{
 "slug": "sinai-1973",
 "title": "Egyptian offensive of 14 October 1973",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "WWII and later",
 "date_text": "14 October 1973",
 "start": "1973-10-14",
 "end": "1973-10-14",
 "war": "Yom Kippur War",
 "cdb90_war": "ARAB-ISRAELI WAR, 1973 (OCTOBER WAR)",
 "place": {
  "name": "Western Sinai, east of the Egyptian canal bridgeheads, from Baluza and Qantara in the north through Tasa to the Wadi Mabouk and the Mitla and Gidi passes in the south",
  "lat": 30.4,
  "lon": 32.6,
  "wikidata": "Q4873015"
 },
 "lede": "On 14 October 1973 Egypt sent its armoured reserves out of the canal bridgeheads, beyond its missile cover, towards the Sinai passes. Israeli tanks waiting on the ridges broke every thrust by early afternoon, and the initiative passed to Israel.",
 "result": "Israeli victory: the Egyptian offensive repulsed with heavy tank losses",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker loss",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Egyptian Armed Forces: Second and Third Field Armies, attacking with the 21st Armoured Division, the 4th Armoured Division's 3rd Armoured Brigade, the 15th and 25th Armoured Brigades and elements of the 113th Mechanised Brigade, the five infantry divisions holding the bridgeheads",
   "commanders": [
    "General Ahmad Ismail Ali (War Minister and commander-in-chief)",
    "Lieutenant-General Saad el-Shazly (Chief of Staff)",
    "Major-General Saad Mamoun (Second Army)",
    "Major-General Abdel Munim Wasel (Third Army)",
    "Brigadier-General Ibrahim Oraby (21st Armoured Division)",
    "Brigadier-General Mohamed Abdel Aziz Qabil (4th Armoured Division)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 100000,
    "low": 100000,
    "high": 100000,
    "source": "s3"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 1000,
    "low": 1000,
    "high": 1000,
    "source": "s10"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Israel Defense Forces, Southern Command: Sasson Yitzhaki's force, Adan's 162nd, Sharon's 143rd and Magen's 252nd Armoured Divisions",
   "commanders": [
    "Lieutenant-General David Elazar (Chief of Staff)",
    "Chaim Bar-Lev (Southern Command)",
    "Major-General Shmuel Gonen (deputy front commander)",
    "Major-General Ariel Sharon (143rd Division)",
    "Major-General Avraham Adan (162nd Division)",
    "Brigadier-General Kalman Magen (252nd Division)",
    "Brigadier-General Sasson Yitzhaki (northern sector)",
    "Colonel Amnon Reshef (14th Armoured Brigade)",
    "Colonel Dan Shomron (401st Armoured Brigade)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 60000,
    "low": 60000,
    "high": 60000,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 37,
    "low": 37,
    "high": 37,
    "source": "s5"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "By 10 October 1973 the Sinai front had settled into an operational pause. Egypt's Second and Third Armies held bridgeheads on the east bank of the Suez Canal, under the surface-to-air missile belt on the west bank, after beating off the Israeli counter-attacks of 8–9 October. Chaim Bar-Lev had taken over the front from Shmuel Gonen, who stayed on as his deputy. Israel's chief of staff, David Elazar, had suspended offensives in Sinai to finish with Syria first, and on 11 October Israeli divisions pushed into Syria towards Damascus.\n\nThat day an emissary from Hafez al-Assad reached Cairo asking for an attack towards the Sinai passes to draw Israeli forces south. Sadat had political and financial reasons not to abandon his ally, and early on 12 October he ordered an offensive for the next morning. Its objectives were the Mitla and Gidi passes and the Israeli base at Refidim. The chief of staff, Saad el-Shazly, opposed it: the Badr plan had worked because it never left the missile cover, and the brigade that had pushed down the Gulf of Suez shore had just been destroyed from the air. Both army commanders protested too, and Saad Mamoun offered his resignation, which was refused. The war minister, Ahmad Ismail, could not revoke Sadat's order, but he postponed the attack to 06:30 on 14 October. Not everyone objected: the operations chief, Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy, had been pressing for an eastward drive.\n\nOn 12 October the Mossad passed on an agent's warning of an imminent attack on the passes. The Israeli cabinet put off its decision on a canal crossing until the Egyptian armour had been met in Sinai, and Sadat turned down a British ceasefire proposal the next morning.",
  "forces": "**Egypt.** Ahmad Ismail's own plan had six separate thrusts: two towards Tasa in the centre, two in the north towards and south of Baluza, and two in the south towards the Mitla and Gidi passes. The five infantry divisions stayed in the bridgeheads; the attackers came from the operational reserves. Brigadier-General Ibrahim Oraby's 21st Armoured Division brought its 1st Armoured Brigade across to join the 14th, which had crossed on 7 October; the 4th Armoured Division sent its 3rd Armoured Brigade over on the night of 12–13 October and kept a brigade of 100 tanks on the west bank. The 15th and 25th Armoured Brigades and part of the 113th Mechanised Brigade also attacked. Rabinovich puts the attackers at 400–500 tanks; the IDF History Department counts 16 battalions, 12 of them tank battalions, with about 460 tanks. Most SA-6 batteries stayed on the west bank.\n\n**Israel.** Bar-Lev's Southern Command had about 700 tanks in Sinai, half on the line, mostly on high ground. From north to south: Brigadier-General Sasson Yitzhaki's force at Qantara and Baluza; Colonel Yoel Gonen's untried 274th Brigade, in captured T-55s, holding Adan's old sector while Adan's 162nd Division waited near Tasa for the crossing; Sharon's 143rd Division in the centre, with Colonel Amnon Reshef's 14th and Colonel Haim Erez's 421st Brigades in front; and Kalman Magen's 252nd Division in the south. Accounts differ on Israeli anti-tank missiles: Gawrych says TOWs, newly arrived from the United States, were already in use; Israeli sources deny it.",
  "course": "**Before dawn.** Shortly after 03:00 Egyptian helicopters landed about 100 commandos near the Lateral Road to raid the Israeli rear. An Israeli reconnaissance unit with tanks caught them before they reached their target, an artillery battery, and killed 60 by Rabinovich's count or about 100 by the IDF history's. Pollack credits an Israeli raid that morning on an Egyptian signals-intercept site at Jebel Ataqah with badly disrupting Egyptian command. At 06:00 Egyptian aircraft bombed across the canal; a barrage followed, and at 06:30 the armour moved off with the rising sun in its eyes.\n\n**The north and centre, 06:30–15:00.** CDB90's **Egyptian Offensive, North** (574) sets the Second Army against Sasson's force and Sharon's division. Near Baluza, Colonel Aharon Peled's brigade watched a T-62 brigade advance from Qantara with infantry walking between the tanks, which slowed them to a foot pace. He held fire until 1,200 yards, hit nine, then 21 more when they came again, and lost a single tank to a Sagger. Hebrew accounts put the 15th Brigade's loss across the northern sector at 40–42 tanks. Further south, Gonen's 274th Brigade beat off attacks at 07:00 and 09:30, but Sagger teams and tanks cost it a dozen tanks (Rabinovich) or some 20 hit, most later repaired (Adan): the worst Israeli loss of the day.\n\nIn the centre the 21st Armoured Division drove for Tasa and Refidim. Reshef kept his tanks on the rear slopes of the Hamadiya and Kishuf ridges, with only his officers' heads above the crest. When the 1st Armoured Brigade's tanks were 3,000 yards away, about 100 Israeli tanks rolled up into firing positions. Some Egyptians reached the foot of Hamadiya and fought from a few dozen yards; Reshef sent tanks down from Kishuf into their flank and shelled their rear. Within half an hour the attack was broken, for five Israeli tanks hit. At 07:00 Reshef reported it and asked to push west; Southern Command refused. To his north the 14th Armoured Brigade hit Erez's 421st Brigade on the Talisman road; Erez sent a battalion round its flank and it fell back. The IDF history counts 84–100 of the 21st Division's tanks destroyed against Sharon's division, which had 13 tanks hit and about six lost. The division's 18th Mechanised Brigade did not fight.\n\n**The south: Wadi Mabouk, 06:30–15:00.** CDB90's **Egyptian Offensive, South** (575) sets the Third Army against Magen's division. The 3rd Armoured Brigade, with 124 T-55s, made the day's only real manoeuvre. Instead of using the Mitla road it swung south up the Wadi Mabouk, an unpaved valley passable by armour, heading for the Lateral Road behind the Israelis. Lookouts spotted it at first light. A little after 07:00 Lieutenant-Colonel David Shuval's 46th Battalion of Colonel Dan Shomron's 401st Brigade took position on the dunes above the wadi's mouth, with a mechanised infantry battalion beside it. Lieutenant-Colonel Doron Rubin's 202nd Paratroop Battalion, with jeep-mounted recoilless rifles, joined in from the south. Beyond the missile cover, the Israeli air force struck again and again. Gawrych has the brigade losing 60 tanks, nine armoured personnel carriers and nearly all its artillery in under eight hours; Hebrew accounts say about 90 tanks and 120 prisoners. South of the wadi a battalion of the 113th Mechanised Brigade from Ayoun Mousa was beaten back with air and artillery support. On the Gidi road the 25th Armoured Brigade attacked at about 08:00 and 12:00 and was held at long range by the 164th Brigade.\n\n**Afternoon.** By early afternoon the Egyptians were back in their bridgeheads. Their radio net now reported imaginary successes, among them the capture of the Mitla Pass. Elazar and Bar-Lev, and then Sharon and Reshef, staged radio conversations about retreating in the hope of luring the Egyptians into another attack; they did not take the bait.",
  "aftermath": "Egyptian tank losses are still disputed. Rabinovich gives 150–250; Gawrych about 250, against an Israeli intelligence estimate of 250–280; Dupuy 260, with over 1,000 casualties; Pollack at least 250 tanks and some 200 other vehicles. The IDF History Department's 2023 study, using unit reports, Egyptian intercepts and air photographs, puts the figure at 190–210, about 43 per cent of the tanks that attacked. It notes that Shazly, Gamasy and other Egyptian writers give 250, more than some Israeli estimates. Israel lost 37 killed and about 20 tanks; Dupuy and Pollack have 40 hit, all but six soon repaired.\n\nHerzog called it, Kursk aside, the largest tank battle in history, with some 2,000 tanks committed. The IDF study counts about 460 Egyptian and 315 Israeli tanks actually engaged, roughly half of each side's armour east of the canal.\n\nMamoun collapsed during the day; Shazly found him on a cot at Ismailia and he was replaced, by Abdel Moneim Khalil. Shazly called it 'our most calamitous day' and an attack without purpose: it did not draw Israeli forces from the Golan. Bar-Lev told Golda Meir that the Israelis had 'returned to ourselves' and the Egyptians to themselves. The cabinet approved the Deversoir crossing at about 00:30 on 15 October. With most of the armoured reserve now east of the canal, the west bank was thinly held. That made possible the crossing and the Battle of the Chinese Farm.",
  "wargaming": "This is a set-piece defensive tank battle along the whole canal front, a rare clean armour-against-armour action in a war better known for missiles. It suits battalion-as-unit for a whole army sector, or company level for a single thrust, with Wadi Mabouk the best single scenario: one Egyptian brigade on a covered flank march, and a handful of Israeli units racing to block the valley's exit.\n\nThe key terrain is the ridgelines (Hamadiya, Kishuf), the Lateral Road and the wadis that lead to it. Rules need hull-down positions and reverse slopes, long-range gunnery, and the edge of the SAM umbrella: once the Egyptians cross it, Israeli air support should become heavy and accurate. Sagger teams moving with the tanks, and Israeli artillery that keeps them pinned, decide whether a thrust gets in close.\n\nThe Egyptian player's problem is dispersion. Six brigade thrusts, uncoordinated and against an enemy who expects them, are the historical plan; a variant that concentrates both armoured divisions on one axis, as Israeli planners feared, is worth playing. Others: the attack on 13 October as first ordered, before Israel had the Mossad warning; SAM batteries pushed forward with the armour, as Gamasy proposed; or Israeli TOWs in play, for players who follow Gawrych."
 },
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   "caption": "The Egyptian attacks of 14 October 1973 (IDF atlas of the Yom Kippur War, map 44).",
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   "file": "File:Meir Dagan and Doron Rubin Yom Kippur War 1973.jpg",
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   "caption": "Lieutenant-Colonel Doron Rubin (right), commander of the 202nd Paratroop Battalion, with Major Meir Dagan in the Wadi Mabouk, 1973.",
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   "artist": "מוריס קושלביץ (Moris Koshlevitch) - Bamahane photographer",
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  {
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   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "A destroyed Egyptian tank in Sinai, October 1973.",
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  {
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   "caption": "Saad el-Shazly, the Egyptian chief of staff, who opposed the attack.",
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 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of the Sinai (Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sinai",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "Yom Kippur War (Wikipedia), section 'Battle of the Sinai'",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "George W. Gawrych, The 1973 Arab-Israeli War: The Albatross of Decisive Victory, Leavenworth Papers 21 (Combat Studies Institute, 1996)",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/1973arabisraeliw00geor",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "Abraham Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East (Schocken, 2004)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Oded Megiddo, Hazarnu le-atzmenu ('We returned to ourselves'): the armoured battles on the southern front on 14 October 1973 (IDF History Department, 2023; Hebrew)",
   "url": "https://www.idf.il/media/b5zhh4my/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8-%D7%97%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95-%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95_1803.pdf",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
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   "url": "https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91-14_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_(%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D)",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "Battle of Wadi Mabouk (Hebrew Wikipedia)",
   "url": "https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A7",
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  },
  {
   "id": "s8",
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   "url": "https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/ORL.htm",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Saad el-Shazly, The Crossing of the Suez (American Mideast Research, 1980)",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/crossingofsuez0000shaz",
   "kind": "primary"
  },
  {
   "id": "s10",
   "title": "Trevor N. Dupuy, Elusive Victory: The Arab-Israeli Wars, 1947–1974 (Harper & Row, 1978)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s11",
   "title": "Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991 (University of Nebraska Press, 2002)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
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