\nMeanwhile Porter's corps, with King's division now under Hatch, stood on the Manassas–Gainesville road, checked by Stuart's cavalry screen and with Longstreet in its front. Pope's \"Joint Order\" of about 10 a.m. did not explicitly order an attack. A direct order written at 4.30 p.m. went astray with its aide and reached Porter at about 6.30, too late. Buford had counted 17 Confederate regiments passing Gainesville at 8.15 a.m., but McDowell did not pass the report on until about 7 p.m. Lee wanted Longstreet to attack the Union left, but Longstreet persuaded him to wait.\n\n**The Deep Cut (30 August, 3 p.m.).** Anderson's division pulled back at dawn, and Pope read this as a retreat. At 1 p.m. he ordered Porter, with his two divisions and Hatch's, to attack Jackson. About 10,000 men took nearly two hours to form, then crossed some 600 yards of open pasture, against Starke's division, with Bradley Johnson's Virginians holding the Deep Cut. Within 20 minutes Confederate guns on the Brawner farm were firing into their flank. The Federals broke the 48th Virginia, but the Stonewall Brigade restored the line, losing its commander, Baylor; men of Johnson's and Stafford's brigades, out of cartridges, threw stones at the 24th New York. In under an hour the largest Union attack of the battle had failed.\n\n**Longstreet's attack, Chinn Ridge and Henry Hill (4 p.m. to dark).** Longstreet sent his five divisions east over about a mile and a half towards Henry Hill, to cut Pope's line of retreat. Hood's Texans led and overran Warren's 1,000 men; the 5th New York lost nearly 300 men in ten minutes. On Chinn Ridge McLean's Ohio brigade, about 1,200 strong, lost a third of its men; Fletcher Webster and Koltes were killed in the brigades fed in after it. The ridge held for about 90 minutes and fell by 6 p.m., but Pope used the time to form a four-brigade line nearly half a mile long on the western slope of Henry Hill, where Sykes's regulars, with Meade's, Seymour's and Piatt's brigades, stopped Anderson's final attack as darkness fell. At 8 p.m. Pope ordered the retreat, and by 11 p.m. his army had left the field in good order for Centreville.",
  "aftermath": "Pope lost about 14,500 men (1,747 killed, 8,452 wounded and 4,263 missing or captured, in the American Battlefield Trust's count) and Lee about 7,400 (1,096, 6,202 and 89), though the NPS puts the Confederate loss at about 8,350. Pope's army had escaped. On 1 September Jackson, trying again to get round Pope, was fought off at Chantilly (Ox Hill) in a thunderstorm; Kearny and Stevens were both killed. On 2 September Lincoln gave McClellan the combined armies. Pope was relieved and sent to the Department of the Northwest; McDowell, though cleared by a court of inquiry, was banished to California. Lee crossed into Maryland from 4 September, the South's first invasion of the North, which ended at Antietam, and Lincoln put off his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.\n\nThe quarrel that outlived the war was over Fitz John Porter, whom Pope blamed for not attacking Jackson's flank on 29 August. Court-martialled from 25 November 1862, Porter was found guilty of disobedience and misconduct on 10 January 1863 and dismissed on 21 January; his friendship with McClellan, just removed by Lincoln, was used against him. In 1878–79 a board under John Schofield, hearing new evidence, found that his reluctance to attack Longstreet had probably saved Pope's army from worse. In 1886 Congress restored him to the army as a colonel, without back pay. Historians still distinguish an unfair trial from the separate question of how well Porter served. Longstreet, in turn, was criticised for his slowness to attack on the 29th.",
  "wargaming": "Second Bull Run is a large battle on a compact, readable field: the same rolling farmland as First Bull Run, fought from the west, with Stony Ridge, the unfinished railroad, the Warrenton Turnpike, Chinn Ridge and Henry Hill as the key features. At brigade level, with regiments as units, all three days make a long campaign game; most players will prefer single-day scenarios. Brawner's Farm is a short, savage evening fight at close range between two divisions' worth of troops. The 29th is a series of piecemeal Union assaults against a strong line. The 30th combines the Deep Cut with Longstreet's attack.\n\nThe railroad should give strong cover with gaps, and ammunition supply deserves a rule: Gregg's brigade nearly ran dry and Stafford's Louisianans ended up throwing stones. Hidden deployment is the heart of the 29th. Longstreet should be concealed or off-table, and the Union player should not know where he is, with orders and reports that arrive late or muddled, as Buford's report and the 4.30 order did. On the 30th, Stephen D. Lee's massed guns on the flank of the Deep Cut and the timing of Longstreet's assault decide whether the Union left holds Chinn Ridge long enough to form on Henry Hill.\n\nWhat ifs: Porter attacks on the 29th into Longstreet's flank; Longstreet attacks on the 29th as Lee wanted; McClellan sends Franklin and Sumner forward; Pope stays on the defensive on the 30th instead of attacking."
 },
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   "id": "s3",
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   "id": "s4",
   "title": "The Second Battle of Manassas (National Park Service Civil War Series handbook, via NPS History)",
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   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Auto Tour Stop 7: Deep Cut (National Park Service, Manassas National Battlefield Park)",
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   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "The Last Casualty of Second Manassas: The Court Martial of Fitz John Porter (Emerging Civil War, 2023)",
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   "id": "s9",
   "title": "John J. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas (Simon & Schuster, 1993)",
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