{
 "slug": "second-ypres",
 "title": "Second Battle of Ypres",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "22 April – 25 May 1915",
 "start": "1915-04-22",
 "end": "1915-05-25",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I",
 "place": {
  "name": "The Ypres Salient, from the Yser canal at Steenstrate and Langemark east to Gravenstafel, St Julien and Frezenberg, West Flanders, Belgium",
  "lat": 50.8994,
  "lon": 2.9406,
  "wikidata": "Q233219"
 },
 "lede": "From 22 April to 25 May 1915 the German 4th Army attacked the Ypres Salient behind the first mass release of chlorine gas on the Western Front. The line broke, then held; Ypres stayed in Allied hands, but the salient shrank by about three miles.",
 "result": "Inconclusive: the Germans failed to break through or take Ypres, but captured the high ground north and east of the town and forced the Allies back about three miles",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "German Empire (4th Army: XXIII and XXVI Reserve Corps, later also XXVII Reserve Corps and XV Corps)",
   "commanders": [
    "General Erich von Falkenhayn (Chief of the General Staff)",
    "Duke Albrecht of Württemberg (4th Army)",
    "General Hugo von Kathen (XXIII Reserve Corps)",
    "General Otto von Hügel (XXVI Reserve Corps)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": null,
    "low": null,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s4"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 35000,
    "low": 34933,
    "high": 35000,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "British Empire (Second Army: V Corps with the 1st Canadian Division, 27th, 28th, 4th, 50th (Northumbrian) and Lahore Divisions and cavalry), with the French Détachement d'armée de Belgique and the Belgian army on the Yser",
   "commanders": [
    "General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien (Second Army, until 6 May)",
    "General Sir Herbert Plumer (V Corps; the salient from 27 April; Second Army from 6 May)",
    "Lieutenant-General Edwin Alderson (1st Canadian Division)",
    "General Henri Gabriel Putz (French Détachement d'armée de Belgique)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": null,
    "low": null,
    "high": null,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 59275,
    "low": 55000,
    "high": 59275,
    "source": "s10"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "By the spring of 1915 the Western Front had settled into trench warfare. The First Battle of Ypres the previous autumn had left the Allies holding Ypres, the last sizeable Belgian town in their hands, at the centre of a salient that bulged east of the town, with valuable higher ground to its east and south. The Belgians held the Yser to the north, two French divisions the northern face of the salient, and the 1st Canadian Division and two British divisions its eastern bulge.\n\nThe German Chief of the General Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn, was not seeking a decision in the west. His main effort was moving east, where the Gorlice–Tarnów offensive against the Russians opened in May, and the Ypres attack was the only German offensive on the Western Front that year. It was meant to cover those transfers, to pinch out or shrink the salient, and to try a new weapon. The chemist Walther Nernst had suggested emptying enemy trenches with gas; Fritz Haber proposed chlorine instead, which is heavier than air and would sink into trenches. A tear-gas trial at Bolimov on the Eastern Front earlier in the year had failed when the gas froze.\n\nGerman troops carried some 5,730–6,000 cylinders into the front line north of the salient, the largest weighing 40 kg, and installed them under the supervision of Haber, Otto Hahn, James Franck and Gustav Hertz; then they had to wait for a wind blowing towards the Allied lines. Few reserves were set aside to exploit success, and whether Falkenhayn ever meant to reach the Channel ports is doubted.",
  "forces": "Duke Albrecht of Württemberg's 4th Army made the attack. The gas assault of 22 April fell to General von Kathen's XXIII Reserve Corps and General von Hügel's XXVI Reserve Corps, with five reserve divisions; XXVII Reserve Corps near Gheluvelt and XV Corps near Hollebeke joined the later attacks. The pioneers of Pionier-Regiment 35 released the gas. The German infantry following it had only cotton pads soaked in sodium thiosulphate for protection.\n\nThe salient belonged to General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien's British Second Army. Its V Corps, under General Sir Herbert Plumer, held the eastern face with the regular 27th and 28th Divisions and the 1st Canadian Division under Edwin Alderson; the 4th, the Territorial 50th (Northumbrian) and the Indian Lahore Divisions came in as the battle went on. The Canadians had been civilians only months before. They had capable artillery but used linear tactics against magazine rifles and machine guns, and their Ross rifles jammed in the fighting.\n\nThe northern face was French: General Putz's Détachement d'armée de Belgique with the 87th Territorial Division, older reservists from the Rennes military district, and the 45th Division of the Army of Africa, with Zouaves, Algerian tirailleurs and African light infantry. No Allied soldier had any protection against gas.",
  "course": "CDB90 treats the five weeks as one engagement, Ypres II (291). The British count four battles within it.\n\n**Gravenstafel, 22–23 April.** At about 17:00 on 22 April, with a light north-easterly breeze, the Germans opened the cylinders on a front of about 6.5 km between Langemark and Gravenstafel and released around 150–170 tonnes of chlorine in a few minutes. The cloud drifted onto the 87th Territorial and 45th Divisions. Men ran from it, in the words of Colonel Henri Mordacq of the 45th Division's 90th Brigade, 'running like madmen, directionless, shouting for water, spitting blood'. A gap of about 6 km opened between the canal and the Canadian left. The German infantry, following well behind the cloud, took Langemark and Pilckem, about 2,000 prisoners and 51 guns, then stopped and dug in some 3 km forward rather than push on towards Ypres.\n\nFor some hours the gap was held only in patches: by French Zouaves and tirailleurs, by the left of the 3rd Canadian Brigade bent back towards St Julien, and by scratch British battalions gathered at St Jean as 'Geddes's Detachment'. Smith-Dorrien released the 1st Canadian Brigade at 20:00. At 23:46 the 10th and 16th Canadian Battalions, more than 800 men, attacked Kitcheners' Wood, an oak plantation near St Julien, without reconnaissance; they cleared it at the cost of about three-quarters of their number. On 23 April the Germans took Steenstrate and Lizerne on the canal.\n\n**St Julien, 24 April–4 May.** Early on 24 April a second cloud was released against the Canadian 8th and 15th Battalions in the re-formed line near St Julien. Men breathed through handkerchiefs soaked in water or urine. The 15th Battalion lost all eleven of its front-line officers and fell back; the 13th Battalion's machine-gunners, among them Lance-Corporal Frederick Fisher, had already held the village's approaches, and by the end of the day St Julien had fallen. It was the Canadians' worst day: 3,058 casualties. British reinforcements counter-attacked: the York and Durham brigades of the Northumbrian Division on 25 April, the Northumberland Brigade on 26 April, losing 1,954 men; the Lahore Division also came into the fight. French counter-attacks under Foch retook Lizerne on 27 April.\n\nThat day Smith-Dorrien proposed falling back to the shorter GHQ Line. Sir John French gave the salient to Plumer instead, who then asked for almost the same withdrawal. Between 1 and 4 May the 1st Canadian, 27th and 28th Divisions pulled back to a line closer to Ypres. On 6 May Smith-Dorrien was removed and Plumer took over Second Army.\n\n**Frezenberg, 8–13 May.** The Germans brought their field guns forward and massed three corps against the 27th and 28th Divisions on Frezenberg ridge. On 8 May the 83rd Brigade, on the forward slope, beat off two assaults but was driven back by the third; the 84th Brigade was pushed back too, leaving a gap of about two miles. Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, about 700 strong, held on at the cost of all but about 150 men, and the 10th Brigade moved up overnight to close the line.\n\n**Bellewaarde, 24–25 May.** On 24 May a last gas attack struck around Shell Trap Farm. The Germans took the trenches to the north, but the 2nd Royal Dublin Fusiliers, who had been warned, held theirs with the 9th Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. On 25 May the German high command called the offensive off.",
  "aftermath": "The Allies kept Ypres, but they now held a smaller salient whose line ran about three miles closer to the town, with the Germans on the higher ground. Shelling had largely destroyed Ypres and its last civilians left in May. British Empire losses were about 55,000–59,000, among them nearly 6,000 Canadians; German losses were about 35,000. French losses remain uncertain, from 2,000–3,000 gas casualties to more than 20,000 on the British official history's counting.\n\nThe gas surprised the Allies but did not win the battle. Some 7,000 gas casualties passed through British medical units, and 350 British gas deaths were recorded in May and June. Improvised respirators followed within weeks, gas helmets later in the year, and the British used gas themselves at Loos in September. It has been called one of the war's great missed chances: the Germans had no reserves to exploit their breach.\n\nFor Canada the battle was the first great test, which gave its troops a reputation as tough and dependable. On 3 May John McCrae, medical officer of the 1st Canadian Field Artillery Brigade, after burying his friend Alexis Helmer, wrote 'In Flanders Fields', published in Punch on 8 December 1915; its poppies became the emblem of remembrance. Smith-Dorrien's removal is still argued over: Edmonds, the official historian, alleged he was cleared out of Haig's way, but his long antipathy with French is the likelier cause.",
  "wargaming": "Second Ypres gives two very different games. The first is the night of 22–23 April at battalion or company scale (a stand as a company), on about 8 km of front from the canal to Gravenstafel. The German player has a devastating opening, no gas masks and too few reserves; the Allied player has a gap held by Zouaves, Canadians and scratch British battalions, and must decide whether to counter-attack in the dark, as at Kitcheners' Wood, or simply hold St Julien and St Jean until help arrives.\n\nThe second is a set-piece defence: 24 April at St Julien or 8 May at Frezenberg, at company or platoon scale, with gas, heavy artillery from three sides and counter-attacks by fresh British brigades. Forward-slope trenches, farms and the woods are the key terrain, and observation from the low ridges matters more than their height suggests.\n\nRules should make the gas uncertain: it depends on the wind, drifts and lingers, and the attacker hesitates to follow it. Jamming Ross rifles and green Canadian and Territorial units add friction. The 'what ifs' are tempting: German reserves on the evening of 22 April, a different wind, or Smith-Dorrien's withdrawal accepted on 27 April. A brigade-scale campaign of the whole five weeks lets players argue whether the salient was worth holding at all."
 },
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   "caption": "A German diagram of the Ypres Salient showing the new front line after the battle.",
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   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author - Author wrote the Story but he used and didn't create the photos or pictures before",
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   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Duke Albrecht of Württemberg, commander of the German 4th Army, photographed in early 1915.",
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   "title": "In Flanders Fields (Wikipedia)",
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   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "Zweite Flandernschlacht (German Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweite_Flandernschlacht",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Bataille d'Ypres (1915) (French Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27Ypres_(1915)",
   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "2nd Battle of Ypres (Veterans Affairs Canada)",
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   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "Second Ypres (Canadian War Museum, Canada and the First World War)",
   "url": "https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/?p=121",
   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "What happened at the Second Battle of Ypres (Imperial War Museums)",
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   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "J. Rickard, Second battle of Ypres, 22 April–25 May 1915 (historyofwar.org, 2007)",
   "url": "https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_ypres2.html",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s10",
   "title": "J. E. Edmonds and G. C. Wynne, Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915, vol. I (Macmillan, 1927; IWM and Battery Press reprint, 1995)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
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    "year": 1917,
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  {
   "file": "File:Aerial view of Ypres during the Second Battle of Ypres (1915).jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Aerial_view_of_Ypres_during_the_Second_Battle_of_Ypres_%281915%29.jpg/500px-Aerial_view_of_Ypres_during_the_Second_Battle_of_Ypres_%281915%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Ypres_during_the_Second_Battle_of_Ypres_(1915).jpg",
   "caption": "This aerial view of the Belgian city of Ypres during the Second Battle of Ypres (1915) was taken from a captured German soldier (or spy - the precise details of his role have been lost)",
   "year": 1915,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Leutnant Eichler, spotter for the Imperial German Flying Corps",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Heroes of St Julien and Festubert recruiting poster.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heroes_of_St_Julien_and_Festubert_recruiting_poster.jpg/500px-Heroes_of_St_Julien_and_Festubert_recruiting_poster.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heroes_of_St_Julien_and_Festubert_recruiting_poster.jpg",
   "caption": "\"Heroes of St. Julien and Festubert \" WWI Canadian recruiting poster",
   "year": 1916,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Gazette Printing Co Ltd.",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:May 8 1915 the stout defence of Bellewaerde Ridge during the Battle of Frezenberg.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/May_8_1915_the_stout_defence_of_Bellewaerde_Ridge_during_the_Battle_of_Frezenberg.jpg/500px-May_8_1915_the_stout_defence_of_Bellewaerde_Ridge_during_the_Battle_of_Frezenberg.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:May_8_1915_the_stout_defence_of_Bellewaerde_Ridge_during_the_Battle_of_Frezenberg.jpg",
   "caption": "Facing Fearful Odds: The superb gallantry of Princess Pats in holding their Trench. When Machine-Guns had to be dug out of the Earth which exploding shells enguled them PPCLI beating off a an attack on May 8, 1915",
   "year": 1915,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Illustrated London News",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:NYTMap2ndBattleOfYpres1915.png",
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   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NYTMap2ndBattleOfYpres1915.png",
   "caption": "\"Current History\" (New York Times) map showing reported positions during the Second Battle of Ypres , as at about 30 April 1915. On 1 May the British withdrew to shorten their lines, with the final front line running through Hooge, Frenzenberg (not shown, but 1 3/4 mile sw of Zonnebeke) and west to ",
   "year": 1915,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "\"Current History\" (New York Times)",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:PdG 27 p16 Ypres cimetrière.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PdG_27_p16_Ypres_cimetri%C3%A8re.jpg/500px-PdG_27_p16_Ypres_cimetri%C3%A8re.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PdG_27_p16_Ypres_cimetri%C3%A8re.jpg",
   "caption": "dégats lors de la Première guerre mondiale au cimetrière d'Ypres_",
   "year": 1915,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:PdG 27 p16 brasserie Rabeau.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/PdG_27_p16_brasserie_Rabeau.jpg/500px-PdG_27_p16_brasserie_Rabeau.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PdG_27_p16_brasserie_Rabeau.jpg",
   "caption": "brasserie_Rabeau à Ypres détruite pendant le début de la Première guerrre mondiale, photographie publiée dans le journale Pages de Gloire de juin 1915",
   "year": 1915,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:RJB18 – Ypernbogen cropped.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/RJB18_%E2%80%93_Ypernbogen_cropped.jpg/500px-RJB18_%E2%80%93_Ypernbogen_cropped.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RJB18_%E2%80%93_Ypernbogen_cropped.jpg",
   "caption": "Ypres Salient",
   "year": 1915,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:The Canadians at Ypres by William Barnes Wollen.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Canadians_at_Ypres_by_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg/500px-The_Canadians_at_Ypres_by_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Canadians_at_Ypres_by_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg",
   "caption": "The Canadians at Ypres by William Barnes Wollen",
   "year": 1915,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "William Barnes Wollen",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Ypernbogen Wytschaetebogen 1915.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ypernbogen_Wytschaetebogen_1915.jpg/500px-Ypernbogen_Wytschaetebogen_1915.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ypernbogen_Wytschaetebogen_1915.jpg",
   "caption": "Ypernbogen, nachträglich koloriert",
   "year": 1915,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author - Author wrote the Story but he used and didn't create the photos or pictures before",
   "collection": null
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 ],
 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "second-ypres",
  "query": "Ypres",
  "from": "1915-04-22",
  "to": "1915-06-08",
  "total": 3120,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1915-04-24",
    "paper": "Daily Kennebec journal (Augusta, Me.)",
    "place": "Augusta, Maine",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014248/1915-04-24/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "Another Important Battle Is Developing Near [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] North Sea Battle in Pros pect— Combined At tack Threatens the Dardanelles ALLIES RETAINING HILL NUMBER 60 DESPITE ATTACKS Germans Retaliate with Attacks from North east and Claim Suc cesses Conflicting Reports from Both Sides Make Uncer tain Actual Result London, April 23.—10.20 P. M.—With a big battle devel oping near [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]], in Flanders, and reports of a prospective na val engagement in the North Sea and of preparations for ad vancing for the commencement o fa combined naval and mili tary attack on the Dardanelles or some other vital spot in Turkey, the people of Europe are highly expectant. Of these three anticipated events only one has actually ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-04-26",
    "paper": "The daily ardmoreite (ardmore, okla.)",
    "place": "Ardmore, Oklahoma",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85042303/1915-04-26/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... One Thousand Canadians Taken Around [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] Heights French Claim Recapture of [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] Territory from the G -ans, which is stoutly Denied by Berlin Italian Refugees from say that Austrians Have Fortified Entire Italian Fron- tier and .'ntrenchments, on Concrete Dash to Sea, but London, April 26. The big b the [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] is covered with secrecy day, except for a few brief officia reports. The French announce that the Brit ish repulsed two German attacks yes terday, whereupon the Germans vio lently bombarded [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]]. The French are fighting hard along the Yser canal. The Germans' official announce ment says that more than one thou sand Canadians were captured around the [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] Heights. Berlin flatly denies the ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-04-27",
    "paper": "The Bemidji daily pioneer (Bemidji, Minn.)",
    "place": "Bemidji, Minnesota",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86063381/1915-04-27/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... lane from Langemarck to the [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] canal and at the same time are attempting to widen it to the south. Secure New* Forces. For this purpose they have brought up new troops southeast of Lange marck and are trying to drive for ward once more to the [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] canal along a wider front. The objective, of course, is now Calais which is nearly fifty miles away over a heavily entrenched Terrain. The purpose of the advance is now seen to be to force the British out of [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]]. Whether the Germans have determ ined on a major assault to capture [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] cannot become known until further efforts have been made. The British have undoubtedly called ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-04-28",
    "paper": "New Hampshire farmer and weekly union (Manchester, N.H.)",
    "place": "Manchester, New Hampshire",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn90062374/1915-04-28/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... fighting in the vicinity of [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]]. 1t would appear that the German of fensive north of that city, which re VOLUME 56 NUMBERS 32 ders, continues, but apparently the combat has reached the end of the first stage. The Germans have been checked in their onward rush, and British, French and Belgians are push ing back hard in an effort to regain the lost ground. Not much informa tion is vouchsafed in the cfiicial state ments from the various war cffices, be vond that contained in the French statement that both British and French are making progress to the north of [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]]. Supplementing its previous charga that the Germans -in the battle of [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] used ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-04-29",
    "paper": "The Port Gibson reveille (Port Gibson, Miss.)",
    "place": "Port Gibson, Mississippi",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86090233/1915-04-29/ed-1/?sp=4",
    "snippet": "... good will. BATTLE AGAIN AT [[tag]]YPRES[[/tag]] Stupendous Events Believed to Be Foreshadowed by Battle on West Front. London.—Stupendous events in the believed to be foreshadowed war are by the fighting now going on at [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] and the general increased activities on the western battle front. Europe is the western battle front. Europe is highly expectant. That a severe engagement has taken place near [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] is confirmed by offi cial reports, but these are so contra\" dictory that the actual result of the preliminary fighting Is not known. It would appear, however, that following their loss of Hill No. 60 and their fail ure to recapture it, the Germans have commenced an offensive from the northeast ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-04-30",
    "paper": "The Pascagoula democrat-star (Pascagoula, Miss.)",
    "place": "Pascagoula, Mississippi",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87065532/1915-04-30/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... encasement h.is taken place neut [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] Is confirmed by offi cial reports, hut these are so contra dictory that the actual result of the preliminary fighting Is not known. It would appear, however, that following their loss of Hill No. 60 and their fail ure to recapture It, the Germans have commenced an offensive from the northeast against the Anglo-French line In front of [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]], scene of such bloody battles last autumn, and also against the Belgian line farther west. The Germans claim they drove the allies back to thi! [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] Canal, taking 1,600 British and French prisoners and a number of guns. The French ad mit that the allies had to fal! back, but ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-05-06",
    "paper": "New-York tribune (New York [N.Y.])",
    "place": "New York, New York",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030214/1915-05-06/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... Desperate Fighting in Fumes Near [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] De? scribed by Witness. FRENCH WIN BACK LAST HALF MILL England Admits Allies' Plan Is to Succeed by Exhausting Enemy's Supply of Men. London, May 6. The British official \"eye-witness,\" in long ?ccount of the engagement of tho last few days in the [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] region, records that the Germans have continuBd the us? of asphyxiating gases, hut with less suc? cess than on the first occasion. Despite the use of gas hy the Ger? mans, the narrative says, the French have made continual advances cast of the [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]] ('anal, south of Pilkem, the result of which was to remove the wedge occupied hy the Germans in th? French line ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1915-06-06",
    "paper": "The Washington times (Washington [D.C.])",
    "place": "Washington, District Of Columbia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026749/1915-06-06/ed-1/?sp=3",
    "snippet": "... the Menln road, east of [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]]. The Germans are concentrating arm ored automobiles at several points In tho region of Hooge, strengthening the report .that the Kaiser plans a quick smash that will sweep General French oft hla feet. Desultory skirmishing has occurred in the past twenty-four hours on the outskirts of the village of Hooge, where the Germans obtained a hold In Thursday's lighting. German gunners continue tliolr Intermittent bombard ment of what remains of [[tag]]Ypres[[/tag]], but the general assault on the city, ex pected within a few days, has not yet begun. North of Arras, the situation Is most encouraging for tho allies. Despite Jieavy artillery and Infantry counter assaults, tho Germans have ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}