{
 "slug": "tannenberg-1914",
 "title": "Battle of Tannenberg (1914)",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1900–1918",
 "date_text": "26–30 August 1914",
 "start": "1914-08-26",
 "end": "1914-08-30",
 "war": "World War I",
 "cdb90_war": "WORLD WAR I (EASTERN FRONT 1914)",
 "place": {
  "name": "Between Hohenstein (Olsztynek), Allenstein (Olsztyn) and Neidenburg (Nidzica), East Prussia, Germany (now north-eastern Poland)",
  "lat": 53.58,
  "lon": 20.28,
  "wikidata": "Q153858"
 },
 "lede": "Between 26 and 30 August 1914 the German Eighth Army encircled and destroyed Samsonov's Russian Second Army in the forests of East Prussia. The victory made Hindenburg and Ludendorff national heroes and gave Germany its founding myth of the war in the east.",
 "result": "Decisive German victory",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "German Eighth Army",
   "commanders": [
    "Paul von Hindenburg",
    "Erich Ludendorff (chief of staff)",
    "Max Hoffmann (operations officer)",
    "Hermann von François (I Corps)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 150000,
    "low": 150000,
    "high": 160000,
    "source": "s1"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 13873,
    "low": 12000,
    "high": 20000,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Russian Second Army",
   "commanders": [
    "Alexander Samsonov",
    "Yakov Zhilinsky (North-Western Front)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 150000,
    "low": 123000,
    "high": 200000,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 120000,
    "low": 70000,
    "high": 142000,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "Germany went to war in August 1914 with seven of its eight armies in the west. The Schlieffen Plan gambled that France could be beaten before Russia's slow mobilisation was complete, and East Prussia was left to the Eighth Army under Maximilian von Prittwitz. Russia moved faster than expected. To take pressure off France, General Yakov Zhilinsky's North-Western Front sent two armies into East Prussia. Rennenkampf's First Army came from the east, and Samsonov's Second Army came north from the Narew in Russian Poland. The Masurian Lakes kept the two armies apart.\n\nOn 20 August Rennenkampf beat the Germans at Gumbinnen. Prittwitz talked of falling back behind the Vistula, and Moltke replaced him. The new commander was Paul von Hindenburg, a 66-year-old general brought out of retirement, with Erich Ludendorff, fresh from the storming of Liège, as his chief of staff. They reached the front on 23 August.\n\nA counterstroke was already taking shape. Rennenkampf had paused after Gumbinnen, and the Eighth Army's operations officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Max Hoffmann, proposed leaving only a cavalry screen in front of him. Every other formation would go south-west against Samsonov's exposed army, using East Prussia's railways and roads to get there first. Ludendorff, travelling east, had reached much the same conclusion. Who thought of it first is still argued over. The battle would be fought in the lake-and-forest country between Allenstein, Hohenstein and Neidenburg, where Samsonov's corps, already strung out and short of supplies, were marching north.",
  "forces": "The German Eighth Army brought four corps against Samsonov. Scholtz's XX Corps was already in front of him. François's I Corps came round by rail from the Gumbinnen front to the right flank, a journey s3 puts at about 200 miles. Mackensen's XVII Corps and Below's I Reserve Corps marched south-west from the Rennenkampf front. Reserve and Landwehr formations filled the gaps. These were well-trained peacetime regulars and reservists. They fought on home ground they had exercised over, with plentiful heavy artillery and dense rail and road links behind them.\n\nThe Russian Second Army had XV (Martos), XIII (Klyuev) and XXIII Corps in the centre, I Corps (Artamonov) on the left and VI Corps (Blagoveshchensky) out on the right. Its soldiers were brave and could fight hard, as XV Corps showed. The army as a whole, however, had been hurried forward before it was ready. Only two railways reached the frontier, and they ran on a different gauge, so supplies came forward on sandy tracks. Units arrived tired and hungry. Staff work was poor, and communications were worse. Samsonov's headquarters had no proper cipher system, so orders went out by wireless in plain text, and the Germans read them. Above him, Zhilinsky, who never came near the battle, kept pressing him to advance faster.",
  "course": "**Opening moves, 23–25 August.** Samsonov's corps crossed the frontier and pushed north. On 24 August Scholtz's XX Corps checked them around Orlau and Frankenau, then fell back towards Tannenberg. That day the Germans picked up uncoded Russian wireless messages. One showed that Rennenkampf was not marching to Samsonov's aid. Another gave the line of Samsonov's advance. With them, the German command could leave Rennenkampf to the cavalry. Ludendorff ordered François to attack the Russian left at Usdau at once. François protested that much of his artillery was still on the trains, but promised that if it was ordered, an attack would be made. His preliminary attack took the high ground at Seeben.\n\n**The flanks give way, 26–27 August.** On 26 August, 30–40 km to the north-east, Mackensen's XVII Corps and Below's I Reserve Corps struck the isolated Russian VI Corps near Bischofsburg and drove it back towards the border. That stripped Samsonov of his right flank. In the centre, meanwhile, Martos's XV Corps and Klyuev's XIII Corps were still attacking north towards Hohenstein and Allenstein, and Martos badly mauled the German 41st Division. Neither Russian commander knew what was happening on his flanks. On 27 August François, with his guns now up, took Usdau after a heavy bombardment. Artamonov's I Corps fell back on Soldau, and the Russian left collapsed in turn. That evening Ludendorff gave his orders for the encirclement.\n\n**Closing the ring, 28–29 August.** On 28 August German airmen reported that Rennenkampf was moving towards the Eighth Army's rear. Hindenburg held his nerve and kept to the plan. François ignored orders to turn north. Instead he drove east along the frontier road through Soldau to Neidenburg, across the Russian line of retreat. Samsonov ordered a general withdrawal, but it came too late. On 29 August François's troops pushed on towards Willenberg and linked up with Mackensen's XVII Corps coming from the north. Sources place the meeting at Willenberg or Jedwabno. XV Corps, XIII Corps and part of XXIII Corps were trapped in the forests between Hohenstein, Neidenburg and Willenberg, a pocket s1 centres on Frogenau. Columns that tried to break south down the forest roads ran into machine-gun and artillery fire at the exits.\n\n**The end, 29–30 August.** Russian troops outside the ring tried to break in and failed. Inside it, units broke up into hungry groups that surrendered in thousands. Samsonov had gone forward to his corps and lost touch with his own headquarters. With a handful of staff officers he set off on foot through the woods towards the frontier. On the night of 29–30 August he walked away from them and shot himself. By 30 August the Second Army's centre had ceased to exist. Moltke had already taken two corps from the Western Front to reinforce the east, and they arrived after the battle was won.",
  "aftermath": "The Second Army lost about 120,000 men, most of them prisoners, along with some 500 guns. s1 says 13 generals were captured. German losses were nearer 13,000–15,000. The trophies are said to have filled 60 trains. The victory was not decisive. A week later, at the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes, the reinforced Eighth Army turned on Rennenkampf and drove him out of East Prussia, but Russia stayed in the war. Russian defeats in East Prussia were also offset by Russian victories over Austria-Hungary in Galicia.\n\nThe myth mattered as much as the victory. Hindenburg asked for the battle to be named after Tannenberg, a village west of the main fighting, near the site where the Teutonic Knights had been defeated by Poland–Lithuania in 1410. Both Ludendorff and Hoffmann later claimed the idea. The name presented the battle as revenge for 1410. Hindenburg became a national hero, and the reputation took him to the supreme command and, in 1925, the presidency. Hoffmann's planning and François's disobedience went largely unsung, while Ludendorff in his memoirs claimed the encirclement as his own. Historians still argue over how the credit should be shared among the four.\n\nA vast memorial at Hohenstein was completed in 1927, and Hindenburg was buried there in 1934. Retreating German troops blew it up in January 1945. In Russia, Tannenberg became a byword for the incompetence of the Tsarist high command.",
  "wargaming": "Tannenberg is a pure manoeuvre battle. It suits operational games at division or brigade level, with turns of half a day to a day and hexes or grid squares of 2–5 km. A board running from Allenstein and Bischofsburg south to the frontier at Soldau and Willenberg holds all of it. The lakes, the forests and the few roads through them channel both sides and set the pace. Tactical games can take single actions: Usdau on 27 August, the destruction of VI Corps on 26 August, or Martos against the 41st Division.\n\nThe interesting rules are about information and command, more than firepower. The German player should see much of the Russian plan, as the intercepts allowed. The Russian player should be blind, slow to resupply and liable to lose contact between corps. Rennenkampf is the great uncertainty. A variable entry for the First Army forces the German player to judge, as Hindenburg had to, how long the screen can hold. Rules for subordinate initiative let François either win the battle or wreck the plan.\n\nThe what-ifs follow from these. Rennenkampf marches south-west on 26 August. The Russians encipher their signals. Samsonov halts and pulls back on 26 August rather than pressing north. François obeys the order to turn north and leaves the southern exits open. Each of them tests how near the Germans came to a far more dangerous battle."
 },
 "images": [
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   "file": "File:BattleOfTannenberg2.jpg",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "East Prussia, 23–26 August 1914: the German concentration against Samsonov's Second Army while Rennenkampf's First Army halts in the north-east.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/BattleOfTannenberg2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "width": 1242
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  {
   "file": "File:Tannenberg3008.jpg",
   "kind": "map",
   "caption": "The last phase of the battle: the Russian centre encircled between Hohenstein, Neidenburg and Willenberg.",
   "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Tannenberg3008.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
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   "credit": "Taken from the campaign series, made public by the US-Army under dean.usma.edu From website: In 1938 the predecessors of what is today The Department of History at the United States Military Academy began developing a series of campaign atlases to aid in teaching cadets a course entitled, \"History of the Military Art.\" Since then, the Department has produced over six atlases and more than one thousand maps, encompassing not only America’s wars but global conflicts as well. In keeping abreast with today's technology, the Department of History is providing these maps on the internet as part of the department's outreach program. The maps were created by the United States Military Academy’s Department of History and are the digital versions from the atlases printed by the United States Defense Printing Agency. We gratefully acknowledge the accomplishments of the department's former cartographer, Mr. Edward J. Krasnoborski, along with the works of our present cartographer, Mr. Frank Martini. Please be aware that these maps are large in file size and may require substantial download times.",
   "width": 1242
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  {
   "file": "File:Battle of Tannenberg Hugo Vogel.jpg",
   "kind": "painting",
   "caption": "Hindenburg and his staff at Tannenberg, by Hugo Vogel (about 1917).",
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   "caption": "General Alexander Samsonov, commander of the Russian Second Army.",
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   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "credit": "Дореволюционный журнал \"Разведчик\" за август 1914 года, №1243",
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  {
   "file": "File:Max Hoffmann.jpg",
   "kind": "portrait",
   "caption": "Max Hoffmann, the Eighth Army's operations officer, in a 1915 portrait by Oskar Brüch.",
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   "file": "File:Russian prisoners tannenberg.jpg",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "Russian prisoners and captured guns after Tannenberg, 1914.",
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   "artist": "website: Ray Mentzer (atominfo@aol.com); photographer unknown",
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   "file": "File:Usdau1.JPG",
   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "A shattered Russian trench near Usdau, 1914.",
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   "kind": "photo",
   "caption": "The overgrown foundations of the Tannenberg Memorial near Olsztynek, blown up in 1945.",
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   "title": "Battle of Tannenberg",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg",
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  {
   "id": "s2",
   "title": "Michael Duffy, 'The Battle of Tannenberg, 1914', FirstWorldWar.com (archived by Library and Archives Canada)",
   "url": "https://bac-lac.wayback.archive-it.org/web/20171107152700/http:/firstworldwar.com/battles/tannenberg.htm",
   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "Michael C. Paul, 'Battle of Tannenberg (1914)', EBSCO Research Starters (2019)",
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   "kind": "article"
  },
  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "J. Rickard, 'Battle of Tannenberg, 26–31 August 1914', HistoryOfWar.org (2001)",
   "url": "https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_tannenberg.html",
   "kind": "web"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Oxana Nagornaja, 'Tannenberg, Battle of', 1914-1918-online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War (2017)",
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   "kind": "article"
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   "id": "s6",
   "title": "Dennis E. Showalter, Tannenberg: Clash of Empires, 1914 (Archon Books, 1991; Brassey's, 2004)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
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  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "Max Hastings, Catastrophe 1914: Europe Goes to War (Knopf, 2013)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
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  {
   "id": "s8",
   "title": "Sergei G. Nelipovich, Two Campaigns: The Struggle for East Prussia in August–October 1914 (in Russian; Kvadriga, Moscow, 2023)",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "book"
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  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918, vol. III (Berlin, 1934)",
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   "id": "s10",
   "title": "Dave Roos, 'How the Battle of Tannenberg Became Germany's Greatest WWI Victory', History.com",
   "url": "https://www.history.com/articles/battle-tannenberg",
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    "title": "Military Operations, France and Belgium 1914, vol. 1",
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    "title": "Out of my life",
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    "work_id": "ia:tannenbergironside",
    "title": "Tannenberg. The First Thirty Days in East Prussia [1928 2nd Impression, Russian and German Forces]",
    "in": null,
    "author": "Major–General Sir Edmund Ironside",
    "life": null,
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    "title": "Nelson's history of the war",
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 "photos": [
  {
   "file": "File:Bundesarchiv Bild 103-121-018, Tannenberg, Hindenburg auf Schlachtfeld.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_103-121-018%2C_Tannenberg%2C_Hindenburg_auf_Schlachtfeld.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_103-121-018%2C_Tannenberg%2C_Hindenburg_auf_Schlachtfeld.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_103-121-018,_Tannenberg,_Hindenburg_auf_Schlachtfeld.jpg",
   "caption": "For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions , which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme . Hindenburg auf dem Schlachtfeld bei Tannenberg [1. Weltkrieg]",
   "year": 1915,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Hugo Vogel",
   "collection": "Bundesarchiv"
  },
  {
   "file": "File:BATTLE OF TANNENBERG.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BATTLE_OF_TANNENBERG.jpg/500px-BATTLE_OF_TANNENBERG.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BATTLE_OF_TANNENBERG.jpg",
   "caption": "German ww1 print deppicting the battle of Tannenberg, 1914",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "published by Oehmigke & Riemenschneider",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Bevelhebber van het 8ste Leger in Oost Pruisen, Paul von Hindenburg achter een veldperiscoop, SFA022001421.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bevelhebber_van_het_8ste_Leger_in_Oost_Pruisen%2C_Paul_von_Hindenburg_achter_een_veldperiscoop%2C_SFA022001421.jpg/500px-Bevelhebber_van_het_8ste_Leger_in_Oost_Pruisen%2C_Paul_von_Hindenburg_achter_een_veldperiscoop%2C_SFA022001421.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bevelhebber_van_het_8ste_Leger_in_Oost_Pruisen,_Paul_von_Hindenburg_achter_een_veldperiscoop,_SFA022001421.jpg",
   "caption": "Omschrijving: Bevelhebber van het 8ste Leger in Oost Pruisen, Paul von Hindenburg achter een veldperiscoop (veldkijker) tijdens de Slag bij Tannenberg in 1914. Hij wist bij deze slag de Russen te verslaan",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:De Duitse generaal Hindenburg op het slagveld van Tannenberg, na de overwinning op de Russen, Bestanddeelnr 22055 007.tif",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/De_Duitse_generaal_Hindenburg_op_het_slagveld_van_Tannenberg%2C_na_de_overwinning_op_de_Russen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_22055_007.tif/lossy-page1-500px-De_Duitse_generaal_Hindenburg_op_het_slagveld_van_Tannenberg%2C_na_de_overwinning_op_de_Russen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_22055_007.tif.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:De_Duitse_generaal_Hindenburg_op_het_slagveld_van_Tannenberg,_na_de_overwinning_op_de_Russen,_Bestanddeelnr_22055_007.tif",
   "caption": "Collectie / Archief: Fotocollectie Spaarnestad Onderwerpen Reportage / Serie: Oostfront W.O. I Beschrijving: De Duitse generaal Hindenburg op het slagveld van Tannenberg, na de overwinning op de Russen Annotatie: Franstalig bijschrift. Foto gepubliceerd 1-8-1936 n.a.v. zijn overlijden Datum: 1914-08",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "CC0",
   "artist": "Unknown author Unknown author",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:H3419-L205937174 original.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/H3419-L205937174_original.jpg/500px-H3419-L205937174_original.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:H3419-L205937174_original.jpg",
   "caption": "Hindenburg",
   "year": 1915,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Hugo Vogel",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Karte Usdau 1.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Karte_Usdau_1.jpg/500px-Karte_Usdau_1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_Usdau_1.jpg",
   "caption": "Karte von Tannenbergschlacht am 27.8.1914",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Bauernfreund",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Rennenkampf.JPG",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rennenkampf.JPG/500px-Rennenkampf.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rennenkampf.JPG",
   "caption": "Rennenkampf mit Stab",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Bauernfreund",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Tannenberg 001.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tannenberg_001.jpg/500px-Tannenberg_001.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tannenberg_001.jpg",
   "caption": "Gefangene russische Soldaten am Bahnhof vom Tilsit",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "R.Minzloff",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Tannenberg01.JPG",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tannenberg01.JPG/500px-Tannenberg01.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tannenberg01.JPG",
   "caption": "Usdau 27 August 1914: Burning inn (or hotel)",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Bauernfreund",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Tannenbergschlacht.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tannenbergschlacht.jpg/500px-Tannenbergschlacht.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tannenbergschlacht.jpg",
   "caption": "Hindenburg während der Schlacht",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Sendker",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Usdau5.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Usdau5.jpg/500px-Usdau5.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Usdau5.jpg",
   "caption": "Das Verscharren der Leichen von russischen Soldaten in Granattrichtern",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Bauernfreund",
   "collection": null
  },
  {
   "file": "File:Vivat-bander - 1914 - Hindenburg Tanenburg by E.D.d.j - 2.jpg",
   "thumb": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Vivat-bander_-_1914_-_Hindenburg_Tanenburg_by_E.D.d.j_-_2.jpg/500px-Vivat-bander_-_1914_-_Hindenburg_Tanenburg_by_E.D.d.j_-_2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
   "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vivat-bander_-_1914_-_Hindenburg_Tanenburg_by_E.D.d.j_-_2.jpg",
   "caption": "World War I Vivat ribbon commemorating Battle of Tannenberg . Shows Wilhelm II and \" Hindenburg der sieger von Tannenberg \"( Hindenburg the winner of Tannenberg ). This battle was led by von Hindenburg was the most significant German victory on the Eastern Front. Printed by Amsler & Ruthardt in Berl",
   "year": 1914,
   "licence": "Public domain",
   "artist": "Emil Doepler",
   "collection": null
  }
 ],
 "photos_kind": "photographs",
 "newspapers": {
  "slug": "tannenberg-1914",
  "query": "Tannenberg",
  "from": "1914-08-26",
  "to": "1914-09-13",
  "total": 16,
  "rights": "Library of Congress, Chronicling America: newspapers published before 1931, in the public domain. Text machine-read from the scanned page.",
  "pages": [
   {
    "date": "1914-08-31",
    "paper": "Bryan daily eagle and pilot (Bryan, Tex.)",
    "place": "Bryan, Texas",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn86088651/1914-08-31/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... tlcularly at Orteleburf, Hehenatein and [[tag]]Tannenberg[[/tag]]. Many high officers were included. The German attack at these points waa acroaa awampa and lakes. Official Austrian sources claim the Russians were repulaed over a battle Una of 420 miles. WITHIN SIXTY MILES OF PARIS. (By Associated Press.) London, Aug. 31. St Petersburg dispatches declare that while Ger many haa called her school boya to the colore, Russia has given half a million reservista el weeka' furlough. Heavy firing waa heard at Dover thla morning, apparently coming from vessels along the French coast. Noth ing ia known officially. The Poet editorial thia morning on the Eastern situation aaya the allies apparently havo been compelled to re treat twenty ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-08-31",
    "paper": "The Milwaukee leader (Milwaukee, Wis.)",
    "place": "Milwaukee, Wisconsin",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045293/1914-08-31/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... at Ortelsburg, Hohen stein and [[tag]]Tannenberg[[/tag]]. Germans attacked the Russians ‘Hear the three cities through swamps and lakes.” ROUMANIAN KING TO ABDICATE HIS THRONE PARIS, Aug. 31.—Advices from Bucharest that the king of Roumania is seriously ill and may abdicate, have directed attention to the succession. His heir is his nephew. Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern, whose sympathies are entirely German. Should he succeed to the throne dur ing the present crisis, it might great ly change Roumania’s attitude in the present war. It is stated, however, that the gen eral feeling throughout Roumania is anti-German and that an attempt to align Roumania on the side of the Germans might result in an internal disturbance and ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-03",
    "paper": "Semi-weekly herald (Durango, Colo.)",
    "place": "Durango, Colorado",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn91052314/1914-09-03/ed-1/?sp=2",
    "snippet": "... sia at Ortelsburg, Hopenstein and [[tag]]Tannenberg[[/tag]]. The Germans attacked the Russians near the three cities through the swamps and lakes. PARIS, Aug. 31.—At noon today the following announcement was made: “Fighting is progressing along the northern lines and the Germans are using all their immense resources to break the allied defense. Our po sition is stronger than ever. The French continue the Lorraine ad vance.” Earlier reports indicate the French attacked the Germans left through the Vosges, thereby hoping to force the kaiser to withdraw the troops from his right. This apparently fail ed. It is believed the kaiser stakes everything on investing Paris quickly. General Gallieni, commander of Paris, is prepared to send away ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-04",
    "paper": "Svenska monitoren (Sioux City, Iowa)",
    "place": "Sioux City, Iowa",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn87058078/1914-09-04/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... garne i Ortelsberg, Hohenstein o. [[tag]]Tannenberg[[/tag]]. I dessa inträffnin gar stormade de tyska trupperna fiendens bästa ställqingar. Alla ryssarnes riktade angrepp voro lönlösa och måste efter blodig kamp sträcka gevär. Blod flöt i strömmar och slagfälten betäcktes af döda och sårade. Paristelegram meddela att Frankrike förstärkt sin krigsstyr ka och att 600.000 man bli färdiga att aktivt deltaga i kriget inom sex veckors tid. Soldater tillhö rande 1914 uppbåd samt gamla re servklasser ha fått mobiliserings order. Reserverna komma att af gå till krigsskådeplatsen inom nå gra dagar. Vidare meddelas från Paris att de allierade ha tagit ny position utmed järnvägen mellan Bulogne och Paris, hvar de förbereda sig på nästa sammandrabbning med de framryckande ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-06",
    "paper": "The Anderson daily intelligencer (Anderson, S.C.)",
    "place": "Anderson, South Carolina",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn93067669/1914-09-06/ed-1/?sp=1",
    "snippet": "... ex cept in fighting netyr [[tag]]Tannenberg[[/tag]] (ia East Prussia, 76 miles southwest of Koenigsberg.) KING IS INJURED BY BURSTING SHELL Albert of Belgium While Heading Retreat of Beginns Slightly Injured London, Sept. 6.-A dispatch to the t cnn\" says that King Albert, of Belgium, waa slightly injured by a sharpnel while ho was heading the retreat of the Bel? glan troops to Antwerp. A shell exploded against the rear wheel ot the automobile In which King Albert waa seated, and his car was badiy damaged. ooooooooooooooooooo o INNES A VERDERER o ooooooooooooooooooo San Antonio, Tex., Sept. 6.-District Attorney W. G. Linden tonight made public a report from Herman Nestor, city chemist, declaring that the bones ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-06",
    "paper": "The Birmingham age-herald (Birmingham, Ala.)",
    "place": "Birmingham, Alabama",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85038485/1914-09-06/ed-1/?sp=10",
    "snippet": "... except in the fight near [[tag]]Tannenberg[[/tag]] (In Hast Prussia. 75 I miles southwest of Koenigsberg).’’ Hfi:: British Cruiser Badly Damaged By German Ship Cruiser Bristol Defeated Off Coast of Hayti, According to German Lieutenant Reaching New York—Merchantmen Sunk New York, September 5.—The German cruiser Karlsruhe has engaged and badly disabled the British cruiser Bristol off the coast of Hayti, according to H. H. We issuer, a lieutenant of the German army, and leader of 78 Germans who arrived here today on the Clyde line steamship Algonquin from Puerto, Colombia, on their way to join the colors. OR. GEORGE EAVES More Work Done Than in Any Previous Month Dr. George Eaves, secretary of the Jef ferson ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-08",
    "paper": "Honolulu star-bulletin (honolulu [oahu, hawaii])",
    "place": "Honolulu, Hawaii",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014682/1914-09-08/ed-1/?sp=10",
    "snippet": "... Russian re verse waa near [[tag]]Tannenberg[[/tag]]. Despatches from Milan to the Daily Mail state that the Russians occupied Czernowitz, capital of the Bukowlna, the Austro-Hungarian crown land dis trict, without resistance. This city Is 125 miles south of Lemberg. AU8TRIANS CHARGED WITH INHUMANITY. PETROGRAD, via London, Sept 6. Dispatches from the corresoondent of the Novae Vremya, who witnessed the storming of Schabatz, In .western Servia. by the Austria ns, describe ter rible atrocities, committed by the at tacking forces. if ::2 Th dispatchea state that 125 citi zens were bayoneted in the cathedral square by. the crazed Austriana before the eyes of 1500 women and children who were herded Into the cathedral, which waa transformed ..."
   },
   {
    "date": "1914-09-12",
    "paper": "Evening star (Washington, D.C.)",
    "place": "Washington, District Of Columbia",
    "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1914-09-12/ed-1/?sp=5",
    "snippet": "... of the latter's victory at [[tag]]Tannenberg[[/tag]]. a village I of East Prussia, seventy-five miles j southwest of Koenigsberg, has been given out officially here. It fo'lows: \"Your telecrram of September 1 gave j me unspeakaole pleasure. You accom- plished a deed of arms almost un:que in i history which assures you and your troops immortal glory, and which will, if God pleases, free the dear fatherland from the enemy forever.\" Germany's Economic Peril. The Berlin Vorwaerts, the socialist organ, takes a pessimistic view of the German situation so far as the economic position is concerned. \"The greatest danger.\" it says, \"is not that Germany may be defeated, but that the war will take a long ..."
   }
  ]
 }
}