{
 "slug": "stones-river",
 "title": "Battle of Stones River",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1850–1900",
 "date_text": "31 December 1862 – 2 January 1863",
 "start": "1862-12-31",
 "end": "1863-01-02",
 "war": "American Civil War",
 "cdb90_war": "AMERICAN CIVIL WAR",
 "place": {
  "name": "Stones River, north-west of Murfreesboro, Rutherford County, Tennessee, United States",
  "lat": 35.8685,
  "lon": -86.4306,
  "wikidata": "Q1272132"
 },
 "lede": "Outside Murfreesboro both generals planned to turn the other's right; Bragg struck first and drove Rosecrans's army back to the Nashville Pike, but it held. After Breckinridge's last attack died under 57 massed guns, Bragg withdrew, handing Lincoln a victory he badly needed.",
 "result": "Tactically indecisive; strategic Union victory",
 "result_cdb90": "draw",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Confederate Army of Tennessee",
   "commanders": [
    "General Braxton Bragg",
    "Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk",
    "Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee",
    "Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge",
    "Brig. Gen. Joseph Wheeler"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 34732,
    "low": 34000,
    "high": 37712,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 11739,
    "low": 9870,
    "high": 11739,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Union Army of the Cumberland",
   "commanders": [
    "Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans",
    "Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas",
    "Maj. Gen. Alexander McCook",
    "Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden",
    "Brig. Gen. David S. Stanley"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 41400,
    "low": 41400,
    "high": 44800,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 12906,
    "low": 12706,
    "high": 13906,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "In the autumn of 1862 Braxton Bragg's invasion of Kentucky had ended in retreat after Perryville. Rather than fall back further, Bragg chose to hold Middle Tennessee, and by late November his army was in winter quarters around Murfreesboro, a prosperous town astride the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad and the key to the rich Stones River valley. There he merged his command with Kirby Smith's into the Army of Tennessee. His senior lieutenants, Polk and Hardee, had already urged Jefferson Davis to remove him; Davis kept him.\n\nOn the Union side Lincoln replaced the cautious Don Carlos Buell with William S. Rosecrans, who reached the army in late October, moved it to Nashville, and set about rebuilding its morale, its cavalry and its supply line. Washington wanted results. With Burnside repulsed at Fredericksburg and Grant's drive on Vicksburg stalling, the administration needed a victory before the new year and before the Emancipation Proclamation took effect on 1 January; Halleck warned Rosecrans that if he could not act, someone else would be tried.\n\nThe Confederates, meanwhile, weakened themselves. Visiting Murfreesboro in mid-December, Davis was told Rosecrans would not move before spring and ordered Carter Stevenson's division of about 7,500 men to Mississippi, a sixth of Bragg's infantry. Bragg also sent Forrest and Morgan off on long cavalry raids against Grant's and Rosecrans's communications. Rosecrans saw his chance. On 26 December, in driving rain, the Army of the Cumberland marched out of Nashville in three columns on Murfreesboro, thirty miles away. By the evening of 30 December the two armies lay facing each other astride Stones River, in places only a few hundred yards apart.",
  "forces": "CDB90, following Livermore, gives Rosecrans 41,400 effectives and Bragg 34,732; other counts run to about 44,800 Union and 37,712 Confederate present for duty. Union losses were about 13,000, Confederate between about 9,900 and 11,700.\n\nRosecrans's army was still officially the Fourteenth Army Corps; it took the name Army of the Cumberland a week after the battle. It fought in three wings that approximated corps: Alexander McCook's right (Davis, Johnson and Sheridan), George H. Thomas's centre (Rousseau and Negley on the field) and Thomas Crittenden's left (Wood, Palmer and Van Cleve). Thomas was the best of them; McCook and Crittenden were political or professional disappointments whom Rosecrans had inherited. St. Clair Morton's Pioneer Brigade and the Chicago Board of Trade Battery formed a small reserve. David Stanley's cavalry, rebuilt since Nashville, was still the army's weak point.\n\nBragg had two infantry corps: Leonidas Polk's (Cheatham's and Withers's divisions) and William J. Hardee's (Breckinridge's, Cleburne's and McCown's), with Joseph Wheeler's cavalry brigades under Wheeler, John Wharton and John Pegram. Cleburne, a former British soldier, was already among the best division commanders in either army; Breckinridge, once vice-president of the United States, was on bad terms with Bragg. The ground favoured the defender: open cotton and corn fields broken by dense cedar brakes and limestone outcrops that hid troops, broke up formations and stopped artillery. Stones River itself was ankle-deep at the fords but rising with the rain.",
  "course": "CDB90 treats the battle as a single engagement, number 195 (MURFREESBORO (STONE'S RIVER)), from 07:00 on 31 December to 22:00 on 2 January. Times are approximate.\n\n**29–30 December: two plans.** On the night of the 29th Harker's brigade waded the river and nearly took Wayne's Hill, the height that commanded Polk's line, before being thrown back. McCook came into line on the 30th facing south-east, his right hanging in the air near the Franklin road,. Both commanders resolved to attack the other's right next morning. Bragg massed McCown and Cleburne under Hardee on his left to wheel the Federals back against the river and cut the Nashville Pike; Rosecrans would send Van Cleve and Wood across McFadden's Ford against Breckinridge while McCook held for three hours.\n\n**31 December, dawn: the right wing collapses.** At about 06:22 McCown's 4,400 men emerged from the fog, with Cleburne 500 yards behind. Johnson's division was cooking breakfast. Kirk's and Willich's brigades broke within minutes, losing eight guns and about 1,000 prisoners; Cleburne then struck Davis, and within an hour five Union brigades were in retreat. Van Cleve had begun crossing at 07:00; Rosecrans called him back and sent every reserve to the right.\n\n**07:00–10:45: Sheridan's stand.** Cheatham's brigades came on one at a time against Sheridan, whose men had been under arms since 04:00. Each was repulsed; Sill was killed and Roberts led a bayonet counter-attack. For about ninety minutes Sheridan's three brigades and their batteries held seven Confederate brigades in the cedars of the Slaughter Pen. Stewart's whole-brigade assault and empty cartridge boxes ended it: Roberts was killed, Houghtalling's battery lost, and by 10:45 Sheridan was out.\n\n**Late morning: the Nashville Pike.** Rosecrans rode the line in person and built a new front along the turnpike and railroad. Rousseau, sent into the cedars at 09:30, fell back to high ground by the pike, where three batteries broke Rains's charge across the cotton field and killed Rains; Ector, attacking alone, fared no better against Morton's Pioneers and the Chicago Board of Trade Battery. Near the Round Forest a round shot beheaded his chief of staff, Julius Garesché, at his side. Around 15:00 Cleburne's last drive on the pike broke from sheer exhaustion. The Federals had been pushed back two and a half to three miles, losing 28 guns and over 3,000 prisoners, but the pike held.\n\n**31 December: the Round Forest.** The hinge of the new Union line was a four-acre cedar copse between the pike and the railroad, held by William Hazen's brigade and soon called Hell's Half Acre. Chalmers attacked it at 09:00 and Donelson at 10:00; both were cut to pieces. Bragg, fixed on the copse, ordered Breckinridge across the river at 13:00; his brigades went in piecemeal, Adams (426 lost) about 14:00, then Jackson, then Palmer and Preston at dusk, and all failed.\n\n**1 January: the lull.** Rosecrans decided at a midnight council to stay. Bragg, sure he would retreat, did nothing on New Year's Day while the Federals entrenched and sent Van Cleve's division, now under Samuel Beatty, across McFadden's Ford to high ground on the east bank.\n\n**2 January: Breckinridge's attack.** Bragg ordered Breckinridge to take that hill at 16:00, an hour before dark; Breckinridge protested and was overruled. In sleet, about 5,000 men crossed half a mile of open ground and routed Price's and Fyffe's brigades; Hanson of the Kentucky 'Orphan' Brigade was mortally wounded. As they crested the rise above the ford, Crittenden's artillery chief, Captain John Mendenhall, opened with 45 guns massed hub to hub on the ridge west of the river and 12 more a mile to the south-west. The attack collapsed at once; Union brigades waded over in pursuit. In under an hour Breckinridge lost over 1,800 men.\n\n**3 January: withdrawal.** Fearing the rain would flood the river behind his right, and wrongly believing Rosecrans reinforced, Bragg retreated that night towards Shelbyville and Tullahoma.",
  "aftermath": "The Union lost about 12,700 to 13,900 men and the Confederates about 9,900 to 11,700, close to a third of the armies engaged; by one reckoning the highest proportion of any major battle of the war, by the Park Service's second only to Gettysburg. Breckinridge's charge cost over a third of the men who made it.\n\nTactically it was a draw: the Confederates had won most of the fighting and Rosecrans was too hurt to pursue, occupying Murfreesboro only on 5 January. But Bragg had left the field. Lincoln, after the disasters of December, made the most of it; months later he wrote to Rosecrans that 'you gave us a hard-earned victory, which, had there been a defeat instead, the nation could scarcely have lived over.' The news rallied war sentiment in the Old Northwest; Ohio and Indiana voted Rosecrans their thanks.\n\nFor the Army of Tennessee the retreat deepened the quarrel between Bragg and his generals; his soldiers wrote home that he had lost the army's confidence, and only Johnston's support and Davis's failure to find a replacement kept him in command. Rosecrans spent nearly six months building Fortress Rosecrans, a 200-acre depot of earthworks at Murfreesboro, before the Tullahoma campaign in June; the same two armies met again at Chickamauga that September. Hazen's men built a monument in the Round Forest in 1863, often called the oldest Civil War monument standing in its original place. Stones River National Battlefield was created in 1927.",
  "wargaming": "Stones River tests the defender's nerve and the attacker's timing. At brigade level, with turns of 30 minutes to an hour, 31 December fits a table about four miles by three: Stones River and the Round Forest on one edge, the Franklin road and Overall Creek on the other, the Nashville Pike and railroad running through the Union rear. The second scenario, Breckinridge's attack of 2 January, is small enough for regimental scale: a division of about 5,000 against two brigades and a hidden grand battery.\n\nThe terrain does the most work. Cedar brakes and limestone outcrops should block sight, halt artillery and disorder anyone who crosses them, while the cotton and corn fields beyond are killing grounds; this is what pulled Bragg's great wheel apart, as brigades lost touch in the trees. Ammunition supply matters too: Sheridan was beaten by empty cartridge boxes, and a game should let that happen.\n\nThe decisions are good ones. As Bragg, how quickly do you feed Cheatham and Withers in, and do you bring Breckinridge across in the morning rather than the afternoon? As Rosecrans, do you press Van Cleve's attack on Murfreesboro in the hope of winning the race, or abandon it as he did? What if Harker had held Wayne's Hill on 29 December, or McCook had heeded his pickets? The biggest what-if is Stevenson's 7,500 men, sent to Mississippi a fortnight before; give them back to Bragg and his tired divisions have a reserve for the last push on the pike."
 },
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "File:Stones River Dec31 0800.png",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "Stones River, 08:00 on 31 December 1862: Hardee's dawn attack rolls up McCook's right wing.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Stones_River_Dec31_0800.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Stones_River_Dec31_0800.png/960px-Stones_River_Dec31_0800.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stones_River_Dec31_0800.png",
   "licence": "CC BY 3.0",
   "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0",
   "artist": "Hal Jespersen",
   "credit": "Engelsk Wikipedia",
   "width": 4800
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Stones River Jan2 1645.png",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "Stones River, 16:45 on 2 January 1863: Mendenhall's guns west of McFadden's Ford break Breckinridge's attack.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Stones_River_Jan2_1645.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stones_River_Jan2_1645.png/960px-Stones_River_Jan2_1645.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stones_River_Jan2_1645.png",
   "licence": "CC BY 3.0",
   "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0",
   "artist": "Hal Jespersen",
   "credit": "Own work ( Original text: own work )",
   "width": 4800
  },
  {
   "file": "File:The battle of Stone River or Murfreesboro' LCCN2003664895.tif",
   "kind": "illustration",
   "caption": "The battle of Stone River or Murfreesboro': a Kurz & Allison chromolithograph.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/The_battle_of_Stone_River_or_Murfreesboro%27_LCCN2003664895.tif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_battle_of_Stone_River_or_Murfreesboro%27_LCCN2003664895.tif/lossy-page1-960px-The_battle_of_Stone_River_or_Murfreesboro%27_LCCN2003664895.tif.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_battle_of_Stone_River_or_Murfreesboro%27_LCCN2003664895.tif",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Popular Graphic Arts",
   "credit": "Library of Congress Catalog: http://lccn.loc.gov/2003664895 Image download: https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/cph/3a10000/3a15000/3a15100/3a15135u.tif Original url: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pga.03974",
   "width": 9926
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Charge of the first brigade, commanded by Col. M.B. Walker, on the Friday evening of the battle of Stone River ... - sketched by A.E. Mathews, 31st. Reg., O.V.I. LCCN2003665201.jpg",
   "kind": "illustration",
   "caption": "The Union counter-attack across Stones River on the evening of 2 January 1863, sketched by A. E. Mathews of the 31st Ohio.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Charge_of_the_first_brigade%2C_commanded_by_Col._M.B._Walker%2C_on_the_Friday_evening_of_the_battle_of_Stone_River_..._-_sketched_by_A.E._Mathews%2C_31st._Reg.%2C_O.V.I._LCCN2003665201.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Charge_of_the_first_brigade%2C_commanded_by_Col._M.B._Walker%2C_on_the_Friday_evening_of_the_battle_of_Stone_River_..._-_sketched_by_A.E._Mathews%2C_31st._Reg.%2C_O.V.I._LCCN2003665201.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charge_of_the_first_brigade,_commanded_by_Col._M.B._Walker,_on_the_Friday_evening_of_the_battle_of_Stone_River_..._-_sketched_by_A.E._Mathews,_31st._Reg.,_O.V.I._LCCN2003665201.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Middleton, Strobridge & Co.; Mathews, Alfred Edward, 1831-1874, artist",
   "credit": "Library of Congress Catalog: http://lccn.loc.gov/2003665201 Image download: https://cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/pga/02100/02197v.jpg Original url: https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003665201/",
   "width": 8012
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Beatty's brigade at Stone River.jpg",
   "kind": "illustration",
   "caption": "Samuel Beatty's brigade advancing to support the Union right on 31 December, after A. E. Mathews.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Beatty%27s_brigade_at_Stone_River.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Beatty%27s_brigade_at_Stone_River.jpg/960px-Beatty%27s_brigade_at_Stone_River.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beatty%27s_brigade_at_Stone_River.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Edwin J Meeker, from a sketch by Alfred Edward Matthews. Credit found on p. 20 of the PDF ; a list of artists and engravers is on p. 23.",
   "credit": "This file is from the Mechanical Curator collection , a set of over 1 million images scanned from out-of-copyright books and released to Flickr Commons by the British Library in London, England. View image on Flickr View all images from book View catalogue entry for book .",
   "width": 1596
  },
  {
   "file": "File:GenWmSRosecrans.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Major General William S. Rosecrans, commander of the Army of the Cumberland.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/GenWmSRosecrans.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GenWmSRosecrans.jpg/960px-GenWmSRosecrans.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GenWmSRosecrans.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Brady National Photographic Art Gallery",
   "credit": "This image is available from the United States Library of Congress 's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cwpb.06052 . This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing .",
   "width": 4387
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Braxton Bragg.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "General Braxton Bragg, commander of the Army of Tennessee.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Braxton_Bragg.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Braxton_Bragg.jpg/960px-Braxton_Bragg.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Braxton_Bragg.jpg",
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "licence_url": "",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author , restoration by Adam Cuerden",
   "credit": "This image is available from the United States Library of Congress 's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3g07984 . This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing .",
   "width": 2244
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "s1",
   "title": "Battle of Stones River",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "Stones River (American Battlefield Trust)",
   "url": "https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/stones-river",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "Peter Cozzens, The Battle of Stones River, National Park Civil War Series (Eastern National, 2007)",
   "url": "https://npshistory.com/publications/civil_war_series/23/index.htm",
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "Edwin C. Bearss, The Union Artillery and Breckinridge's Attack (National Park Service research report, July 1959)",
   "url": "https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2188602",
   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "The Battle of Stones River (National Park Service, Stones River National Battlefield)",
   "url": "https://www.nps.gov/stri/learn/historyculture/battle0.htm",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–65 (Houghton Mifflin, 1900)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
  },
  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "10 Facts: Stones River (American Battlefield Trust)",
   "url": "https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/10-facts-stones-river",
   "kind": "article"
  }
 ],
 "cdb90": [
  195
 ],
 "order": 95,
 "url": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/stones-river/",
 "oob": [],
 "oob_lwtv": [],
 "scenarios": [],
 "orbat": null,
 "orbat_lwtv": null,
 "reading": {
  "prose": [
   {
    "work_id": "ia:unc_chapel_hill_john_kennedy_street_papers",
    "title": "John Kennedy Street papers, 1858-1899",
    "in": null,
    "author": "John Kennedy Street",
    "life": "1837–1914",
    "year": 1858,
    "kind": "diary",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/unc_chapel_hill_john_kennedy_street_papers",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 12,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/john-kennedy-street-papers-1858-1899-f455df/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:civilwartimes00howegoog",
    "title": "Civil War times, 1861-1865",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Daniel Wait Howe",
    "life": "1839–1920",
    "year": 1902,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/civilwartimes00howegoog",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 8,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/civil-war-times-1861-1865-689632/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:6961",
    "title": "Military Reminiscences of the Civil War, Volume 1",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Jacob D. Cox",
    "life": "1828–1900",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6961",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 5,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/military-reminiscences-of-the-civil-war-volume-1-d14bf7/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:13202",
    "title": "\"Co. Aytch,\" Maury Grays, First Tennessee Regiment",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Samuel R. Watkins",
    "life": "1839–1901",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13202",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 4,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/co-aytch-maury-grays-first-tennessee-regiment-29f3bb/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:15829",
    "title": "Memories",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Fannie A. Beers",
    "life": "1832–1894",
    "year": 1888,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15829",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 4,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/memories-487f2a/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:57212",
    "title": "Doctor Quintard, Chaplain C.S.A. and second Bishop of Tennessee",
    "in": null,
    "author": "C. T. Quintard",
    "life": "1824–1898",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/57212",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 3,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/doctor-quintard-chaplain-c-s-a-and-second-bishop-of-tennesse-00e16c/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:reminiscences00gord",
    "title": "Reminiscences of the Civil War",
    "in": null,
    "author": "John Brown Gordon",
    "life": "1832–1904",
    "year": 1904,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/reminiscences00gord",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 3,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/reminiscences-of-the-civil-war-49d547/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:26561",
    "title": "The Story of a Common Soldier of Army Life in the Civil War, 1861-1865",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Leander Stillwell",
    "life": "1843–1934",
    "year": 1920,
    "kind": "memoir",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26561",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-story-of-a-common-soldier-of-army-life-in-the-civil-war-3fa758/"
   }
  ],
  "history": [],
  "fiction": [],
  "poetry": [
   {
    "work_id": "ia:civilwarinsong00moorrich",
    "title": "The Civil War in song and story",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Frank Moore",
    "life": "1828–1904",
    "year": 1889,
    "kind": "poem",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/civilwarinsong00moorrich",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 3,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-civil-war-in-song-and-story-460f6a/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:newyankeedoodleb00gaye",
    "title": "The new Yankee doodle",
    "in": null,
    "author": "E. Jane Gay",
    "life": "1830–1919",
    "year": 1868,
    "kind": "poem",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/newyankeedoodleb00gaye",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 2,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-new-yankee-doodle-0bd52c/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "gutenberg:68671",
    "title": "Sir Copp",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Clarke, Thomas, active",
    "life": "1830–1872",
    "year": null,
    "kind": "poem",
    "library": "Project Gutenberg",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68671",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/sir-copp-497b2e/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:strifeofbrothers00derr",
    "title": "The strife of brothers",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Joseph Tyrone Derry",
    "life": "1841–",
    "year": 1904,
    "kind": "poem",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/strifeofbrothers00derr",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-strife-of-brothers-239b7e/"
   },
   {
    "work_id": "ia:buglecall00root",
    "title": "The bugle call",
    "in": null,
    "author": "George F. Root",
    "life": "1820–1895",
    "year": 1863,
    "kind": "poem",
    "library": "Internet Archive",
    "url": "https://archive.org/details/buglecall00root",
    "language": "en",
    "contemporary": true,
    "subject": false,
    "references": 1,
    "page": "https://battles.georgewyrd.com/reading/the-bugle-call-7fc4b7/"
   }
  ]
 },
 "reading_lwtv": {
  "prose": [],
  "poetry": []
 },
 "photos": [],
 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": null
}