{
 "slug": "trenton",
 "title": "Battle of Trenton",
 "status": "draft",
 "era": "1775–1815",
 "date_text": "26 December 1776",
 "start": "1776-12-26",
 "end": "1776-12-26",
 "war": "American Revolutionary War",
 "cdb90_war": "AMERICAN REVOLUTION",
 "place": {
  "name": "Trenton, New Jersey (the colonial town around King and Queen Streets, now Warren and Broad Streets)",
  "lat": 40.2258,
  "lon": -74.7647,
  "wikidata": "Q653664"
 },
 "lede": "After a night crossing of the ice-choked Delaware in a nor'easter, Washington's army surprised Johann Rall's Hessian brigade at Trenton and took most of it prisoner in about an hour. The small victory revived a cause that had seemed close to collapse.",
 "result": "Decisive American victory; Rall's brigade largely captured",
 "result_cdb90": "attacker win",
 "belligerents": [
  {
   "role": "attacker",
   "name": "Continental Army main body: Greene's and Sullivan's divisions, Knox's artillery, Glover's Marblehead boatmen",
   "commanders": [
    "General George Washington",
    "Major-General Nathanael Greene",
    "Major-General John Sullivan",
    "Brigadier-General Henry Knox (artillery)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 2400,
    "low": 2400,
    "high": 2500,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 5,
    "low": 5,
    "high": 7,
    "source": "s2"
   }
  },
  {
   "role": "defender",
   "name": "Rall's Hessian brigade: Rall, Lossberg and Knyphausen regiments, a jäger detachment and a party of British light dragoons",
   "commanders": [
    "Colonel Johann Gottlieb Rall",
    "Major Friedrich von Dechow (Knyphausen regiment)"
   ],
   "strength": {
    "value": 1500,
    "low": 1400,
    "high": 1500,
    "source": "s2"
   },
   "casualties": {
    "value": 918,
    "low": 905,
    "high": 943,
    "source": "s1"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sections": {
  "background": "By December 1776 the Continental Army had been driven from New York and chased across New Jersey into Pennsylvania. Nine in ten of the men who had fought on Long Island were gone, and Washington wrote to a cousin that he thought 'the game is pretty near up'. On 14 December Howe ordered his army into winter quarters, strung out in a chain of posts across New Jersey. Colonel Carl von Donop held the Delaware line from Trenton to Burlington, and gave Johann Rall's brigade Trenton itself, a town of about a hundred houses and two main streets, King and Queen, with orders to guard the bridges over the neighbouring creeks.\n\nThe post was exposed. American militia and raiding parties ambushed patrols, captured dispatch riders and attacked pickets almost daily; Ewing's Pennsylvania militia raided across the river on 17, 18 and 21 December. Rall's requests for reinforcements, and for a post at Maidenhead to cover the Princeton road, were turned down by Major-General James Grant, who thought the rebels beaten. On 22-23 December Donop marched off to Mount Holly to deal with New Jersey militia, taking his support further away.\n\nWashington's army, meanwhile, was growing. On 20 December about 2,000 men under Sullivan, formerly Charles Lee's command, and 800 from Ticonderoga under Gates reached his camp. At a council of war on 23 December he settled on a counterstroke. Three forces would cross the Delaware on Christmas night: Cadwalader against Bordentown, Ewing at Trenton Ferry to seize the Assunpink bridge, and the main body nine miles upstream to fall on Trenton before dawn.",
  "forces": "Washington's striking force was about 2,400 men in two divisions, under Nathanael Greene and John Sullivan, with Henry Knox's artillery: 18 guns, a strong train for so small a force. Brigades and detachments named in the fighting include Hugh Mercer's, George Weedon's and John Stark's men, Edward Hand's Pennsylvania riflemen, a German-speaking battalion and Thomas Forrest's guns. John Glover's 14th Continental, Marblehead seamen, manned the boats. Each man carried 60 rounds and three days' rations; many had no shoes.\n\nRall's brigade numbered about 1,500: his own regiment and the Lossberg and Knyphausen regiments, about 50 jägers, 20 troopers of the British 16th Light Dragoons and six guns. Rall, about fifty, had 36 years' service, including a spell with Catherine the Great's army against the Turks, and had earned Howe's praise at White Plains and Fort Washington. He was a brave, forceful leader, but neither liked by his officers nor careful with fieldworks: he rejected his engineers' plan for a redoubt at the head of the town.\n\nThe Hessians were good troops worn down by weeks of alarms. They slept in their uniforms with their muskets to hand, and patrols went out daily. The weather mattered to both sides: wet priming silenced many muskets on 26 December, and both commanders fell back on the bayonet.",
  "course": "**The crossing.** The army began crossing at about 6 p.m. on Christmas Day, nine miles above Trenton. A nor'easter set in: rain turned to sleet and then snow, and the river, about 300 yards wide, ran with ice. Glover's men took the infantry over in Durham boats, 40 to 60 feet long with high sides; horses and guns went on flat-bottomed ferries. Colonel John Haslet fell overboard and was hauled out; no one drowned and every gun crossed. The plan had the army over by midnight, but the last men landed around 3 a.m. and the column did not move off until about 4 a.m. A pre-dawn attack was now impossible. Downstream, ice and weather stopped both Cadwalader and Ewing from crossing.\n\n**The march.** The army marched about nine miles into the wind, by Bear Tavern and across Jacobs Creek, to Birmingham (now West Trenton). There it split: Greene's division with Washington took the Scotch and Pennington roads to come in from the north, Sullivan's the River Road from the west. Two men died of exposure. Sullivan reported his powder wet; Washington told him to use the bayonet. Near the town the columns met a party of about 50 men under Adam Stephen, who had shot up a Hessian outpost the previous evening knowing nothing of the plan.\n\n**The outposts, about 8 a.m.** Greene's column struck Lieutenant Andreas Wiederholdt's picket in a cooper's shop on the Pennington Road, about a mile north-west of town, while Hand's riflemen and the German battalion moved to block the Princeton road. The pickets fell back in good order, firing from houses, and were joined by a Lossberg company on the high ground at the north end of town. Knox's guns unlimbered there, where King and Queen Streets meet in a V, and swept both streets. On the River Road, Sullivan's advance guard reached the Hermitage; the 50 jägers there under Lieutenant von Grothausen and the 20 dragoons fled across the Assunpink bridge before it was cut.\n\n**Fighting in the streets.** The three Hessian regiments turned out quickly. Rall led his own regiment, with Lossberg companies, up King Street to clear the guns; American artillery and Mercer's men firing from houses broke the advance. Rall's two 3-pounders fired a few rounds before half their crews were down, and were taken. On Queen Street, Forrest's guns silenced two more. The Knyphausen regiment became separated, and in the south Stark's bayonet charge broke it when its wet muskets would not fire. Wiederholdt told Rall, wrongly, that the town was surrounded, so instead of retreating over the Assunpink Rall pulled his and the Lossberg regiment back to a field outside the town and resolved to attack again.\n\n**Collapse.** With the band playing, Rall led them back towards the heights on the American flank, but they came under fire from three directions. They briefly recaptured their guns before a handful of Knox's men seized them back; in this fighting the future president James Monroe was badly wounded. Rall fell, mortally wounded. His men gave way into an orchard east of the town, were surrounded and surrendered. The Knyphausen regiment, marching the wrong way, found the bridge held by Sullivan and gave up minutes later, though some of its men forded the Assunpink and escaped. The fighting had lasted roughly an hour.",
  "aftermath": "The Hessians lost about 22 killed, including Rall, and some 900 captured, the 83 wounded among them; perhaps a quarter of the garrison escaped. The Americans had about five wounded, and two dead from exposure on the march. They took about 1,000 muskets, ammunition, the Hessian guns and stores of food, clothing and shoes. Forty hogsheads of rum were found; some was drunk before Washington had the rest destroyed. Rall died that night at his headquarters, having asked Washington to treat his men well.\n\nWith Cadwalader and Ewing still in Pennsylvania, Washington was too weak to push on to Princeton or New Brunswick. By noon his men were recrossing the river with their prisoners, who were marched to Philadelphia and later Lancaster. A week later he crossed again, fought at the Assunpink Creek and won at Princeton before going into winter quarters at Morristown. Trenton's real result was morale: it encouraged men to re-enlist and drew recruits.\n\nA Hessian court of inquiry eventually blamed Rall and Major von Dechow, and cleared the three regiments of any want of courage. The best-known story, that the Hessians were drunk after Christmas, has no documented basis. An American staff officer had predicted it beforehand, but Washington Crossing Historic Park finds no evidence, Edward Lengel calls it a legend and Fischer cites an American eyewitness against it; the Hessians turned out quickly and fought hard. The legend may come from a British officer, Kemble, who called Rall a drunkard.",
  "wargaming": "Trenton is a small, fast, asymmetric game: about 2,400 Americans with 18 guns against about 1,500 Hessians with six, in a town of a hundred houses. It suits a company-level game, with Hessian companies and American battalions or wings as units and turns of five to ten minutes.\n\nThe map is compact: the high ground at the V where King and Queen Streets meet, the two streets as killing grounds for artillery, the houses that shelter skirmishers, the Hermitage and River Road in the west, the orchard and fields east of town, and the Assunpink Creek and its single bridge, the only quick way out. Rules for weather matter more than usual: wet priming should make volleys unreliable and reward the bayonet and artillery, which kept firing.\n\nThe interesting decisions are mostly Hessian. Rall can stand and counterattack, as he did, or break out over the Assunpink before Sullivan closes the bridge. Hidden information drives it: Wiederholdt's false report that the town was surrounded can be modelled as a command roll. What-ifs are rich: Rall builds his redoubt at the V; Stephen's raid the night before puts the garrison on alert rather than lulling it; the crossing keeps to time and the Americans attack in darkness; or Cadwalader and Ewing get across, closing the southern exits and catching the escapees. A campaign game can link the crossing, the march and the attack, with every hour lost to the storm costing the Americans darkness and surprise."
 },
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   "caption": "A contemporary Hessian sketch of the action at Trenton.",
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   "credit": "This map is available from the United States Library of Congress 's Geography & Map Division under the digital ID g3814t.ar126700 . This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing .",
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   "title": "Battle of Trenton (Wikipedia)",
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   "title": "Trenton (American Battlefield Trust)",
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  {
   "id": "s3",
   "title": "Cody Lass, 'Battle of Trenton', George Washington's Mount Vernon Digital Encyclopedia",
   "url": "https://www.mountvernon.org/encyclopedia/battle-trenton",
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  {
   "id": "s4",
   "title": "'Were the Hessians drunk when Washington attacked Trenton?', Washington Crossing Historic Park, 29 November 2019",
   "url": "https://www.washingtoncrossingpark.org/hessians-drunk/",
   "kind": "web"
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   "id": "s5",
   "title": "Myths and Legends About the Crossing (Washington Crossing Historic Park)",
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   "kind": "web"
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  {
   "id": "s6",
   "title": "James M. Deitch, 'Johann Gottlieb Rall: Tactical Negligence or Personal Negligence at Trenton?', Journal of the American Revolution, 7 February 2023",
   "url": "https://allthingsliberty.com/2023/02/johann-gottlieb-rall-tactical-negligence-or-personal-negligence-at-trenton/",
   "kind": "article"
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  {
   "id": "s7",
   "title": "Andrew A. Zellers-Frederick, 'The Hessians Who Escaped Washington's Trap at Trenton', Journal of the American Revolution, 18 April 2018",
   "url": "https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/04/the-hessians-who-escaped-washingtons-trap-at-trenton/",
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   "id": "s8",
   "title": "David Hackett Fischer, Washington's Crossing (Oxford University Press, 2004)",
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  {
   "id": "s9",
   "title": "Edward G. Lengel, General George Washington: A Military Life (Random House, 2005)",
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